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Ji X, Liu N, Huang S, Zhang C. A Comprehensive Review of Licorice: The Preparation, Chemical Composition, Bioactivities and Its Applications. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:667-716. [PMID: 38716617 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza) is a medicinal and food homologue of perennial plants derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of the genus Glycyrrhiza in the legume family. In recent years, the comprehensive utilization of licorice resources has attracted people's attention. It is widely utilized to treat diseases, health food products, food production, and other industrial applications. Furthermore, numerous bioactive components of licorice are found using advanced extraction processes, which mainly include polyphenols (flavonoids, dihydrostilbenes, benzofurans, and coumarin), triterpenoids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and volatile oils, all of which have been reported to possess a variety of pharmacological characteristics, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, neuroprotective, antidepressive, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, antisex hormone, skin effects, anticariogenic, antitussive, and expectorant activities. Thereby, all of these compounds promote the development of novel and more effective licorice-derived products. This paper reviews the progress of research on extraction techniques, chemical composition, bioactivities, and applications of licorice to provide a reference for further development and application of licorice in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, Emerging Disease Detection and Control, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Ning Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, Emerging Disease Detection and Control, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Shucheng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, Emerging Disease Detection and Control, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
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Wei K, Li Y, Du B, Wu J. Differences in Airway Remodeling and Emphysematous Lesions between Rats Exposed to Smoke from New-Type and Conventional Tobacco Varieties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:511. [PMID: 38790616 PMCID: PMC11117731 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Genes from Perilla frutescens and Ocimum basilicum were introduced into N. tabacum L. var. HHY via distant hybridization, and the new-type tobacco varieties "Zisu" and "Luole" were developed, with noticeable differences in chemical composition. Smoking is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and its pathogenesis is complex. In the present study, 48 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely, the control, "HHY", "Zisu" and "Luole", and then exposed to fresh air/cigarette smoke (CS) for 30 days and 60 days. The COPD model was constructed, and their health hazards were compared and evaluated. CS from different tobacco varieties influenced rats in varying degrees at the tissue, cell and molecular levels. The rats in the "HHY" group showed obvious symptoms, such as cough and dyspnea, which were less severe in the "Zisu" and "Luole" groups. Pathological and morphological analyses, including scores, MLI, MAN, WAt/Pbm and WAm/Pbm, showed that "Zisu" and "Luole" caused less damage to the airways and lung parenchyma than "HHY". Significant increases in the numbers of total leukocytes and neutrophils in the BALF were found in "HHY" compared to those in "Zisu" and "Luole". Moreover, they caused less oxidative stress and apoptosis in lung tissues, as reflected by indicators such as ROS, MDA, T-AOC, GSH, the apoptotic index and the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax. "Zisu" and "Luole" even altered the ratios of MMP-9/TIMP-1 and IFN-γ/IL-4 in lung tissues to a lesser degree. These differences between CS-exposed rats may be closely related to the altered expression of Nrf2, p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK. Changes in chemical composition via introducing genes from some medicinal plants may be an attractive strategy for tobacco harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Wei
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Oldham MJ, Jeong L, Gillman IG. An Approach to Flavor Chemical Thermal Degradation Analysis. TOXICS 2023; 12:16. [PMID: 38250972 PMCID: PMC10819574 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Toxicological evaluations of flavor chemicals for use in inhalation products that utilize heat for aerosol generation are complicated because of the potential effect heat may have on the flavor chemical. The objective was to develop a thermal degradation technique to screen flavor chemicals as part of a toxicological testing program for their potential use in ENDS formulations. Based upon published data for acetaldehyde, acrolein, and glycidol from ENDS products (common thermal degradants of propylene glycol and glycerin), the pyrolizer temperature was adjusted until a similar ratio of acetaldehyde, acrolein, and glycidol was obtained from a 60/40 ratio (v/v) of glycerin/propylene glycol via GC/MS analysis. For each of 90 flavor chemicals, quantitative measurements of acetaldehyde, acrolein, and glycidol, in addition to semiquantitative non-targeted analysis tentatively identifying chemicals from thermal degradation, were obtained. Twenty flavor chemicals transferred at greater than 99% intact, another 26 transferred at greater than 95% intact, and another 15 flavor chemicals transferred at greater than 90% intact. Most flavor chemicals resulted in fewer than 10-12 tentatively identified thermal degradants. The practical approach to the thermal degradation of flavor chemicals provided useful information as part of the toxicological evaluation of flavor chemicals for potential use in ENDS formulations.
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Dempsey R, Rodrigo G, Vonmoos F, Gunduz I, Belushkin M, Esposito M. Preliminary toxicological assessment of heated tobacco products: A review of the literature and proposed strategy. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:195-205. [PMID: 36748021 PMCID: PMC9898577 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heated tobacco products (HTP) have become increasingly common in many countries worldwide. The principle of heating tobacco, without combustion, to produce a nicotine-containing aerosol with remarkably reduced levels of other known toxins, compared to combusted tobacco cigarettes, is now well established. As these products are intended as alternatives to traditional combusted products, during the early stages of their development, it is important for manufacturers to ensure that the design of the product does not lead to any unintentionally increased or new risk for the consumer, compared to the traditional products that consumers seek to replace. There is limited guidance from tobacco product regulations concerning the requirements for performing such preliminary toxicological assessments. Here, we review the published literature on studies performed on HTPs in the pursuit of such data, outline a proposed approach that is consistent with regulatory requirements, and provide a logical approach to the preliminary toxicological assessment of HTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Dempsey
- RD Science Speaks Consultancy Sàrl, Le Mont sur Lausanne, Switzerland,Corresponding authors.
| | - Gregory Rodrigo
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland,Corresponding authors.
| | - Florence Vonmoos
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Irfan Gunduz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Belushkin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Esposito
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Holt JM, Mayer-Helm B, Gafner J, Zierlinger M, Hirn C, Paschke T, Eilenberger G, Kuba M, Pummer S, Charriere M. Investigating the transfer rate of waterpipe additives to smoke as an integral part of toxicological risk assessments. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:945-950. [PMID: 35875255 PMCID: PMC9301603 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Waterpipe, also known as hookah, narghile or narghila, shisha or hubbly bubbly, is a tobacco-smoking device. Waterpipe tobacco is heated and consumed by a process of inhaling tobacco smoke, that bubbles through water before being inhaled. To date, limited studies have examined the transfer of waterpipe additives from tobacco to smoke. This study was designed to investigate the filtration ability of water in the waterpipe’s bowl to define exposure to additives in waterpipe smoke, which is an essential requirement to perform toxicological risk assessments of waterpipe additives. Within this study, a standard smoking protocol (ISO 22486) was used to evaluate the transfer of > 40 additives from experimental and commercially available samples. These results are the first to provide such an extensive dataset of information showing transfer rates varying between 6% and 61% depending on the additive. Various physicochemical parameters of the additives including water solubility, partition coefficient, molecular weight, boiling point, and vapor pressure were also evaluated to seek to identify any correlation to transfer rate that may be later used to predict transfer. The amount of additive transfer from waterpipe tobacco to the smoke was found to be moderately correlated to vapor pressure (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.33) with subsequent multivariate analysis using step-wise selection indicating 39% of the transfer rate variance can be explained collectively by the additive boiling point, molecular weight, vapor pressure and water solubility. These findings underscore the complexity of additive transfer and highlight the necessity of exposure assessment for meaningful waterpipe additive risk assessments. Additive transfer evaluated using ISO 22486 plus charcoal to reflect consumer use First provision of extensive results showing varying transfer rates between 6–61%. 39% of the transfer rate variance explained by four physiochemical properties. Findings underscore the complexity of additive transfer for waterpipe. Results show the necessity of exposure assessment for additive risk assessments.
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Caruso M, Emma R, Rust S, Distefano A, Carota G, Pulvirenti R, Polosa R, Li Volti G. Screening of different cytotoxicity methods for the assessment of ENDS toxicity relative to tobacco cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 125:105018. [PMID: 34314750 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS), i.e., electronic-cigarettes (e-cigs) and Tobacco Heating Products (THPs), are rapidly growing in popularity. Nonetheless, comprehensive quality and safety requirements for regulatory purposes are still under development. Cytotoxicity studies are important initial steps in appraising the potential ENDS toxicity. The aim of the present study was to screen different in vitro cytotoxicity methods for the assessment of ENDS toxicity. We evaluated NRU, MTT, Annexin V apoptosis (AN-V), High-Content Screening (HCS) assays and Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA), to compare two e-cigs and two THPs with the 1R6F reference tobacco cigarette. Human adenocarcinoma lung epithelial cells (H292) were exposed to tobacco smoke and ENDS vapor at air-liquid interface. All tests showed reduced cell viability following 1R6F smoke exposure and slight or no reduction with ENDS at 24 h. AN-V and RTCA exhibited a further significant reduction in cell viability following 1R6F exposure. AN-V allowed to discriminate viable cells from those in early/late apoptosis. RTCA and HCS being time-resolved analyses elucidate the kinetic dependency parameter for toxicity of smoke/vapor chemicals on cell viability. In conclusion, NRU assay may be considered a suitable test, especially when combined with a time-resolved analysis, for assessing the kinetic of cytotoxicity induced by these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Caruso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy; Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosalia Emma
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy; Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Sonja Rust
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Alfio Distefano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Carota
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Roberta Pulvirenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy; Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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Simms L, Clarke A, Paschke T, Manson A, Murphy J, Stabbert R, Esposito M, Ghosh D, Roemer E, Martinez J, Freiesleben J, Kim HK, Lindegaard T, Scharfe M, Vincze I, Vlachos P, Wigotzki D, Pollner G, Lutz R. Assessment of priority tobacco additives per the requirements of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU): Part 1: Background, approach, and summary of findings. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:84-97. [PMID: 30797887 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper is part of a series of 3 publications and describes the non-clinical and clinical assessment performed to fulfill the regulatory requirement per Art. 6 (2) of the EU Tobacco Products Directive 2014/40/EU; under which Member States shall require manufacturers and importers of cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco containing an additive that is included in the priority list established by Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2016/787 to carry out comprehensive studies. The Directive requires manufacturers and importers of cigarettes and Roll Your Own tobacco to examine for each additive whether it; contributes to and increases the toxicity or addictiveness of tobacco products to a significant or measurable degree; if it leads to a characterizing flavor of the product; if it facilitates inhalation or nicotine uptake, and if it results in the formation of CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic) constituents and if these substances increase the CMR properties of the respective tobacco product to a significant or measurable degree. This publication gives an overview on comprehensive smoke chemistry, in vitro toxicity, and human clinical studies commissioned by the members of the Priority Additives Tobacco Consortium to independent Contract Research Organizations (CROs) where the emissions of test cigarettes containing priority additives were compared to emissions emerging from an additive-free reference cigarette. Whilst minor changes in smoke chemistry parameters were observed when comparing emissions from test cigarettes with emissions from additive-free reference cigarettes, only two of the additives (sorbitol and guar gum) tested led to significant increases in a limited number of smoke constituents. These changes were not observed when sorbitol or guar gum were tested in a mixture with other priority additives. None of the priority additives resulted in increases in in vitro toxicity (Ames, Micronucleus, Neutral Red Uptake) or led to changes in smoking behavior or absorption (rate or amount) of nicotine measured during the human clinical study as compared to the additive-free reference cigarette.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Simms
- Imperial Tobacco, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol, BS3 2LL, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Clarke
- Imperial Tobacco, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol, BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Thilo Paschke
- Japan Tobacco International SA, Rue Kazem Radjavi 8, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Manson
- British American Tobacco, Globe House, Temple Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco, Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO158TL, United Kingdom
| | - Regina Stabbert
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Esposito
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - David Ghosh
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris International Management SA, Avenue de Rhodanie 50, 1001, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ewald Roemer
- TobToxConsulting, Imp. Blanchet-Dailleres 9, 1585, Cotterd, Switzerland
| | - Javier Martinez
- Japan Tobacco International SA, Rue Kazem Radjavi 8, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jarl Freiesleben
- Mac Baren Tobacco Company A/S, Porthusvej 100, DK-5700 Svenborg, Denmark
| | - Hyo-Keun Kim
- KT&G Research Institute, 30 Gajeong-ro, Yusong-gu, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Marc Scharfe
- LandewykTobacco S. A, 31 rue de Hollerich, 1741, Luxembourg B.P, 2202L-1022, Luxembourg
| | - Istvan Vincze
- Continental Tobacco Corporation, Continental Dohányipari Zrt, 1-3, Dohány utca Sátoraljaújhely, 3980, Hungary
| | | | - Diane Wigotzki
- Joh. Wilh. von Eicken GmbH, Drechslerstr. 1 - 3, 23556, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gwen Pollner
- Pöschl Tabak GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 1, 84144, Geisenhausen, Germany
| | - Rolf Lutz
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris International Management SA, Avenue de Rhodanie 50, 1001, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Paumgartten FJR, Gomes-Carneiro MR, Oliveira ACAXD. The impact of tobacco additives on cigarette smoke toxicity: a critical appraisal of tobacco industry studies. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 33Suppl 3:e00132415. [PMID: 28954055 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00132415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette production involves a number of substances and materials other than just tobacco, paper and a filter. Tobacco additives include flavorings, enhancers, humectants, sugars, and ammonium compounds. Although companies maintain that tobacco additives do not enhance smoke toxicity and do not make cigarettes more attractive or addictive, these claims are questioned by independent researchers. This study reviewed the studies on the effects of tobacco additives on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Tobacco additives lead to higher levels of formaldehyde and minor changes in other smoke analytes. Toxicological studies (bacterial mutagenicity and mammalian cytoxicity tests, rat 90 days inhalation studies and bone-marrow cell micronucleus assays) found that tobacco additives did not enhance smoke toxicity. Rodent assays, however, poorly predicted carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke, and were clearly underpowered to disclose small albeit toxicologically relevant differences between test (with tobacco additives) and control (without tobacco additives) cigarettes. This literature review led to the conclusion that the impact of tobacco additives on tobacco smoke harmfulness remains unclear.
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Costigan S, Meredith C. An approach to ingredient screening and toxicological risk assessment of flavours in e-liquids. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:361-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Roemer E, Zenzen V, Conroy LL, Luedemann K, Dempsey R, Schunck C, Sticken ET. Automation of the in vitro micronucleus and chromosome aberration assay for the assessment of the genotoxicity of the particulate and gas-vapor phase of cigarette smoke. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:320-33. [PMID: 25986082 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1037413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Total particulate matter (TPM) and the gas-vapor phase (GVP) of mainstream smoke from the Reference Cigarette 3R4F were assayed in the cytokinesis-block in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay and the in vitro chromosome aberration (CA) assay, both using V79-4 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts exposed for up to 24 h. The Metafer image analysis platform was adapted resulting in a fully automated evaluation system of the MN assay for the detection, identification and reporting of cells with micronuclei together with the determination of the cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI) to quantify the treatment-related cytotoxicity. In the CA assay, the same platform was used to identify, map and retrieve metaphases for a subsequent CA evaluation by a trained evaluator. In both the assays, TPM and GVP provoked a significant genotoxic effect: up to 6-fold more micronucleated target cells than in the negative control and up to 10-fold increases in aberrant metaphases. Data variability was lower in the automated version of the MN assay than in the non-automated. It can be estimated that two test substances that differ in their genotoxicity by approximately 30% can statistically be distinguished in the automated MN and CA assays. Time savings, based on man hours, due to the automation were approximately 70% in the MN and 25% in the CA assays. The turn-around time of the evaluation phase could be shortened by 35 and 50%, respectively. Although only cigarette smoke-derived test material has been applied, the technical improvements should be of value for other test substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewald Roemer
- a Philip Morris Products S.A., Philip Morris International R&D , Neuchâtel , Switzerland
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Roemer E, Dempsey R, Hirter J, Deger Evans A, Weber S, Ode A, Wittke S, Schorp M. Toxicological assessment of kretek cigarettes Part 6: The impact of ingredients added to kretek cigarettes on smoke chemistry and in vitro toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70 Suppl 1:S66-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schramke H, Roemer E, Dempsey R, Hirter J, Meurrens K, Berges A, Weiler H, Vanscheeuwijck P, Schorp M. Toxicological assessment of kretek cigarettes. Part 7: The impact of ingredients added to kretek cigarettes on inhalation toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70 Suppl 1:S81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Toxicological assessment of kretek cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70 Suppl 1:S2-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Investigating predictability of in vitro toxicological assessments of cigarettes: Analysis of 7years of regulatory submissions to Canadian regulatory authorities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 68:222-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shintu L, Caldarelli S, Campredon M. HRMAS NMR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as an alternative analytical tool to control cigarette authenticity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9093-100. [PMID: 24057027 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present for the first time the use of high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HRMAS NMR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as an alternative tool for the characterization of tobacco products from different commercial international brands as well as for the identification of counterfeits. Although cigarette filling is a very complex chemical mixture, we were able to discriminate between dark, bright, and additive-free cigarette blends belonging to six different filter-cigarette brands, commercially available, using an approach for which no extraction procedure is required. Second, we focused our study on a specific worldwide-distributed brand for which established counterfeits were available. We discriminated those from their genuine counterparts with 100% accuracy using unsupervised multivariate statistical analysis. The counterfeits that we analyzed showed a higher amount of nicotine and solanesol and a lower content of sugars, all endogenous tobacco leaf metabolites. This preliminary study demonstrates the great potential of HRMAS NMR spectroscopy to help in controlling cigarette authenticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Shintu
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2-UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France,
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Oldham MJ, Coggins CRE, McKinney WJ. A comprehensive evaluation of selected components and processes used in the manufacture of cigarettes: approach and overview. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25 Suppl 2:1-5. [PMID: 24341842 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.854429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In addition to tobacco and cigarette ingredients, there are many non-tobacco components and processes used to manufacture commercial cigarettes. Proposed cigarette components and manufacturing process changes were evaluated using a tiered toxicological testing program. OBJECTIVE The toxicological testing and evaluation of proposed changes to selected non-tobacco cigarette components and manufacturing processes are described in this special report. MATERIALS AND METHODS Selected non-tobacco cigarette components and manufacturing processes were evaluated using experimental and control cigarettes. These experimental cigarettes were evaluated using mainstream smoke chemistry, bacterial mutagenicity and cytotoxicity assays. In some evaluations, 90-day nose-only mainstream smoke inhalation studies using rats were performed. RESULTS Some proposed design changes were not implemented, or limitations on their use were established. Most study results, however, were similar to those previously reported in the scientific literature for design changes in cigarette construction. CONCLUSION The studies reported in the series of publication demonstrate that our testing approach is feasible for evaluation of cigarette component and manufacturing process changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Oldham
- Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services Inc. , Richmond, VA , USA and
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Haussmann HJ. Use of hazard indices for a theoretical evaluation of cigarette smoke composition. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:794-810. [PMID: 22352345 DOI: 10.1021/tx200536w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of cigarette mainstream smoke (MS) has been quantitatively analyzed in multiple studies, often with the objective to toxicologically evaluate and compare various types of MS. Increases and decreases in yields of constituents between MS types can only be consolidated if these yields are compared on the basis of toxicological properties of the individual constituents. For the risk assessment of various complex mixtures including MS, a hazard index (HI) approach has been used that requires weighing of the exposure to individual MS constituents by cancer and noncancer potency values. The objective of the current study is to review the past uses of the HI concept for MS and smokeless tobacco and discuss strengths and limitations of using this concept. Published information as well as information made available on the Web was used. The HI concept has been applied to MS for determining and comparing theoretical lifetime risks, for consumer communication, for the prioritization of constituents for reduction, for ingredient assessment, and for the selection of constituents for regulation. The limitations of this approach are associated with the limited number of MS constituents with available yield data, the gaps and uncertainties in available potency values, the application to relatively high exposure concentrations, and the default assumption of additivity. The derived theoretical noncancer index is dominated by acrolein to an extent that there seems to be not much advantage in using the HI concept for noncancer assessments. The derived theoretical cancer index is dominated by genotoxic carcinogens of the MS vapor phase and may thus complement currently used toxicological assays in a tiered evaluation approach. As is the case for every other assay and interpretation model, the HI concept needs to be applied with its limitations and weaknesses in mind. Its best application is for comparative purposes. It should be kept in mind that the HI concept is a theoretical concept and does not provide actual risk information.
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Roemer E, Schorp MK, Piadé JJ, Seeman JI, Leyden DE, Haussmann HJ. Scientific assessment of the use of sugars as cigarette tobacco ingredients: a review of published and other publicly available studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:244-78. [PMID: 22263649 PMCID: PMC3296517 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.650789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sugars, such as sucrose or invert sugar, have been used as tobacco ingredients in American-blend cigarettes to replenish the sugars lost during curing of the Burley component of the blended tobacco in order to maintain a balanced flavor. Chemical-analytical studies of the mainstream smoke of research cigarettes with various sugar application levels revealed that most of the smoke constituents determined did not show any sugar-related changes in yields (per mg nicotine), while ten constituents were found to either increase (formaldehyde, acrolein, 2-butanone, isoprene, benzene, toluene, benzo[k]fluoranthene) or decrease (4-aminobiphenyl, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosonornicotine) in a statistically significant manner with increasing sugar application levels. Such constituent yields were modeled into constituent uptake distributions using simulations of nicotine uptake distributions generated on the basis of published nicotine biomonitoring data, which were multiplied by the constituent/nicotine ratios determined in the current analysis. These simulations revealed extensive overlaps for the constituent uptake distributions with and without sugar application. Moreover, the differences in smoke composition did not lead to relevant changes in the activity in in vitro or in vivo assays. The potential impact of using sugars as tobacco ingredients was further assessed in an indirect manner by comparing published data from markets with predominantly American-blend or Virginia-type (no added sugars) cigarettes. No relevant difference was found between these markets for smoking prevalence, intensity, some markers of dependence, nicotine uptake, or mortality from smoking-related lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In conclusion, thorough examination of the data available suggests that the use of sugars as ingredients in cigarette tobacco does not increase the inherent risk and harm of cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewald Roemer
- Philip Morris International Management S.A., Operations Technical Services, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Discriminatory power of standard toxicity assays used to evaluate ingredients added to cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 62:49-61. [PMID: 22178773 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A tiered approach for testing ingredients in a cigarette matrix was developed and includes chemical-analytical testing and a standard battery of biological toxicity assays. These assays were adapted for comparative evaluation of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes with or without ingredients at various inclusion levels. This adaptation to test cigarette mainstream smoke may impact assay response. Since it is difficult to a priori determine discriminatory power, it was evaluated using a large experimental dataset from a multi-year program of cigarette ingredient testing performed at two separate laboratories. A statistical method, minimum detectable difference (MDD), was used as a measure of assay discriminatory power. MDD of cigarette smoke constituents ranged from 6% to 29% of the average. Salmonella mutagenicity and cytotoxicity test MDDs ranged from 20% to 81% and 18% to 49%, respectively. Body weight gain in 90-day nose-only inhalation studies yielded an MDD of 30-40%. Histopathological findings with severity scores between 0.5 and 1.5 had the lowest MDDs of 23% and higher. In general, discriminatory power decreased with increasing biological complexity and toxicological relevance of the assay. Beyond statistical analysis, however, a weight-of-the-evidence analysis by experienced researchers is required for toxicological assessment of a cigarette ingredient.
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