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Wang J, Kong J, Yang Y, Liu Y, Qiu J, Gong X, Zhang L, Li J, Sun F, Cao X. Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of a Novel COX-2 Inhibitor, Vitacoxib, in Rats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:884357. [PMID: 35464368 PMCID: PMC9024361 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.884357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to elucidate absorption, tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolism of vitacoxib, a novel selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in Wistar rats. Vitacoxib was detected in most tissues within 15 min, suggesting that it was well distributed. Moreover, it could cross the intestinal barrier. Vitacoxib was mainly eliminated as two metabolites. Nine proposed metabolites of vitacoxib were found in the plasma, bile, urine, and feces of rats. Two main metabolites, 4-(4-chloro-1-(5-(methyl-sulfonyl) pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl) phenyl methanol (M1) and 4-(4-chloro-1-(5-(methyl-sulfonyl) pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl) benzoic acid (M2), were identified in rat feces and urine. Further, the authentic standards of M1 and M2 were synthesized to confirm their structures. The carboxylic acid derivative was the major metabolite of vitacoxib excreted in the urine and feces. Hydroxylation of the aromatic methyl group of vitacoxib and additional oxidation of the hydroxymethyl metabolite to a carboxylic acid metabolite were the proposed metabolic pathways. Vitacoxib displayed a high AUClast (4895.73 ± 604.34 ng·h/ml), long half-life (4.25 ± 0.30 h), slow absorption (Tmax, 5.00 ± 2.00 h), and wide tissue distribution in rats. Our findings provide significant information for the further development and investigation of vitacoxib as an effective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, and highly its potential for use future in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jingyuan Kong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jicheng Qiu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Gong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Orbiepharm Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Feifei Sun
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Xingyuan Cao
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Wang J, Schneider BK, Xiao H, Qiu J, Gong X, Seo YJ, Li J, Mochel JP, Cao X. Non-Linear Mixed-Effects Pharmacokinetic Modeling of the Novel COX-2 Selective Inhibitor Vitacoxib in Cats. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:554033. [PMID: 33102567 PMCID: PMC7546276 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.554033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a non-linear mixed-effects (NLME) model to describe the disposition kinetics of vitacoxib in cats following intravenous (I.V) and oral (P.O) (single and multiple) dosing. Data from six consecutive studies with 16 healthy neutered domestic short hair cats were pooled together to build a pharmacokinetic (PK) model using NLME. Population PK parameters were estimated using the stochastic approximation expectation maximization (SAEM) algorithm implemented in Monolix 2019R2. A two-compartment mammillary disposition model with simultaneous zero- and first-order absorption best described the PK of vitacoxib in plasma after oral dosing. The systemic CL of vitacoxib was found to be low (110 ml/h), with a steady-state volume of distribution (VSS) of 3.42 L in cats. Results from the automated covariate search in Monolix 2019R2 showed that bodyweight had a significant effect on the central volume of distribution of vitacoxib. Lastly, using Monte Carlo simulations, we investigated the time course of several dosages of vitacoxib from 0.01 to 8 mg/kg. Using this simulation set, we found a range of reasonable dosages that produce therapeutic plasma concentrations of vitacoxib for 24 h or more in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Benjamin K Schneider
- Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Hongzhi Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jicheng Qiu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Gong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yeon-Jung Seo
- Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Orbiepharm Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
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Wang J, Qiu J, Xiao H, Gong X, Sun P, Li J, Zhang S, Cao X. Pharmacokinetics of three formulations of vitacoxib in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:364-368. [PMID: 32162352 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties of three formulations of vitacoxib were investigated in horses. To describe plasma concentrations and characterize the pharmacokinetics, 6 healthy adult Chinese Mongolian horses were administered a single dose of 0.1 mg/kg bodyweight intravenous (i.v.), oral paste, or oral tablet vitacoxib in a 3-way, randomized, parallel design. Blood samples were collected prior to and at various times up to 72 hr postadministration. Plasma vitacoxib concentrations were quantified using UPLC-MS/MS, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. No complications resulting from the vitacoxib administration were noted on subsequent administrations, and all procedures were tolerated well by the horses throughout the study. The elimination half-life (T1/2λz ) was 4.24 ± 1.98 hr (i.v.), 8.77 ± 0.91 hr (oral paste), and 8.12 ± 4.24 hr (oral tablet), respectively. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) was 28.61 ± 9.29 ng/ml (oral paste) and 19.64 ± 9.26 ng/ml (oral tablet), respectively. Area under the concentration-versus-time curve (AUClast ) was 336 ± 229 ng hr/ml (i.v.), 221 ± 94 ng hr/ml (oral paste), and 203 ± 139 ng hr/ml, respectively. The results showed statistically significant differences between the 2 oral vitacoxib groups in Tmax value. T1/2λz (hr), AUClast (ng hr/ml), and MRT (hr) were significantly different between i.v. and oral groups. The longer half-life observed following oral administration was consistent with the flip-flop phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China.,Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jicheng Qiu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhi Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Gong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Sun
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Orbiepharm Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Beijing, China
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Wang J, Xue J, Zhang L, Zhang S, Li J, Cao X. Pharmacokinetics of vitacoxib in rabbits after intravenous and oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:368-371. [PMID: 30761557 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the pharmacokinetics of vitacoxib in healthy rabbits following administration of 10 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.) and 10 mg/kg oral. Twelve New Zealand white rabbits were randomly allocated to two equally sized treatment groups. Blood samples were collected at predetermined times from 0 to 36 hr after treatment. Plasma drug concentrations were determined using UPLC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic analysis was completed using noncompartmental methods via WinNonlin™ 6.4 software. The mean concentration area under curve (AUClast ) for vitacoxib was determined to be 11.0 ± 4.37 μg hr/ml for i.v. administration and 2.82 ± 0.98 μg hr/ml for oral administration. The elimination half-life (T1/2λz ) was 6.30 ± 2.44 and 6.30 ± 1.19 hr for the i.v. and oral route, respectively. The Cmax (maximum plasma concentration) and Tmax (time to reach the observed maximum (peak) concentration at steady-state) following oral application were 189 ± 83.1 ng/ml and 6.58 ± 3.41 hr, respectively. Mean residence time (MRTlast ) following i.v. injection was 6.91 ± 3.22 and 11.7 ± 2.12 hr after oral administration. The mean bioavailability of oral administration was calculated to be 25.6%. No adverse effects were observed in any rabbit. Further studies characterizing the pharmacodynamics of vitacoxib are required to develop a formulation of vitacoxib for rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.,Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jiao Xue
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Orbiepharm Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Wang J, Gong X, Xue J, Zhang S, Li J, Cao X. Pharmacokinetics of the novel COX-2 selective inhibitor vitacoxib in cats: The effects of feeding and dose. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:294-299. [PMID: 30737806 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and dose-scaling model of vitacoxib in either fed or fasted cats following either oral or intravenous administration. The concentration of the drug was quantified by UPLC-MS/MS on plasma samples. Relevant parameters were described using noncompartmental analysis (WinNonlin 6.4 software). Vitacoxib is relatively slowly absorbed and eliminated after oral administration (2 mg/kg body weight), with a Tmax of approximately 4.7 hr. The feeding state of the cat was a statistically significant covariate for both area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) and mean absorption time (MATfed ). The absolute bioavailability (F) of vitacoxib (2 mg/kg body weight) after oral administration (fed) was 72.5%, which is higher than that in fasted cats (F = 50.6%). Following intravenous administration (2 mg/kg body weight), Vd (ml/kg) was 1,264.34 ± 343.63 ml/kg and Cl (ml kg-1 hr-1 ) was 95.22 ± 23.53 ml kg-1 hr-1 . Plasma concentrations scaled linearly with dose, with Cmax (ng/ml) of 352.30 ± 63.42, 750.26 ± 435.54, and 936.97 ± 231.27 ng/ml after doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg body weight, respectively. No significant undesirable behavioral effects were noted throughout the duration of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology at Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Xiaohui Gong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Orbiepharm Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
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Zhu Z, Li J, Ruan G, Wang G, Huang C, Ding C. Investigational drugs for the treatment of osteoarthritis, an update on recent developments. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:881-900. [PMID: 30345826 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1539075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of pain, loss of function, and disability among elderly, with the knee the most affected joint. It is a heterogeneous condition characterized by complex and multifactorial etiologies which contribute to the broad variation in symptoms presentation and treatment responses that OA patients present. This poses a challenge for the development of effective treatment on OA. AREAS COVERED This review will discuss recent development of agents for the treatment of OA, updating our previous narrative review published in 2015. They include drugs for controlling local and systemic inflammation, regulating articular cartilage, targeting subchondral bone, and relieving pain. EXPERT OPINION Although new OA drugs such as monoclonal antibodies have shown marked effects and favorable tolerance, current treatment options for OA remain limited. The authors believe there is no miracle drug that can be used for all OA patients'; treatment and disease stage is crucial for the effectiveness of drugs. Therefore, early diagnosis, phenotyping OA patients and precise therapy would expedite the development of investigational drugs targeting at symptoms and disease progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Zhu
- a Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jia Li
- a Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Guangfeng Ruan
- a Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Arthritis Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- c Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia
| | - Cibo Huang
- d Department of Rheumatology & Immunology , Beijing Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Changhai Ding
- a Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Arthritis Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China.,c Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia
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Wang J, Sun F, Tang S, Zhang S, Li J, Cao X. Mutagenicity and teratogenicity studies of vitacoxib in rats and mice. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:827-831. [PMID: 30128300 PMCID: PMC6098211 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitacoxib is a new drug candidate for treatment of inflammation, pain and fever as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. In the current study, the mice sperm abnormality, mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus and in vivo chromosome aberration, and teratogenicity in SD rats were evaluated. Vitacoxib did not cause an increase in the frequency of structural chromosome aberrations, nor did it produce an increase in the number of micro nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes at dose of 1250–5000 mg/kg body weight (BW). There were no toxicological signs observed in teratogenicity test in female SD rats at dose of 200–5000 mg/kg BW. Based on these results of these studies, vitacoxib does not appear to be observed mutagenicity and teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shusheng Tang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Orbiepharm Co. Ltd., Beijing 100185, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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