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Martín-García B, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Suspect screening of pesticide co-formulants in fruits, vegetables and leaves by liquid and gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass accuracy spectrometry: Potential impact on human health. Food Chem 2024; 434:137555. [PMID: 37757702 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables can contain co-formulants derived from the use of plant protection products (PPPs) in crops. Thus, in the current study co-formulants were determined in different fruits and vegetables and their leaves by gas and liquid chromatography coupled to Q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-Q-Orbitrap and LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS). A total of 37 co-formulants were tentatively identified, and among them, 12 compounds were quantified by LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS and 9 by GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. The mean co-formulant levels in fruit and vegetable samples was 92% lower than in leaf samples. Selected samples showed a high concentration of 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone among the co-formulants detected. This compound ranged from 22 µg/kg (strawberry) to 722 µg/kg (red grape), whereas in the case of leaves, its concentration was up to 6513 µg/kg in cucumber leaf. In addition, it has an LD50 equal to 1.440 g/kg. Therefore, this type of PPP co-formulants should be controlled in fruits and vegetables to avoid adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martín-García
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 04120, Almería, Spain
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2
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Martín-García B, Romero-González R, Vidal JL, Garrido Frenich A. Unveiling Coformulants in Plant Protection Products by LC-HRMS Using a Polyhydroxy Methacrylate Stationary Phase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15842-15854. [PMID: 37846851 PMCID: PMC10603805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
A polyhydroxy methacrylate-based stationary reversed phase was used for the determination of coformulants in 20 plant protection products (PPPs). These samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to Q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS) in full-scan MS and data-dependent acquisition (ddMS2) modes. A total of 92 coformulants were tentatively identified in these formulations by nontargeted and unknown analyses. Twelve out of them were quantified by analytical standards. The most concentrated coformulant was the anionic surfactant dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, whose highest content was obtained in the Score 25 sample (6.87%, w/v). Furthermore, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, 4-s-butyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, sorbitan monostearate, 2,6-dimethylaniline, palmitamide, and N-lauryldiethanolamine were quantified for the first time in these products. Hence, the polyhydroxy methacrylate-based stationary phase increased the identification of new coformulants in PPPs, being complementary to conventional C18. This strategy could be applied in future studies to estimate potential coformulant residues from PPPs applied to crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martín-García
- Research group “Analytical
Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics,
Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food
Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of
Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research group “Analytical
Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics,
Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food
Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of
Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José Luis
Martínez Vidal
- Research group “Analytical
Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics,
Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food
Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of
Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research group “Analytical
Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics,
Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food
Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of
Almería, Agri-Food Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 04120 Almería, Spain
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3
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Ignacio MCCD, Tumu KN, Munshi M, Vorst KL, Curtzwiler GW. Suitability of MRF Recovered Post-Consumer Polypropylene Applications in Extrusion Blow Molded Bottle Food Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3471. [PMID: 37631532 PMCID: PMC10458224 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most abundant plastics used due to its low price, moldability, temperature and chemical resistance, and outstanding mechanical properties. Consequently, waste from plastic materials is anticipated to rapidly increase with continually increasing demand. When addressing the global problem of solid waste generation, post-consumer recycled materials are encouraged for use in new consumer and industrial products. As a result, the demand is projected to grow in the next several years. In this study, material recovery facility (MRF)-recovered post-consumer PP was utilized to determine its suitability for extrusion blow molded bottle food packaging. PP was sorted and removed from mixed-polymer MRF-recovered bales, ground, trommel-washed, then washed following the Association of Plastics Recyclers' protocols. The washed PCR-PP flake was pelletized then manually blended with virgin PP resin at 25%, 50%, 75, and 100% PCR-PP concentrations and fed into the extrusion blow molding (EBM) machine. The EBM bottles were then tested for physical performance and regulatory compliance (limits of TPCH: 100 μg/g). The results showed an increased crystallization temperature but no practical difference in crystallinity as a function of PCR-PP concentrations. Barrier properties (oxygen and water vapor) remained relatively constant except for 100% MRF-recovered PCR-PP, which was higher for both gas types. Stiffness significantly improved in bottles with PCR-PP (p-value < 0.05). In addition, a wider range of N/IAS was detected in PCR-PP due to plastic additives, food additives, and degradation byproducts. Lastly, targeted phthalates did not exceed the limits of TPCH, and trace levels of BPA were detected in the MRF PCR-PP. Furthermore, the study's results provide critical information on the use of MRF recovered in food packaging applications without compromising performance integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma. Cristine Concepcion D. Ignacio
- Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.C.D.I.); (K.N.T.); (M.M.); (K.L.V.)
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Khairun N. Tumu
- Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.C.D.I.); (K.N.T.); (M.M.); (K.L.V.)
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mita Munshi
- Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.C.D.I.); (K.N.T.); (M.M.); (K.L.V.)
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Keith L. Vorst
- Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.C.D.I.); (K.N.T.); (M.M.); (K.L.V.)
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Greg W. Curtzwiler
- Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.C.D.I.); (K.N.T.); (M.M.); (K.L.V.)
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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4
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Díaz-Galiano FJ, Gómez-Ramos MJ, Beraza I, Murcia-Morales M, Fernández-Alba AR. Cooking food in microwavable plastic containers: in situ formation of a new chemical substance and increased migration of polypropylene polymers. Food Chem 2023; 417:135852. [PMID: 36924723 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Microwavable plastic food containers can be a source of toxic substances. Plastic materials such as polypropylene polymers are typically employed as safe materials in food packaging, but recent research demonstrates the migration of plastic substances or their by-products to food simulants, to foodstuff, and, more recently, to the human body through food consumption. However, a thorough evaluation of foodstuff in food contact materials under cooking conditions has not yet been undertaken. Here we show for the first time that plastic migrants present in food contact materials can react with natural food components resulting in a compound that combines a UV-photoinitiator (2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one) with maltose from potato starch; this has been identified after cooking potatoes in microwavable plastic food containers. Additionally, polypropylene glycol substances have been found to transfer into food through microwave cooking. Identifying these substances formed in situ requires state-of-the-art high-resolution mass spectrometry instrumentation and metabolomics-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Díaz-Galiano
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María José Gómez-Ramos
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Icíar Beraza
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María Murcia-Morales
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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5
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Yang QH, Lin QB, Liao J, Ma HS, Wei XF, Wang Y, Xu X. Non-targeted screening for contaminants derived from food contact water-borne coatings and risk assessment based on (Q)SAR matrix. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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6
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Singh AK, Bilal M, Jesionowski T, Iqbal HMN. Assessing chemical hazard and unraveling binding affinity of priority pollutants to lignin modifying enzymes for environmental remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137546. [PMID: 36529171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) are impactful biocatalysts in environmental remediation applications. However, LMEs-assisted experimental degradation neglects the molecular basis of pollutant degradation. Furthermore, throughout the remediation process, the inherent hazards of environmental pollutants remain untapped for in-depth toxicological endpoints. In this investigation, a predictive toxicological framework and a computational framework adopting LMEs were employed to assess the hazards of Priority Pollutants (PP) and its possible LMEs-assisted catalytic screening. The potential hazardous outcomes of PP were assessed using Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSARs)-based techniques including Toxtree, ECOSAR, and T.E.S.T. tools. Toxicological findings revealed positive outcomes in a multitude of endpoints for all PP. The PP compound 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin) was found to exhibit the lowest concentration of aquatic toxicity implementing aquatic model systems; LC50 as 0.01, 0.01, 0.04 (mg L-1) for Fish (96 H), Daphnid (48 H), Green algae (96 H) respectively. T.E.S.T. results revealed that chloroform, and 2-chlorophenol both seem to be developmental toxicants. Subsequently, LMEs-assisted docking procedure was employed in predictive mitigation of PP. The docking approach as predicted degradation revealed the far lowest docking energy score for Versatile peroxidase (VP)- 2,3,7,8-TCDD docked complex with a binding energy of -9.2 (kcal mol-1), involved PHE-46, PRO-139, PRO-141, ILE-148, LEU-165, HIS-169, LEU-228, MET-262, and MET-265 as key interacting amino acid residues. Second most ranked but lesser than VP, Lignin peroxidase (LiP)- 2,3,7,8-TCDD docked complex exhibited a rather lower binding affinity score (-8.8 kcal mol-1). Predictive degradation screening employing comparative docking revealed varying binding affinities, portraying that each LMEs member has independent feasibility to bind PP as substrate. Predictive findings endorsed the hazardous nature of associated PP in a multitude of endpoints, which could be attenuated by undertaking LMEs as a predictive approach to protect the environment and implement it in regulatory considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Singh
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
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7
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In silico prediction models for thyroid peroxidase inhibitors and their application to synthetic flavors. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:483-495. [PMID: 35464247 PMCID: PMC8994803 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSystematic toxicity tests are often waived for the synthetic flavors as they are added in a very small amount in foods. However, their safety for some endpoints such as endocrine disruption should be concerned as they are likely to be active in low levels. In this case, structure–activity-relationship (SAR) models are good alternatives. In this study, therefore, binary, ternary, and quaternary prediction models were designed using simple or complex machine-learning methods. Overall, hard-voting classifiers outperformed other methods. The test scores for the best binary, ternary, and quaternary models were 0.6635, 0.5083, and 0.5217, respectively. Along with model development, some substructures including primary aromatic amine, (enol)ether, phenol, heterocyclic sulfur, and heterocyclic nitrogen, dominantly occurred in the most highly active compounds. The best predicting models were applied to synthetic flavors, and 22 agents appeared to have a strong inhibitory potential towards TPO activities.
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8
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Grootveld M. Evidence-Based Challenges to the Continued Recommendation and Use of Peroxidatively-Susceptible Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Culinary Oils for High-Temperature Frying Practises: Experimental Revelations Focused on Toxic Aldehydic Lipid Oxidation Products. Front Nutr 2022; 8:711640. [PMID: 35071288 PMCID: PMC8769064 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.711640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, a series of research reports focused on dietary lipid oxidation products (LOPs), their toxicities and adverse health effects are critically reviewed in order to present a challenge to the mindset supporting, or strongly supporting, the notion that polyunsaturated fatty acid-laden frying oils are "safe" to use for high-temperature frying practises. The generation, physiological fates, and toxicities of less commonly known or documented LOPs, such as epoxy-fatty acids, are also considered. Primarily, an introduction to the sequential autocatalytic peroxidative degradation of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) occurring during frying episodes is described, as are the potential adverse health effects posed by the dietary consumption of aldehydic and other LOP toxins formed. In continuance, statistics on the dietary consumption of fried foods by humans are reviewed, with a special consideration of French fries. Subsequently, estimates of human dietary aldehyde intake are critically explored, which unfortunately are limited to acrolein and other lower homologues such as acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. However, a full update on estimates of quantities derived from fried food sources is provided here. Further items reviewed include the biochemical reactivities, metabolism and volatilities of aldehydic LOPs (the latter of which is of critical importance regarding the adverse health effects mediated by the inhalation of cooking/frying oil fumes); their toxicological actions, including sections focussed on governmental health authority tolerable daily intakes, delivery methods and routes employed for assessing such effects in animal model systems, along with problems encountered with the Cramer classification of such toxins. The mutagenicities, genotoxicities, and carcinogenic potential of aldehydes are then reviewed in some detail, and following this the physiological concentrations of aldehydes and their likely dietary sources are considered. Finally, conclusions from this study are drawn, with special reference to requirements for (1) the establishment of tolerable daily intake (TDI) values for a much wider range of aldehydic LOPs, and (2) the performance of future nutritional and epidemiological trials to explore associations between their dietary intake and the incidence and severity of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grootveld
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
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9
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Batke M, Afrapoli FM, Kellner R, Rathman JF, Yang C, Cronin MTD, Escher SE. Threshold of Toxicological Concern—An Update for Non-Genotoxic Carcinogens. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2021; 3:688321. [PMID: 35295144 PMCID: PMC8915827 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.688321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) concept can be applied to organic compounds with the known chemical structure to derive a threshold for exposure, below which a toxic effect on human health by the compound is not expected. The TTC concept distinguishes between carcinogens that may act as genotoxic and non-genotoxic compounds. A positive prediction of a genotoxic mode of action, either by structural alerts or experimental data, leads to the application of the threshold value for genotoxic compounds. Non-genotoxic substances are assigned to the TTC value of their respective Cramer class, even though it is recognized that they could test positive in a rodent cancer bioassay. This study investigated the applicability of the Cramer classes specifically to provide adequate protection for non-genotoxic carcinogens. For this purpose, benchmark dose levels based on tumor incidence were compared with no observed effect levels (NOELs) derived from non-, pre- or neoplastic lesions. One key aspect was the categorization of compounds as non-genotoxic carcinogens. The recently finished CEFIC LRI project B18 classified the carcinogens of the Carcinogenicity Potency DataBase (CPDB) as either non-genotoxic or genotoxic compounds based on experimental or in silico data. A detailed consistency check resulted in a dataset of 137 non-genotoxic organic compounds. For these 137 compounds, NOEL values were derived from high quality animal studies with oral exposure and chronic duration using well-known repositories, such as RepDose, ToxRef, and COSMOS DB. Further, an effective tumor dose (ETD10) was calculated and compared with the lower confidence limit on benchmark dose levels (BMDL10) derived by model averaging. Comparative analysis of NOEL/EDT10/BMDL10 values showed that potentially bioaccumulative compounds in humans, as well as steroids, which both belong to the exclusion categories, occur predominantly in the region of the fifth percentiles of the distributions. Excluding these 25 compounds resulted in significantly higher but comparable fifth percentile chronic NOEL and BMDL10 values, while the fifth percentile EDT10 value was slightly higher but not statistically significant. The comparison of the obtained distributions of NOELs with the existing Cramer classes and their derived TTC values supports the application of Cramer class thresholds to all non-genotoxic compounds, such as non-genotoxic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Batke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Rupert Kellner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - James F. Rathman
- Altamira, LLC, Columbus, OH, United States
- Molecular Networks GmbH, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Chihae Yang
- Altamira, LLC, Columbus, OH, United States
- Molecular Networks GmbH, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Mark T. D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia E. Escher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sylvia E. Escher
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10
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Murillo-Acevedo YS, Giraldo L, Poon PS, Matos J, Moreno-Piraján JC. The Cramer's rule for the parametrization of phenol and its hydroxylated byproducts: UV spectroscopy vs. high performance liquid chromatography. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:6746-6757. [PMID: 33009618 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A linear algebra theorem like Cramer's rule was used for the analysis of a system of equations obtained from UV spectroscopy, and results were compared against those obtained from HPLC analysis. This parametrization allowed to quantify the concentration of the main intermediate products detected along the photodegradation of phenol under UV-Vis irradiation of TiO2. UV spectroscopy data for phenol, hydroquinone, and benzoquinone were analyzed using the Cramer's rule. The overlapping interference of the intermediate products in the UV spectra was corrected. It can be concluded that the Cramer's rule can be used for the parametrization of the UV absorbance data of phenol and its main intermediate products. This methodology permitted to obtain the concentration of phenol and their intermediate products by UV-visible with a high precision in comparison of HPLC. The parametrization showed a correlation coefficient of ca. 0.9775 between the phenol concentration obtained by UV spectroscopy and values obtained from HPLC analysis. In this sense, results can be considered with good precision, and accordingly, it can be concluded that the methodology is reliable, and UV-visible spectroscopy can be selected instead of HPLC in much of the experiments concerning with aqueous-phase reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liliana Giraldo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Po S Poon
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan Matos
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 8900000, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juan C Moreno-Piraján
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
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11
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Tugcu G, Charehsaz M, Aydın A. Toxicological evaluation of ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol, and their metabolites by a category approach. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 44:661-667. [PMID: 31412708 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1650061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Predictive toxicology plays an integral role in determining the toxicological profiles of chemicals for safety assessment. Vitamin D is an essential vitamin for the regulation of calcium absorption and homeostasis, as well as the treatment and prevention of several diseases such as rickets and osteomalacia. According to European Medicines Agency (EMA) Guideline on setting health-based exposure limits for use in risk identification in the manufacturing of different medicinal products in shared facilities, permitted daily exposure (PDE) calculation for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) should be done by the medicinal product producers. PDE calculation is mainly based on critical toxicological endpoints such as repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, and hypersensitivity potential. During this procedure, critical toxicological endpoints data of an API can be used to predict the PDE of another API that has a similar chemical structure. In the present paper, human toxicological endpoints of vitamin D2, D3, and their metabolites were evaluated and afterwards the data gaps in the toxicological endpoints were filled by forming a category. The read-across was justified by the structural and metabolic similarities. Molecular similarity and mechanistic relevance were found to be substantial, resulting in low uncertainty. The untested vitamin D analogs within the category can be read across with confidence to complete the data gaps related to the human health endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Tugcu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Charehsaz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aydın
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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More SJ, Bampidis V, Benford D, Bragard C, Halldorsson TI, Hernández-Jerez AF, Hougaard Bennekou S, Koutsoumanis KP, Machera K, Naegeli H, Nielsen SS, Schlatter JR, Schrenk D, Silano V, Turck D, Younes M, Gundert-Remy U, Kass GEN, Kleiner J, Rossi AM, Serafimova R, Reilly L, Wallace HM. Guidance on the use of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern approach in food safety assessment. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05708. [PMID: 32626331 PMCID: PMC7009090 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Scientific Committee confirms that the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is a pragmatic screening and prioritisation tool for use in food safety assessment. This Guidance provides clear step-by-step instructions for use of the TTC approach. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are defined and the use of the TTC decision tree is explained. The approach can be used when the chemical structure of the substance is known, there are limited chemical-specific toxicity data and the exposure can be estimated. The TTC approach should not be used for substances for which EU food/feed legislation requires the submission of toxicity data or when sufficient data are available for a risk assessment or if the substance under consideration falls into one of the exclusion categories. For substances that have the potential to be DNA-reactive mutagens and/or carcinogens based on the weight of evidence, the relevant TTC value is 0.0025 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day. For organophosphates or carbamates, the relevant TTC value is 0.3 μg/kg bw per day. All other substances are grouped according to the Cramer classification. The TTC values for Cramer Classes I, II and III are 30 μg/kg bw per day, 9 μg/kg bw per day and 1.5 μg/kg bw per day, respectively. For substances with exposures below the TTC values, the probability that they would cause adverse health effects is low. If the estimated exposure to a substance is higher than the relevant TTC value, a non-TTC approach is required to reach a conclusion on potential adverse health effects.
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Rusyn I, Greene N. The Impact of Novel Assessment Methodologies in Toxicology on Green Chemistry and Chemical Alternatives. Toxicol Sci 2019; 161:276-284. [PMID: 29378069 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of experimental toxicology is rapidly advancing by incorporating novel techniques and methods that provide a much more granular view into the mechanisms of potential adverse effects of chemical exposures on human health. The data from various in vitro assays and computational models are useful not only for increasing confidence in hazard and risk decisions, but also are enabling better, faster and cheaper assessment of a greater number of compounds, mixtures, and complex products. This is of special value to the field of green chemistry where design of new materials or alternative uses of existing ones is driven, at least in part, by considerations of safety. This article reviews the state of the science and decision-making in scenarios when little to no data may be available to draw conclusions about which choice in green chemistry is "safer." It is clear that there is no "one size fits all" solution and multiple data streams need to be weighed in making a decision. Moreover, the overall level of familiarity of the decision-makers and scientists alike with new assessment methodologies, their validity, value and limitations is evolving. Thus, while the "impact" of the new developments in toxicology on the field of green chemistry is great already, it is premature to conclude that the data from new assessment methodologies have been widely accepted yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Nigel Greene
- Predictive Compound Safety and ADME, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
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Yang C, Barlow SM, Muldoon Jacobs KL, Vitcheva V, Boobis AR, Felter SP, Arvidson KB, Keller D, Cronin MT, Enoch S, Worth A, Hollnagel HM. Thresholds of Toxicological Concern for cosmetics-related substances: New database, thresholds, and enrichment of chemical space. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:170-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Barber C, Hanser T, Judson P, Williams R. Distinguishing between expert and statistical systems for application under ICH M7. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 84:124-130. [PMID: 28057482 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Barber
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PY, UK.
| | - Thierry Hanser
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PY, UK.
| | - Philip Judson
- Heather Lea Cottage, Bland Hill, Norwood, Harrogate HG3 1TE, UK.
| | - Richard Williams
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PY, UK.
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16
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Closset M, Hecq JD, Gonzalez E, Bihin B, Jamart J, Galanti L. Does an interaction exist between ketamine hydrochloride and Becton Dickinson syringes? Eur J Hosp Pharm 2016; 24:230-234. [PMID: 31156944 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An international alert from Becton Dickinson (BD) has noted the possibility of interaction between several molecules and some syringes. The Centralized IntraVenous Additives Service of the institution was using 3 mL BD syringes to store ketamine HCl. This study evaluated the interaction between ketamine and these syringes. Method A batch of BD syringes produced in Europe and left in quarantine from the day of the international alert has been tested at 22, 29, 36, 43 and 50 days of storage at room temperature. At each time, the pH of the solutions was measured. The solutions were inspected visually and by microscope, and spectrophotometric measurements were performed. The concentrations were measured by a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. Results Neither physical change nor pH modification was observed during the study. According to a lower limit of the 95% unilateral CI on the mean >90% of the theoretical concentration, the solutions remain stable for at least 50 days. Conclusion In our study conditions, ketamine can be stored for at least 50 days without risk of sorption with syringes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Closset
- Medical Laboratory, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - J D Hecq
- Department of Pharmacy, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium.,Drug Stability Research Group, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - E Gonzalez
- Medical Laboratory, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium.,Drug Stability Research Group, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - B Bihin
- Drug Stability Research Group, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium.,Scientific Support Unit, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - J Jamart
- Drug Stability Research Group, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium.,Scientific Support Unit, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - L Galanti
- Medical Laboratory, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium.,Drug Stability Research Group, CHU Dinant Godinne
- UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
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