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Cheng X, Jiang C, Jin J, Jin Q, Akoh CC, Wei W, Wang X. Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerol: Preparation, Health Benefits, and Food Utilization. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2024; 15:381-408. [PMID: 38237045 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-072023-034539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) is a structured lipid with both medium- and long-chain fatty acids in one triacylglycerol molecule. Compared with long-chain triacylglycerol (LCT), which is mainly present in common edible oils, and the physical blend of medium-chain triacylglycerol with LCT (MCT/LCT), MLCT has different physicochemical properties, metabolic characteristics, and nutritional values. In this article, the recent advances in the use of MLCT in food formulations are reviewed. The natural sources and preparation of MLCT are discussed. A comprehensive summary of MLCT digestion, absorption, transport, and oxidation is provided as well as its health benefits, including reducing the risk of overweight, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects, etc. The potential MLCT uses in food formulations, such as infant formulas, healthy foods for weight loss, and sports foods, are summarized. Finally, the current safety assessment and regulatory status of MLCT in food formulations are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; ,
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chenyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; ,
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; ,
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; ,
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Casimir C Akoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; ,
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; ,
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Wang Y, Zhang T, Liu R, Chang M, Wei W, Jin Q, Wang X. Reviews of medium- and long-chain triglyceride with respect to nutritional benefits and digestion and absorption behavior. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Ji S, Xu F, Zhang N, Wu Y, Ju X, Wang L. Dietary a novel structured lipid synthesized by soybean oil and coconut oil alter fatty acid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yue C, Li M, Li J, Han X, Zhu H, Yu G, Cheng J. Medium-, long- and medium-chain-type structured lipids ameliorate high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis by regulating inflammation, adipogenesis, and gut microbiota in ApoE -/- mice. Food Funct 2021; 11:5142-5155. [PMID: 32432606 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that medium-, long-, and medium-chain (MLM) structured lipids have anti-obesity effects, but whether they can alleviate the development of atherosclerosis (AS) and affect the composition of the gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice has not been elucidated. The present study found that MLM structured lipid supplementation could significantly decrease obesity-related parameters compared with high-fat diet alone in ApoE-/- mice. Additionally, MLM structured lipids could significantly decrease the blood glucose and increase the serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Additionally, high-dose MLM structured lipids supplementation could reduce the area of atherosclerotic lesions and decrease the expression of VCAM-1, MCP-1 and CD68, which are related to inflammation in aortic tissue. Further analysis showed that MLM structured lipids could significantly reduce lipid accumulation in the adipose tissue of high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice. The relative protein expression of SREBP-1, ACC, FAS, C/EBPα and PPARγ was decreased and the ratio of p-AMPK/AMPK was increased in epididymis white adipose tissue (eWAT) after MLM structured lipids treatment. Additionally, MLM structured lipids supplementation regulated the bacterial composition, including reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, increasing the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria (Blautia and Anaerotruncus), decreasing the relative abundance of [Ruminococcus] torques group, Ruminiclostridium 9, Catenibacterium and [Eubacterium] fissicatena group. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between changes in the gut microbiota and atherosclerosis-related indices. The results demonstrated that the alleviating effects of MLM structured lipids supplementation on AS in high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice were closely related to reshaping the composition of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghui Yue
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150036, China.
| | - Ming Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150036, China.
| | - Jing Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150036, China.
| | - Xu Han
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150036, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150036, China.
| | - Guoping Yu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150036, China.
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150036, China.
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Yang J, Peng T, Huang J, Zhang G, Xia J, Ma M, Deng D, Gong D, Zeng Z. Effects of medium- and long-chain fatty acids on acetaminophen- or rifampicin-induced hepatocellular injury. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3590-3601. [PMID: 32724621 PMCID: PMC7382196 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the common adverse effects of drug therapy, which is closely associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation response. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) were reported to relieve inflammation and attenuate oxidative stress. However, little has been known about the hepatoprotective effects of MCFA in DILI. In the present study, acetaminophen (AP) and rifampicin (RFP) were used to establish DILI models in LO2 cells, and the cytoprotective effects of MCFA on hepatocellular injury were investigated. Results showed that the optimal condition for the DILI model was treatment with 10 mM AP or 600 µM RFP for 24 hr. LCFA treatment markedly reduced the cell viability and increased the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Meanwhile, LCFA treatment aggravated cell apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. The mRNA and protein expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) were significantly elevated by LCFA. In contrast, MCFA treatment did not significantly affect cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative, stress and inflammation, and it did not produce the detrimental effects on DILI models. Therefore, we proposed that MCFA may be more safe and suitable than LCFA as nutrition support or the selection of daily dietary oil and fat for the patients with DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Plant ResourcesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- College of Food and TechnologyNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Ting Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Plant ResourcesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- College of Food and TechnologyNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Jiyong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Plant ResourcesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Plant ResourcesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- College of Food and TechnologyNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Jiaheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Plant ResourcesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Maomao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Plant ResourcesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- College of Food and TechnologyNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Danwen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Plant ResourcesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Deming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Plant ResourcesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Department of BiomedicineNew Zealand Institute of Natural Medicine ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Zheling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Plant ResourcesNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
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Lian W, Wang W, Tan CP, Wang J, Wang Y. Immobilized Talaromyces thermophilus lipase as an efficient catalyst for the production of LML-type structured lipids. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 42:321-329. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-2036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Zhang T, Wang B. Enhanced gastric therapeutic effects of Brucea javanica oil and its gastroretentive drug delivery system compared to commercial products in pharmacokinetics study. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:535-544. [PMID: 29559770 PMCID: PMC5856296 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s155244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Brucea javanica oil (BJO), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has a variety of pharmacological activities and several BJO-related patent drugs have been widely used in China. Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate the gastric therapeutic effects of self-made BJO and its pharmaceutical potential to formulate novel BJO gastroretentive floating bead by comparing with commercial products. Methods BJO was extracted from the seeds of B. javanica, and its therapeutic effects were evaluated by comparing with commercial products in the treatment of human gastric cancer and gastric ulcer. Furthermore, the developed gastroretentive drug delivery system was evaluated by in vivo tests. A high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for detecting the concentration of glycerol trioleate in the pharma-cokinetic study was applied. Results The antitumor activity of BJO was stronger than that of the marketed preparation; the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of BJO extracts on HGC27, SGC7901 and BGC823 gastric carcinoma were 0.3091, 1.736 and 2.743 μg/mL, respectively, whereas the values of marked BJO preparation were 15.26, 32.60 and 7.456 μg/mL, respectively. Histopathological studies demonstrated the ability of BJO to locally prevent and treat absolute ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. Developed BJO gastroretentive floating bead showed a satisfactory in vivo study. The highest glycerol trioleate concentration in the stomach after taking BJO gastroretentive floating bead was nearly two times higher when compared to the marketed BJO soft capsule. Conclusion Self-made BJO has a strong therapeutic effect on the stomach, and gastroretentive drug delivery system can be a promising approach to prolong and enhance its therapy ability when treating gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong New District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong New District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Foreign Languages Teaching Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong New District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong New District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong New District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xitong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Xiangshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong New District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong New District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong New District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pudong New District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Zhou S, Wang Y, Jacoby JJ, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Yu LL. Effects of Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerols on Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota Composition in C57BL/6J Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6599-6607. [PMID: 28704610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is related to an increasing risk of chronic diseases. Medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) have been recognized as a promising choice to reduce body weight. In this study, three MLCT with different contents of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) (10-30%, w/w) were prepared, and their effects on lipid metabolism and fecal gut microbiota composition of C57BL/6J mice were systematically investigated. MLCT with 30% (w/w) MCFA showed the best performance in decreasing body weight gain as well as optimizing serum lipid parameters and liver triacylglycerol content. The expression levels of genes encoding enzymes for fatty acid degradation increased markedly and expression levels of genes encoding enzymes for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis decreased significantly in the liver of mice treated with MLCT containing 30% (w/w) MCFA. Interestingly, the dietary intake of a high fat diet containing MLCT did significantly decrease the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and down-regulate the relative abundance of Proteobacteria that may attribute to weight loss. Furthermore, we found a notable increase in the total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content in feces of mice on a MLCT containing diet. All these results may be concomitantly responsible for the antiobesity effect of MLCT with relatively high contents of MCFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmin Zhou
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yueqiang Wang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd. , Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Jörg J Jacoby
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd. , Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Yuanrong Jiang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd. , Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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9
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Zhou S, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Sun X, Yu LL. Dietary Intake of Structured Lipids with Different Contents of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids on Obesity Prevention in C57BL/6J Mice. J Food Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengmin Zhou
- Inst. of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ.; Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqiang Wang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co. Ltd.; Shanghai 200137 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanrong Jiang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co. Ltd.; Shanghai 200137 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfei Zhang
- Inst. of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ.; Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Sun
- Inst. of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ.; Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science; Univ. of Maryland; College Park Md. 20742 U.S.A
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