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Nishino K, Tamai K, Orita K, Hashimoto Y, Nakamura H. Heated Tobacco Products Impair Cell Viability, Osteoblastic Differentiation, and Bone Fracture-Healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2021; 103:2024-2031. [PMID: 34730563 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.20.02227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative impact of cigarette smoking on bone union has been well documented. However, the impact of heated tobacco product (HTP) use on bone fracture-healing remains unclear. The present study investigated the effect of HTPs on preosteoblast viability, osteoblastic differentiation, and fracture-healing and compared the effects with those of conventional combustible cigarettes. METHODS Cigarette smoke extracts (CSEs) were generated from combustible cigarettes (cCSE) and HTPs (hCSE). CSE concentrations were standardized by assessing optical density. Preosteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cells were incubated with normal medium, cCSE, or hCSE. The cell viability was assessed via MTT assay. After osteoblastic differentiation of CSE-exposed cells, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assessed. To assess the in vivo effects of CSEs, a femoral midshaft osteotomy was performed in a rat model; thereafter, saline solution, cCSE, or hCSE was injected intraperitoneally, and bone union was assessed on the basis of micro-computed tomography (μCT) and biomechanical analysis 4 weeks later. RESULTS MC3T3-E1 cell viability was reduced in a time and concentration-dependent manner when treated with either cCSE or hCSE. ALP activity after osteoblastic differentiation of cCSE-treated cells was significantly lower than that of both untreated and hCSE-treated cells (mean and standard deviation, 452.4 ± 48.8 [untreated], 326.2 ± 26.2 [cCSE-treated], and 389.9 ± 26.6 [hCSE-treated] mol/L/min; p = 0.002). Moreover, the levels of osteoblastic differentiation in untreated and hCSE-treated cells differed significantly (p < 0.05). In vivo assessment of the femoral midshaft cortical region revealed that both cCSE and hCSE administration significantly decreased bone mineral content 4 weeks after surgery compared with levels observed in untreated animals (107.0 ± 11.9 [untreated], 94.5 ± 13.0 [cCSE-treated], and 89.0 ± 10.1 mg/cm3 [hCSE-treated]; p = 0.049). Additionally, cCSE and hCSE-exposed femora had significantly lower bone volumes than unexposed femora. Biomechanical analyses showed that both cCSE and hCSE administration significantly decreased femoral maximum load and elastic modulus (p = 0.015 and 0.019). CONCLUSIONS HTP use impairs cell viability, osteoblastic differentiation, and bone fracture-healing at levels comparable with those associated with combustible cigarette use. CLINICAL RELEVANCE HTP use negatively affects bone fracture-healing to a degree similar to that of combustible cigarettes. Orthopaedic surgeons should recommend HTP smoking cessation to improve bone union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nishino
- Department of Orthopedics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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2
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GC × GC-TOFMS and chemometrics approach for comparative study of volatile compound release by tobacco heating system as a function of temperature. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rodrigo G, Jaccard G, Tafin Djoko D, Korneliou A, Esposito M, Belushkin M. Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:283-298. [PMID: 33025067 PMCID: PMC7811518 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Health risk associated with the use of combustible cigarettes is well characterized and numerous epidemiological studies have been published for many years. Since more than a decade, innovative non-combusted tobacco products have emerged like heated tobacco products (HTP) or electronic cigarettes (EC). Long-term effects of these new products on health remain, however, unknown and there is a need to characterize associated potential health risks. The time dedicated to epidemiological data generation (at least 20 to 40 years for cancer endpoint), though, is not compatible with innovative development. Surrogates need, therefore, to be developed. In this work, non-cancer and cancer risks were estimated in a range of HTP and commercial combustible cigarettes based upon their harmful and potentially harmful constituent yields in aerosols and smoke, respectively. It appears that mean lifetime cancer risk values were decreased by more than one order of magnitude when comparing HTPs and commercial cigarettes, and significantly higher margin of exposure for non-cancer risk was observed for HTPs when compared to commercial cigarettes. The same approach was applied to two commercial ECs. Similar results were also found for this category of products. Despite uncertainties related to the factors used for the calculations and methodological limitations, this approach is valuable to estimate health risks associated to the use of innovative products. Moreover, it acts as predictive tool in absence of long-term epidemiological data. Furthermore, both cancer and non-cancer risks estimated for HTPs and ECs highlight the potential of reduced risk for non-combusted products when compared to cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Rodrigo
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Donatien Tafin Djoko
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Korneliou
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Esposito
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Belushkin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Thorne D, Whitwell J, Clements J, Walker P, Breheny D, Gaca M. The genotoxicological assessment of a tobacco heating product relative to cigarette smoke using the in vitro micronucleus assay. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1010-1019. [PMID: 32874925 PMCID: PMC7451629 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies have supported the toxicological evaluation of chemicals and complex mixtures including cigarette smoke and novel tobacco and nicotine products which include tobacco heating products (THP). This new environment requires faster testing, higher throughput and appropriate in vitro studies, to support product innovation and development. In this study, total particulate matter (TPM) from a commercially available THP and a reference cigarette (3R4F) were assessed up to 500 μg/mL using two in vitro micronucleus techniques. V79 and TK6 cells were assessed using conventional OECD 487 manual scoring techniques, whereas, CHO cells were assessed using contemporary, automated high content screening approaches (Cellomics ArrayScan® VTI). V79 cells gave the most consistent response with all three treatment conditions producing a clear positive genotoxic response. Human TK6 cells only produced dose-dependent response, indicative of a weak-positive response. CHO cells demonstrated a positive response with TPM using long (24 h) -S9 conditions. All three cell lines equally demonstrated a negative response with THP TPM up to 500 μg/mL. In conclusion, THP TPM did not increase micronuclei formation above control levels even at doses far exceeding that tested with reference cigarette smoke, in most cases up to 10x the dose delivered compared to that of cigarette smoke. This study supports the growing belief that THPs are less risky than conventional cigarettes and that 21st century screening techniques can be employed to support product design and decision making, as a potential 1st screen prior to more traditional assessments.
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Key Words
- 3R4F, Research reference cigarette
- CHO
- CRM, 81 CORESTA recommended method 81
- DMSO, dimethyl sulphoxide
- E-cigarette, electronic cigarette
- HCI, Health Canada Intense smoking regimen
- HCIm, Health Canada Intense modified smoking regimen
- High content screening
- ISO, International Standards Organisation
- IVMN
- IVMN, in vitro micronucleus assay
- In vitro
- NGP, Next generation products
- S9, mammalian liver post-mitochondrial fraction
- THP, tobacco heating product
- TK6
- TPM, total particulate matter
- Tobacco heating product
- V79
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Whitwell
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Julie Clements
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery, Alderley Park, Alderley, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Damien Breheny
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Marianna Gaca
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
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Boué S, Goedertier D, Hoeng J, Kuczaj A, Majeed S, Mathis C, May A, Phillips B, Peitsch MC, Radtke F, Schlage WK, Tan WT, Vanscheeuwijck P. State-of-the-art methods and devices for the generation, exposure, and collection of aerosols from heat-not-burn tobacco products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319897869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco harm reduction is increasingly recognized as a promising approach to accelerate the decline in smoking prevalence and smoking-related population harm. Potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) must undergo a rigorous premarket toxicological risk assessment. The ability to reproducibly generate, collect, and use aerosols is critical for the characterization, and preclinical assessment of aerosol-based candidate MRTPs (cMRTPs), such as noncombusted cigarettes, also referred to as heated tobacco products, tobacco heating products, or heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco products. HNB tobacco products generate a nicotine-containing aerosol by heating tobacco instead of burning it. The aerosols generated by HNB products are qualitatively and quantitatively highly different from cigarette smoke (CS). This constitutes technical and experimental challenges comparing the toxicity of HNB aerosols with CS. The methods and experimental setups that have been developed for the study of CS cannot be directly transposed to the study of HNB aerosols. Significant research efforts are dedicated to the development, characterization, and validation of experimental setups and methods suitable for HNB aerosols. They are described in this review, with a particular focus on the Tobacco Heating System version 2.2. This is intended to support further studies, the objective evaluation and verification of existing evidence, and the development of scientifically substantiated HNB MRTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne May
- Consultants in Science, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Falk Radtke
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wei Teck Tan
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Ratajczak A, Jankowski P, Strus P, Feleszko W. Heat Not Burn Tobacco Product-A New Global Trend: Impact of Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products on Public Health, a Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020409. [PMID: 31936252 PMCID: PMC7014072 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The use of heat-not-burn tobacco products (HnB) is being adopted increasingly as an alternative to smoking combusted products, primarily cigarettes. Substantial controversy has accompanied their marketing and use in the public health context. In this study, we aimed to consider the probable impacts of HnB tobacco products use on public health. Methods: In May 2019, we conducted a systematic review of 15 studies concerning awareness and use of IQOS (abbrv. I Quit Ordinary Smoking) selected from three databases: Cochrane, PubMed, and Embase regarding public health. Results: All key outcomes varied by smoking status: more young adults who were currently smoking reported being aware of, interested in trying, and prone to trying heat-not-burn tobacco products. Interest in trying HnB products was also present among non-smokers, which raises concerns regarding new smokers. Interestingly, susceptibility to trying IQOS (25.1%) was higher than for traditional cigarettes (19.3%), but lower than for e-cigarettes (29.1%). Conclusions: Present studies suggest that HnB tobacco products have the potential to be a reduced risk product for public health compared to conventional cigarettes, considering indirectly the potential effects on the chronic diseases which are traditionally linked to traditional cigarette use as well as second hand exposure, but further studies are needed to determine whether this potential is likely to be realized. The process of HnB tobacco products becoming increasingly popular is of a global scale. Only small differences between countries on different continents regarding popularity and use of HnB tobacco products have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ratajczak
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, PL-02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Piotr Jankowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, PL-02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Strus
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, PL-02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, PL-02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-223-199-417
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7
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Newland N, Lowe FJ, Camacho OM, McEwan M, Gale N, Ebajemito J, Hardie G, Murphy J, Proctor C. Evaluating the effects of switching from cigarette smoking to using a heated tobacco product on health effect indicators in healthy subjects: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Intern Emerg Med 2019; 14:885-898. [PMID: 31049783 PMCID: PMC6722146 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-019-02090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco heating products (THPs) are a potentially safer alternative to combustible cigarette smoking. Through continued use, THPs may reduce smoking-related disease risk, whilst maintaining the sensorial experience and nicotine delivery sought by smokers. While literature evidence of the biological effects of THP aerosol exposure is increasing, there remains a knowledge gap with respect to substantiation of THP reduced risk potential in longer term real-life use. This randomized, multi-centre, controlled clinical study will test the hypotheses that following a switch from combustible cigarettes to a THP for 1 year, participants will experience a sustained reduction in exposure to tobacco-related toxicants that will lead to favourable changes in health effect indicators associated with smoking-related disease development. Changes in such indicators will be contextualized against smoking cessation and never-smoker cohorts. Up to 280 participants who do not intend to quit smoking will be randomized to continued combustible smoking (arm A, up to n = 80) or a commercially available THP (arm B n = 200). Furthermore, up to 190 participants with a high intent to quit smoking will undergo smoking cessation (arm D), and 40 never smokers will serve as a control group (arm E). Recruitment numbers were determined to be sufficient to achieve n = 50 in arms A, B and D, at study end. Enrolment started in March 2018 and the trial is scheduled to be completed in March 2020. Data from this study will be a valuable addition to the growing body of evidence in the field of understanding the individual and public health impact of THPs.Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN81075760.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Newland
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Frazer John Lowe
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Oscar Martin Camacho
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mike McEwan
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Nathan Gale
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Ebajemito
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - George Hardie
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Murphy
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
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Gale N, McEwan M, Eldridge AC, Fearon IM, Sherwood N, Bowen E, McDermott S, Holmes E, Hedge A, Hossack S, Wakenshaw L, Glew J, Camacho OM, Errington G, McAughey J, Murphy J, Liu C, Proctor CJ. Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure on Switching From a Conventional Cigarette to Tobacco Heating Products: A Randomized, Controlled Study in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:1220-1227. [PMID: 29912406 PMCID: PMC6698948 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a leading cause of numerous human disorders including pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Disease development is primarily caused by exposure to cigarette smoke constituents, many of which are known toxicants. Switching smokers to modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) has been suggested as a potential means to reduce the risks of tobacco use, by reducing such exposure. METHODS This randomized, controlled study investigated whether biomarkers of toxicant exposure (BoE) were reduced when smokers switched from smoking combustible cigarettes to using a novel (glo™/THP1.0) or in-market comparator (iQOS/THS) tobacco heating product (THP). One hundred eighty Japanese smokers smoked combustible cigarettes during a 2-day baseline period, followed by randomization to either continue smoking cigarettes, switch to using mentholated or non-mentholated variants of glo™, switch to using a non-mentholated variant of iQOS, or quit nicotine and tobacco product use completely for 5 days. Baseline and post-randomization 24-h urine samples were collected for BoE analysis. Carbon monoxide was measured daily in exhaled breath (eCO). RESULTS On day 5 after switching, urinary BoE (excluding for nicotine) and eCO levels were significantly (p < .05) reduced by medians between 20.9% and 92.1% compared with baseline in all groups either using glo™ or iQOS or quitting tobacco use. Between-group comparisons revealed that the reductions in the glo™ groups were similar (p > .05) to quitting in many cases. CONCLUSIONS glo™ or iQOS use for 5 days reduced exposure to smoke toxicants in a manner comparable to quitting tobacco use. THPs are reduced exposure tobacco products with the potential to be MRTPs. IMPLICATIONS This clinical study demonstrates that when smokers switched from smoking combustible cigarettes to using tobacco heating products their exposure to smoke toxicants was significantly decreased. In many cases, this was to the same extent as that seen when they quit smoking completely. This may indicate that these products have the potential to be reduced exposure and/or reduced risk tobacco products when used by smokers whose cigarette consumption is displaced completely. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONS ISRCTN14301360 and UMIN000024988.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Gale
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Mike McEwan
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Alison C Eldridge
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Edward Bowen
- Early Clinical Services Medical Writing, Global Medical and Regulatory Writing, Covance Clinical Research Unit Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Simon McDermott
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Emma Holmes
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew Hedge
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Stuart Hossack
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Louise Wakenshaw
- Early Clinical Services Medical Writing, Global Medical and Regulatory Writing, Covance Clinical Research Unit Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - James Glew
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Oscar M Camacho
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Graham Errington
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - John McAughey
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Christopher J Proctor
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
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Meišutovič-Akhtarieva M, Prasauskas T, Čiužas D, Krugly E, Keraitytė K, Martuzevičius D, Kaunelienė V. Impacts of exhaled aerosol from the usage of the tobacco heating system to indoor air quality: A chamber study. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:474-482. [PMID: 30784754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particle, carbonyl, and nicotine concentrations were analysed as pollutants affecting indoor air quality during the usage of electrically-heated tobacco product - the Tobacco Heating System (THS). Quantitative experimental variables included THS use intensity as number of parallel users (1, 3, or 5), distance to the bystander (0.5, 1, or 2 m), as well as environmental conditions in a chamber: ventilation intensity as air changes per hour (0.2, 0.5, or 1 h-1), and relative humidity (RH, 30, 50 or 70%). The real-time particle number (PNC), CO and CO2 concentration, as well as off-line acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, nicotine, and 3-ethenylpyridine concentration was measured during and after the active usage. Use of THS resulted in a statistically significant increase of several analytes including nicotine, acetaldehyde, PM2.5, and PNC as compared to the background. The obtained levels were significantly lower (approximately 16, 8, 8 and 28 times for nicotine, acetaldehyde, PNC and PM2.5, respectively) compared to the levels resulting from conventional cigarette (CC) smoking under identical conditions. The maximum 30 min concentration of PNC (4.8 × 105 #/cm3), as well as maximum concentration of PNC (9.3 × 106 #/cm3) suggest that the intensive use of THS in a confined space with limited ventilation might cause substantially elevated aerosol concentrations, although these particles appeared as highly volatile ones and evaporated within seconds. Generally, the usage intensity (number of simultaneous users) prevailed as the most important factor positively affecting pollutant variations; another important factor was the distance to bystander.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Meišutovič-Akhtarieva
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Tadas Prasauskas
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Darius Čiužas
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Krugly
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Keraitytė
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Martuzevičius
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Violeta Kaunelienė
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania.
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Dautzenberg B, Dautzenberg MD. [Systematic analysis of the scientific literature on heated tobacco]. Rev Mal Respir 2019; 36:82-103. [PMID: 30429092 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tobacco industry (TI) reports that heated tobacco reduces risk of tobacco use and will replace cigarettes. An analysis of the scientific literature was conducted in order to enlighten professionals and decision-makers. METHOD After a Medline query in February 2018, a systematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS Of the 100 papers published in 2008-2018, 75 have authors affiliated or linked to TI. Emissions contain gases, droplets and solid particles, so are smokes. The main products are: THS2.2 (Iqos®) which heats mini-cigarettes at 340°C, the THP1.0 (Glo®) which heats at 240°C sticks delivering about half as much nicotine, Ploom® which uses reconstituted tobacco microcapsules heated at 180°C. Under the experimental conditions, there is a reduction of toxic emissions and biological effects, but the expected risk reduction is not demonstrated. Symptoms related to passive smoking are described. The 4 epidemiological articles report that heated tobacco is used in 10 to 45% of cases by non-smokers and demonstrate the effectiveness of TI promotion campaigns. Thus, the THS2.2 is more a gateway to smoking (20%) than an exit door (11%); moreover, it is not expected risk reduction among the 69% who are mixed users. CONCLUSIONS While reducing emissions is documented, reducing the risk to the smoker who switches to heated-tobacco remains to be demonstrated. On the other hand, the worsening of the global tobacco risk related to the promotion of the products by the TI is anticipated, justifying that the authorities take the appropriate measures to control the promotion of heated tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dautzenberg
- Service de pharmacologie, Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France; Consultation de médecine, hôpital Marmottan, 75017 Paris, France; Consultation de tabacologie, institut Arthur-Vernes, 75006 Paris, France; Paris sans tabac, 14, avenue Bosquet, 75007 Paris, France.
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Pieper E, Mallock N, Henkler-Stephani F, Luch A. ["Heat not burn" tobacco devices as new tobacco industry products: health risks]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2018; 61:1422-1428. [PMID: 30284624 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Increased tobacco control measures in recent years have directed the tobacco industry to develop alternative tobacco products, such as "heat not burn" (HnB) tobacco devices that are implied to be less hazardous than conventional cigarettes. There are extensive studies from manufacturers available, which show that the emissions of HnB tobacco devices have significantly lower levels of harmful substances compared to conventional cigarettes. In addition, manufacturers have published studies to investigate whether switching from a conventional tobacco cigarette to the HnB product reduces possible health risks.The purpose of this report is to review current studies by manufacturers and independent institutions as well as to discuss possible reduced health hazards.The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) has carried out its own studies of selected analytes in the emissions of one HnB product confirming the lower levels of harmful substances in the emissions. The results are consistent with data from other independent studies. The nicotine content in the emissions is in the same range as the nicotine emissions of conventional cigarettes, which suggests a comparable addictiveness and dependence potential. Manufacturers have reported mutagenic effects of emissions by HnB tobacco devices that, however, are considerably weaker compared to conventional cigarettes. Nevertheless, the use of the HnB tobacco product remains associated with health risks.Switching from conventional cigarettes to tobacco heaters can significantly reduce the consumer's exposure to harmful substances. However, this article also illustrates that it is still unclear to what extent the reduced levels lead to lowered health risks. Therefore more independent studies, but also long-term studies, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Pieper
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Nadja Mallock
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Frank Henkler-Stephani
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Luch
- Abteilung Chemikalien- und Produktsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
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