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Raabe HA, Costin GE, Allen DG, Lowit A, Corvaro M, O'Dell L, Breeden-Alemi J, Page K, Perron M, Flint Silva T, Westerink W, Baker E, Sullivan K. Human relevance of in vivo and in vitro skin irritation tests for hazard classification of pesticides. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39180341 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2024.2387596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Background: Test methods to inform hazard characterization and labeling of pesticides to protect human health are typically conducted using laboratory animals, and for skin irritation/corrosion the rabbit Draize test is currently required by many regulatory agencies. Although the Draize test is generally regarded to provide protective classifications for human health, new approach methodologies (NAMs) have been developed that offer more human relevant models that circumvent the uncertainty associated with species differences that exist between rabbits and humans. Despite wide applicability and use of these test methods across a broad range of chemicals, they have not been widely adopted for testing pesticides and pesticidal formulations. One of the barriers to adoption of these methods in this sector is low concordance with results from the Draize rabbit test, particularly for chemicals within the mild to moderate irritation spectrum. Methods: This review compares and contrasts the extent to which available models used in skin irritation testing mimic the anatomy and physiology of human skin, and how each aligns with the known key events leading to chemically-induced adverse skin irritation and corrosion. Doing so fully characterizes the human relevance of each method. Results: As alternatives to the rabbit Draize test, several protocols using ex vivo, in chemico, and in vitro skin models are available as internationally harmonized test guidelines. These methods rely on a variety of models of human skin, including excised rodent skin, synthetic biochemical models of barrier function, cell culture systems, and reconstructed human tissue models. We find these models exhibit biological and mechanistic relevance aligned with human skin irritation responses. Further, recent retrospective analyses have shown that the reproducibility of the Draize test is less than 50% for mild and moderate responses, with many of the replicate predictions spanning more than one category (e.g., a moderate response reported in one study followed by a non-irritant response reported in another study). Conclusions: Based on this comparative evaluation, we recommend top-down and bottom-up testing strategies that use the most human relevant in vitro test methods for skin irritation and corrosion classification of pesticides and pesticide formulations. To further discriminate among mild and non-irritant formulations, optimization of a cytokine release protocol and subsequent analyses of reference formulation test results is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans A Raabe
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Anna Lowit
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Baker
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Henriquez JE, Badwaik VD, Bianchi E, Chen W, Corvaro M, LaRocca J, Lunsman TD, Zu C, Johnson KJ. From Pipeline to Plant Protection Products: Using New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in Agrochemical Safety Assessment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10710-10724. [PMID: 38688008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The human population will be approximately 9.7 billion by 2050, and food security has been identified as one of the key issues facing the global population. Agrochemicals are an important tool available to farmers that enable high crop yields and continued access to healthy foods, but the average new agrochemical active ingredient takes more than ten years, 350 million dollars, and 20,000 animals to develop and register. The time, monetary, and animal costs incentivize the use of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in early-stage screening to prioritize chemical candidates. This review outlines NAMs that are currently available or can be adapted for use in early-stage screening agrochemical programs. It covers new in vitro screens that are on the horizon in key areas of regulatory concern. Overall, early-stage screening with NAMs enables the prioritization of development for agrochemicals without human and environmental health concerns through a more directed, agile, and iterative development program before animal-based regulatory testing is even considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek D Badwaik
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Enrica Bianchi
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | | | - Jessica LaRocca
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | | | - Chengli Zu
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Kamin J Johnson
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
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Corvaro M, Henriquez J, Settivari R, Mattson U, Forreryd A, Gradin R, Johansson H, Gehen S. GARD™skin and GARD™potency: A proof-of-concept study investigating applicability domain for agrochemical formulations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 148:105595. [PMID: 38453128 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Several New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for hazard assessment of skin sensitisers have been formally validated. However, data regarding their applicability on certain product classes are limited. The purpose of this project was to provide initial evidence on the applicability domain of GARD™skin and GARD™potency for the product class of agrochemical formulations. For this proof of concept, 30 liquid and 12 solid agrochemical formulations were tested in GARDskin for hazard predictions. Formulations predicted as sensitisers were further evaluated in the GARDpotency assay to determine GHS skin sensitisation category. The selected formulations were of product types, efficacy groups and sensitisation hazard classes representative of the industry's products. The performance of GARDskin was estimated by comparing results to existing in vivo animal data. The overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 76.2% (32/42), 85.0% (17/20), and 68.2% (15/22), respectively, with the predictivity for liquid formulations being slightly higher compared to the solid formulations. GARDpotency correctly subcategorized 14 out of the 17 correctly predicted sensitisers. Lack of concordance was justifiable by compositional or borderline response analysis. In conclusion, GARDskin and GARDpotency showed satisfactory performance in this initial proof-of-concept study, which supports consideration of agrochemical formulations being within the applicability domain of the test methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sean Gehen
- Corteva™ Agriscience LCC, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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4
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Basketter D, Corea N, Corvaro M, Grivel A, Kluxen FM, Morgan N, Wiemann C. Use of guinea pig data to obtain starting points for skin sensitisation risk assessment - A commentary. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 148:105584. [PMID: 38417477 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The increasing drive to understand the likelihood of skin sensitisation from plant protection products (PPPs) in workers and the general public has resulted in recent initiatives to establish a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) methodology applicable to these products and their exposure scenarios. The effective evaluation of skin sensitising substances requires not only the identification of that toxicological hazard, but also determination of relative sensitising potency. Typically, this has been achieved by interpretation of local lymph node assay (LLNA) dose response data, delivering what is known as the EC3 value. This permitted regulatory division of skin sensitisers into defined potency sub-categories, but more importantly enabled derivation of a no expected sensitisation induction level (NESIL) as the point of departure for QRA. However, for many existing substances there is no LLNA data, only older guinea pig results exist. To avoid additional (in vivo) testing, an approach has been outlined to employ guinea pig data and existing regulatory guidelines on the determination of potency sub-categorisation to provide a guinea pig based NESIL. The approach adopts a conservative extrapolation from LLNA NESIL benchmarks to deliver points of departure as the basis for the type of QRA process already in successful use by other industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Basketter
- DABMEB Consultancy Ltd, Kingswood, Gloucestershire, GL12 8RN, UK.
| | - Namali Corea
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | | | | | - Felix M Kluxen
- ADAMA Deutschland GmbH, Edmund-Rumpler-Str. 6, 51149, Cologne, Germany
| | - Neil Morgan
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
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5
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Choksi N, Latorre A, Catalano S, Grivel A, Baldassari J, Pires J, Corvaro M, Silva M, Ogasawara M, Inforzato M, Habe P, Murata R, Stinchcombe S, Kolle SN, Masinja W, Perjessy G, Daniel A, Allen D. Retrospective evaluation of the eye irritation potential of agrochemical formulations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 146:105543. [PMID: 38081574 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple in vitro eye irritation methods have been developed and adopted as OECD health effects test guidelines. However, for predicting the ocular irritation/damage potential of agrochemical formulations there is an applicability domain knowledge gap for most of the methods. To overcome this gap, a retrospective evaluation of 192 agrochemical formulations with in vivo (OECD TG 405) and in vitro (OECD TG 437, 438, and/or 492) data was conducted to determine if the in vitro methods could accurately assign United Nations Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) eye irritation hazard classifications. In addition, for each formulation the eye irritation classification was derived from the classification of the contained hazardous ingredients and their respective concentration in the product using the GHS concentration threshold (CT) approach. The results herein suggest that the three in vitro methods and the GHS CT approach were highly predictive of formulations that would not require GHS classification for eye irritation. Given most agrochemical formulations fall into this category, methods that accurately identify non-classified agrochemical formulations could significantly reduce the use of animals for this endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mariana Silva
- Iharabras S.A. Indústrias Químicas, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Priscila Habe
- Sumitomo Chemical Brasil Indústria Química S.A., São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - W Masinja
- Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, United Kingdom
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6
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Corea N, Corvaro M, Kluxen FM, Grivel A, Morgan N, Wiemann C, Basketter D. Assessing the risk of induction of skin sensitization to plant protection products: A quantitative approach. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 141:105408. [PMID: 37207870 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to skin sensitizers is common and regulated in many industry sectors. For cosmetics, a risk-based approach has been implemented, focused on preventing the induction of sensitization. First, a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) is derived, then modified by Sensitization Assessment Factors (SAFs) to derive an Acceptable Exposure Level (AEL). The AEL is used in risk assessment, being compared with an estimated exposure dose, specific to the exposure scenario. Since in Europe there is increased concern regarding exposure towards potentially sensitizing pesticides via spray drift, we explore how existing practice can be modified to allow Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) of pesticides for bystanders and residents. NESIL derivation by the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA), the globally required in vivo assay for this endpoint, is reviewed alongside consideration of appropriate SAFs. Using a case study, the principle that the NESIL in μg/cm2 can be derived by multiplying LLNA EC3% figure by a factor of 250 is adopted. The NESIL is then reduced by an overall SAF of 25 to establish an exposure level below which there is minimal bystander and resident risk. Whilst this paper focuses on European risk assessment and management, the approach is generic and universally applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namali Corea
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | | | - Felix M Kluxen
- ADAMA Deutschland GmbH, Edmund-Rumpler-Str. 6, 51149, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Neil Morgan
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | | | - David Basketter
- DABMEB Consultancy Ltd, Kingswood, Gloucestershire, GL12 8RN, UK.
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7
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Nikodinoska I, Spohr C, Dillon GP, Moran CA. Skin and eye irritancy assessment of six lactic acid bacteria strains. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 141:105406. [PMID: 37160199 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Here we investigate the suitability of in vitro models to assess the skin and eye irritation potential of six microbial strains. Acute skin irritation was tested according to the unmodified and modified OECD test guideline (OECD TG) 439, while acute eye irritation was examined using the OECD TG 491 and 492. The OECD TG 439 guideline, modified to introduce 8-10 μg/mL of streptomycin during the recovery phase and use of test items containing 100% microbial product instead of finished formulae, was found to be suitable for skin irritation evaluation. On the other hand, the OECD TG 491 procedure was the most appropriate for evaluating eye irritation. None of the six microbial strains, namely, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (IMI 507026, IMI 507027, IMI 507028), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (IMI 507023), and Pediococcus pentosaceus (IMI 507024, IMI 507025), tested in this study caused skin or eye irritation under the study condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Nikodinoska
- Alltech European Bioscience Centre, Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Christina Spohr
- ICCR-Roßdorf GmbH, Alternative Toxicology Department, In den Leppsteinswiesen 19, Rossdorf, Germany
| | - Gerald P Dillon
- Alltech European Bioscience Centre, Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Colm A Moran
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Alltech SARL, Rue Charles Amand, Vire, France.
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8
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Strickland J, Truax J, Corvaro M, Settivari R, Henriquez J, McFadden J, Gulledge T, Johnson V, Gehen S, Germolec D, Allen DG, Kleinstreuer N. Application of Defined Approaches for Skin Sensitization to Agrochemical Products. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:852856. [PMID: 35586187 PMCID: PMC9108145 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.852856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin sensitization testing is a regulatory requirement for safety evaluations of pesticides in multiple countries. Globally harmonized test guidelines that include in chemico and in vitro methods reduce animal use, but no single assay is recommended as a complete replacement for animal tests. Defined approaches (DAs) that integrate data from multiple non-animal methods are accepted; however, the methods that comprise them have been evaluated using monoconstituent substances rather than mixtures or formulations. To address this data gap, we tested 27 agrochemical formulations in the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), the KeratinoSens™ assay, and the human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). These data were used as inputs to evaluate three DAs for hazard classification of skin sensitization potential and two DAs for potency categorization. When compared to historical animal results, balanced accuracy for the DAs for predicting in vivo skin sensitization hazard (i.e., sensitizer vs. nonsensitizer) ranged from 56 to 78%. The best performing DA was the “2 out of 3 (2o3)” DA, in which the hazard classification was based on two concordant results from the DPRA, KeratinoSens, or h-CLAT. The KE 3/1 sequential testing strategy (STS), which uses h-CLAT and DPRA results, and the integrated testing strategy (ITSv2), which uses h-CLAT, DPRA, and an in silico hazard prediction from OECD QSAR Toolbox, had balanced accuracies of 56–57% for hazard classification. Of the individual test methods, KeratinoSens had the best performance for predicting in vivo hazard outcomes. Its balanced accuracy of 81% was similar to that of the 2o3 DA (78%). For predicting potency categories defined by the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), the correct classification rate of the STS was 52% and that of the ITSv2 was 43%. These results demonstrate that non-animal test methods have utility for evaluating the skin sensitization potential of agrochemical formulations as compared to animal reference data. While additional data generation is needed, testing strategies such as DAs anchored to human biology and mechanistic information provide a promising approach for agrochemical formulation testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Strickland
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Judy Strickland,
| | - James Truax
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Marco Corvaro
- Corteva Agriscience, Regulatory Sciences R&D, Rome, Italy
| | - Raja Settivari
- Corteva Agriscience, General, Genetic, and Molecular Toxicology, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Joseph Henriquez
- Corteva Agriscience, Regulatory Toxicology and Risk Group, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jeremy McFadden
- Corteva Agriscience, Regulatory Toxicology and Risk Group, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Travis Gulledge
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Victor Johnson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Sean Gehen
- Corteva Agriscience, Regulatory Toxicology and Risk Group, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Dori Germolec
- Systems Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - David G. Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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9
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Anti-fungal activity of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) leaf extract and its development into a botanical fungicide to control pepper phytophthora blight. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4146. [PMID: 33603051 PMCID: PMC7892876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens, Gramineae) is a well-known medicinal and edible plant found in China with various bioactivities, but few systematic studies address the utilization of its anti-fungal activity. The extract of moso bamboo leaf showed good anti-fungal activity to Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium graminearum, Valsa mali Miyabe et Yamada, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Venturia nashicola, and Botrytis cinerea Pers, with inhibitory rate of 100.00%, 75.12%, 60.66%, 57.24%, 44.62%, and 30.16%, respectively. Anti-fungal activity was different by the difference of samples picking time and location. The extract showed good synergistic effects with carbendazim at the ratios of 9:1 and 15:1 (extract : carbendazim), and the co-toxicity coefficients were 124.4 and 139.95. Compound 2 was isolated and identified as the main active component, with the EC50 value of 11.02 mg L−1. Then, the extract was formulated as a 10% emulsion in water, which was stable and had no acute toxic effects. Moreover, a field trial about this formulation was assayed to control pepper phytophthora blight, with the control effect of 85.60%. These data provided a better understanding of the anti-fungal activity and relevant active component of moso bamboo leaf extract. Taken together, our findings illustrated that bamboo leaf extract could be developed and utilized as a botanical fungicide or fungicide adjuvant.
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Bloch D, Marx-Stoelting P, Martin S. Towards a tiered test strategy for plant protection products to address mixture toxicity by alternative approaches in human health assessment. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3326-3332. [PMID: 32770639 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant protection products (PPPs) consist of pesticide active substances and co-formulants. Generally, active substance effects are assumed to dominate in PPP toxicity. Nevertheless, co-formulants may well affect the toxicity of PPPs via toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic interaction. To account for potential mixture effects and improve PPP data requirements for application in risk assessment, a tiered test strategy is proposed. The strategy is based on a comparison of PPP and active substance toxicity, which enables the prioritisation of PPPs for further testing, adaptation of the toxicological threshold value or removal of toxic co-formulants from the PPP. Moreover, it focuses on the integrative assessment of existing information and newly generated data using alternative test methods. The proposed strategy will improve PPP toxicological assessment by accounting for mixture toxicity, providing a set of regulatory options for risk assessment and the necessary data for hazard assessment. The predictivity of alternative methods for PPPs will improve by evaluation of their reliability and uncertainty. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bloch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Martin
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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11
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Andrade WM, da Silva ACG, Moreira LC, Gomes TRLES, Batista AC, Valadares MC. Innovative strategy based on mechanisms to substitute animal testing for ocular toxicity assessment of agrochemical formulations market in Brazil. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104851. [PMID: 32259559 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Considering the successful employment of alternative methods for eye toxicity assessment of products for regulatory purposes, and the recent advances in Brazilian legislative scenario, which adopted the UN GHS classification system for agrochemical formulations toxicity assessment, there is an emerging demand for strategies that allow the evaluation of such products. Based on this, the present study aimed to address the applicability of a mechanistic-based defined approach for eye toxicity assessment of agrochemical formulations. It was investigated the opacity/permeability, depth and location of corneal injury in bovine cornea, and vascular events in chorioallantoic membrane induced for different Brazilian agrochemicals using a Sequential Testing Strategy (STS). Cytotoxicity induced by the agrochemical formulations was evaluated by Short Time exposure (STE) (OECD TG 491) assay (step 1), corneal injury was investigated by standard Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) (OECD TG 437) followed by histopathological evaluation (step 2), and Hen Chorionic-allantoic Membrane test (HET-CAM) was used to evaluate vascular injury (step 3). The results demonstrated that the proposed defined approach enabled a classification corresponding UN GHS classification of agrochemical formulations while minimizing the use of live animals. Therefore, this approach may be useful for categorization of agrochemicals in Brazil according to the new regulatory scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa Machado Andrade
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology, Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Artur Christian Garcia da Silva
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology, Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Larissa Cleres Moreira
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology, Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Carvalho Batista
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Dental School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology, Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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12
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Khalid S, Shahid M, Murtaza B, Bibi I, Asif Naeem M, Niazi NK. A critical review of different factors governing the fate of pesticides in soil under biochar application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134645. [PMID: 31822404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are extensively used in the modern agricultural system. The inefficient and extensive use of pesticides during the last 5 to 6 decades inadvertently led to serious deterioration of environmental quality with health risk to living organisms, including humans. It is important to use some environmentally-friendly and sustainable approaches to remediate, restore and maintain soil quality. Biochar has gained considerable attention globally as a promising soil amendment because it has the ability to adsorb and as such minimize the bioavailability of pesticides in soils. This review emphasizes the recent trends and implications of biochar in pesticide-contaminated soils, as well as highlights need of the pesticides use and associated environmental issues in context of the biochar application. The overarching aim of this review is to signify the role of biochar on primary processes such as effect of biochar on the persistence, mineralization, leaching and efficacy of pesticides in soil. Notably, the effects of biochar on pesticide adsorption-desorption, degradation and bioavailability under various operating/production conditions are critically discussed. This review delineates the indirect impact of biochar on pesticides persistence in soils and proposes key recommendations for future research which are essential for the remediation and restoration of pesticides-impacted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Khalid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari 61100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari 61100, Pakistan.
| | - Behzad Murtaza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari 61100, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Bibi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Naeem
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari 61100, Pakistan
| | - Nabeel Khan Niazi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia.
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13
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Gehen S, Corvaro M, Jones J, Ma M, Yang Q. Challenges and Opportunities in the Global Regulation of Crop Protection Products. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Gehen
- Crop Protection Regulatory Sciences, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Marco Corvaro
- Crop Protection Regulatory Sciences, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Product Design & Process R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Mingming Ma
- Crop Protection Regulatory Sciences, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Qiang Yang
- Product Design & Process R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
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Eye hazard classification according to UN GHS / EU CLP and the severity of eye symptoms caused by accidental exposures to detergents and cleaning products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 105:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Kurth D, Wend K, Adler-Flindt S, Martin S. A comparative assessment of the CLP calculation method and in vivo testing for the classification of plant protection products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 101:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Regulatory accepted but out of domain: In vitro skin irritation tests for agrochemical formulations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:125-130. [PMID: 28734851 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several in vitro methods have gained regulatory acceptance for the prediction of skin irritation and corrosion. However, the test guidelines for the majority of in vitro methods do not state whether they are applicable to agrochemical formulations. Hence, we would like to share the results from our routine skin corrosion and irritation testing of agrochemical formulations in which both in vitro (according to OECD TG 431 and OECD TG 439) and in vivo (according to OECD TG 404) tests were conducted as regulatory requirements. The in vitro skin irritation test did not correlate well with the CLP classification by in vivo results (44% sensitivity, 60% specificity, and 54% accuracy, based on 65 data pairs). This indicates a lack of applicability of the current protocol of the in vitro skin irritation test for agrochemical formulations. The data set did not contain formulations which were skin corrosive in vivo and hence its applicability could not be assessed. The correlation of in vitro skin corrosion testing to formulations which were not corrosive in vivo was, however, high (95% specificity based on 81 data pairs).
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