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Lautz L, Dorne J, Oldenkamp R, Hendriks A, Ragas A. Generic physiologically based kinetic modelling for farm animals: Part I. Data collection of physiological parameters in swine, cattle and sheep. Toxicol Lett 2020; 319:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Linakis MW, Job KM, Liu X, Collingwood SC, Pangburn HA, Ott DK, Sherwin CMT. Riding (High) into the danger zone: a review of potential differences in chemical exposures in fighter pilots resulting from high altitude and G-forces. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:925-934. [PMID: 28772091 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1360867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When in flight, pilots of high performance aircraft experience conditions unique to their profession. Training flights, performed as often as several times a week, can expose these pilots to altitudes in excess of 15 km (~50,000 ft, with a cabin pressurized to an altitude of ~20,000 ft), and the maneuvers performed in flight can exacerbate the G-forces felt by the pilot. While the pilots specifically train to withstand these extreme conditions, the physiologic stress could very likely lead to differences in the disposition of chemicals in the body, and consequently, dangerously high exposures. Unfortunately, very little is known about how the conditions experienced by fighter pilots affects chemical disposition. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to present information about the effects of high altitude, G-forces, and other conditions experienced by fighter pilots on chemical disposition. Using this information, the expected changes in chemical exposure will be discussed, using isopropyl alcohol as an example. Expert opinion: There is a severe lack of information concerning the effects of the fighter pilot environment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chemicals. Given the possibility of exposure prior to or during flight, it is important that these potential effects be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Linakis
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,b Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Kathleen M Job
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Scott C Collingwood
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Heather A Pangburn
- c Department of Aeromedical Research , United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine , Dayton , OH , USA
| | - Darrin K Ott
- c Department of Aeromedical Research , United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine , Dayton , OH , USA
| | - Catherine M T Sherwin
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
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Cowan DM, Maskrey JR, Fung ES, Woods TA, Stabryla LM, Scott PK, Finley BL. Best-practices approach to determination of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at specific time points: Combination of ante-mortem alcohol pharmacokinetic modeling and post-mortem alcohol generation and transport considerations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 78:24-36. [PMID: 27041394 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol concentrations in biological matrices offer information regarding an individual's intoxication level at a given time. In forensic cases, the alcohol concentration in the blood (BAC) at the time of death is sometimes used interchangeably with the BAC measured post-mortem, without consideration for alcohol concentration changes in the body after death. However, post-mortem factors must be taken into account for accurate forensic determination of BAC prior to death to avoid incorrect conclusions. The main objective of this work was to describe best practices for relating ante-mortem and post-mortem alcohol concentrations, using a combination of modeling, empirical data and other qualitative considerations. The Widmark modeling approach is a best practices method for superimposing multiple alcohol doses ingested at various times with alcohol elimination rate adjustments based on individual body factors. We combined the selected ante-mortem model with a suggestion for an approach used to roughly estimate changes in BAC post-mortem, and then analyzed the available data on post-mortem alcohol production in human bodies and potential markers for alcohol production through decomposition and putrefaction. Hypothetical cases provide best practice approaches as an example for determining alcohol concentration in biological matrices ante-mortem, as well as potential issues encountered with quantitative post-mortem approaches. This study provides information for standardizing BAC determination in forensic toxicology, while minimizing real world case uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ernest S Fung
- Cardno ChemRisk, LLC, Aliso Viejo, CA, United States
| | - Tyler A Woods
- Cardno ChemRisk, LLC, Aliso Viejo, CA, United States
| | | | - Paul K Scott
- Cardno ChemRisk, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Huizer D, Ragas AM, Oldenkamp R, van Rooij JG, Huijbregts MA. Uncertainty and variability in the exposure reconstruction of chemical incidents – the case of acrylonitrile. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:337-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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