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Kim YJ, Kim HY, Lee JD, Kim HY, Im JE, Kim KB. Analytical method development and dermal absorption of gallic acid, a hair dye ingredient. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:449-456. [PMID: 38911539 PMCID: PMC11187048 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-024-00230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) is a phenolic compound known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid. GA is used as a hair dye ingredient. It is limited to be below 4.0% in Korea. Dermal absorption rate of GA has not been reported yet. In this study, an analytical method for GA was developed and validated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in various matrices of swab, stratum corneum (SC), skin (dermis + epidermis), and receptor fluid (RF). HPLC analysis showed acceptable linearity (r2 = 0.999-0.9998), accuracy (90.3-112.8%), and precision (0.7-13.6%) in accordance with validation guidelines by Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). The dermal absorption rate of GA was determined using Franz diffuse cells. GA (4.0%) was applied to mini pig skin of 10 μl/cm2. After 30 min application, the GA was wiped out and receptor fluid sampling was continued until 24 h. After 24 h, skin was wiped off with swab and SC was collected using tape stripping. All samples were extracted with ethanol and analyzed using the validated method. The total dermal absorption rate of GA was determined to be 2.6 ± 1.3% (24 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Dae Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Yoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
| | - Jueng-Eun Im
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
- Cosmetics Evaluation Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28159 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
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Morton KS, Wahl AK, Meyer JN. The effect of common paralytic agents used for fluorescence imaging on redox tone and ATP levels in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292415. [PMID: 38669260 PMCID: PMC11051652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
One aspect of Caenorhabditis elegans that makes it a highly valuable model organism is the ease of use of in vivo genetic reporters, facilitated by its transparent cuticle and highly tractable genetics. Despite the rapid advancement of these technologies, worms must be paralyzed for most imaging applications, and few investigations have characterized the impacts of common chemical anesthetic methods on the parameters measured, in particular biochemical measurements such as cellular energetics and redox tone. Using two dynamic reporters, QUEEN-2m for relative ATP levels and reduction-oxidation sensitive GFP (roGFP) for redox tone, we assess the impact of commonly used chemical paralytics. We report that no chemical anesthetic is entirely effective at doses required for full paralysis without altering redox tone or ATP levels, and that anesthetic use alters the detected outcome of rotenone exposure on relative ATP levels and redox tone. We also assess the use of cold shock, commonly used in combination with physical restraint methods, and find that cold shock does not alter either ATP levels or redox tone. In addition to informing which paralytics are most appropriate for research in these topics, we highlight the need for tailoring the use of anesthetics to different endpoints and experimental questions. Further, we reinforce the need for developing less disruptive paralytic methods for optimal imaging of dynamic in vivo reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Morton
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ashlyn K. Wahl
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Kim YJ, Kim HY, Lee JD, Kim HY, Im JE, Kim KB. Analytical method development and dermal absorption of 2-amino-5-nitrophenol (2A5NP), a hair dye ingredient under oxidative condition. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:231-238. [PMID: 37008691 PMCID: PMC10050641 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although 2-amino-5-nitrophenol (2A5NP) is one of the ingredients of hair dye, there has been no information on the dermal absorption rate of 2A5NP. 2A5NP is managed at less than 1.5% in Korea and Japan. In this study, analytical methods were developed and validated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in various matrices of wash, swab, stratum corneum (SC), skin (dermis + epidermis), and receptor fluid (RF). Validation results were acceptable based on Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) guideline. The HPLC analysis showed a good linearity (r2 = 0.9992-0.9999), a high accuracy (93.1-110.2%), and a good precision (1.1-8.1%) in accordance with the validation guideline. Franz diffusion cell was used to determine dermal absorption of 2A5NP using mini pig skin. 2A5NP (1.5%) was applied to skin at 10 μl/cm2. For certain cosmetic ingredients such as hair dye with short exposure time, an interim wash step (after 30 min) was added during the study. After application for 30 min and 24 h, skin was wiped off with swab and SC was collected using tape stripping. RF was sampled at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. Total dermal absorption rate of 2A5NP (1.5%) was determined to be 13.6 ± 2.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-Ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-Ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-Ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-Ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Dae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-Ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-Ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Yoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-Ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-Ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
| | - Jueng Eun Im
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-Ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
- Medical AI Research Team, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-Ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-Ro, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Republic of Korea
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Liu L, Zhao W, Ma Q, Gao Y, Wang W, Zhang X, Dong Y, Zhang T, Liang Y, Han S, Cao J, Wang X, Sun W, Ma H, Sun Y. Functional nano-systems for transdermal drug delivery and skin therapy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1527-1558. [PMID: 36926556 PMCID: PMC10012846 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is one of the least intrusive and patient-friendly ways for therapeutic agent administration. Recently, functional nano-systems have been demonstrated as one of the most promising strategies to treat skin diseases by improving drug penetration across the skin barrier and achieving therapeutically effective drug concentrations in the target cutaneous tissues. Here, a brief review of functional nano-systems for promoting transdermal drug delivery is presented. The fundamentals of transdermal delivery, including skin biology and penetration routes, are introduced. The characteristics of functional nano-systems for facilitating transdermal drug delivery are elucidated. Moreover, the fabrication of various types of functional transdermal nano-systems is systematically presented. Multiple techniques for evaluating the transdermal capacities of nano-systems are illustrated. Finally, the advances in the applications of functional transdermal nano-systems for treating different skin diseases are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
- The Shandong Consortium in the Yellow River Basin for Prevention, Treatment and Drug Development for Primary Diseases Related to Alcoholism, Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Wenbin Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
- The Shandong Consortium in the Yellow River Basin for Prevention, Treatment and Drug Development for Primary Diseases Related to Alcoholism, Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Qingming Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
- The Shandong Consortium in the Yellow River Basin for Prevention, Treatment and Drug Development for Primary Diseases Related to Alcoholism, Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Weijiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
- The Shandong Consortium in the Yellow River Basin for Prevention, Treatment and Drug Development for Primary Diseases Related to Alcoholism, Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Yunxia Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Yan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Shangcong Han
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Jie Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Institute of Thermal Science and Technology, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Wentao Sun
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Qingdao 266113 China
| | - Haifeng Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Zibo Municipal Hospital Zibo 255400 China
| | - Yong Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
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Kim YJ, Kim HY, Lee JD, Kim HY, Im JE, Kim KB. Analytical Method Development and Dermal Absorption of Pyrogallol, a Hair Dye Ingredient. TOXICS 2022; 10:570. [PMID: 36287850 PMCID: PMC9609326 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pyrogallol is an ingredient in hair dye. Its concentration in hair dye is managed at less than 2.0% in Korea. There have been no reports on the dermal absorption rate of pyrogallol. The two purposes of this study were to develop an analytical method and determine the dermal absorption rate of pyrogallol. An analytical method was developed and validated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of various matrices including swabs (SWAB), skin (SKIN, dermis + epidermis), stratum corneum (SC), and receptor fluid (RF). Linearity (r2 = 0.9993-0.9998), accuracy (92.1-108.2%), and precision (0.5-9.5%) met the validation criteria in guidelines. A Franz diffusion cell was used to determine the dermal absorption of pyrogallol using the skin of mini pigs. Pyrogallol (2.0%) was applied to the skin (10 μL/cm2). For the actual hair dye conditions, the skin was wiped with a swab 30 min after application. Twenty-four hours later, it was wiped with a swab again and the SC was collected using tape stripping. All samples were extracted with water and analyzed. RF was recovered at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. The total dermal absorption rate of pyrogallol was determined to be 26.0 ± 3.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Hyang-Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Jung-Dae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Hong-Yoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Jueng-Eun Im
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
- Medical AI Research Team, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
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Kim JY, Im JE, Lee JD, Kim KB. Analytical method development and percutaneous absorption of propylidene phthalide, a cosmetic ingredient. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:811-820. [PMID: 34187329 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1944941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Propylidene phthalide (PP) is a cosmetic ingredient used in the fragrance industry and regulated for the limited content of 0.01% in cosmetic products in Korea. The aim of this study was to determine PP dermal absorption rate according to the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) guidelines using in vitro Franz diffusion system. An analytical method in assessing PP was developed through method validation using LC-MS/MS. Linearity, precision, and accuracy were acceptable based upon MFDS guidelines. The stability of PP in receptor fluid (50% ethanol) at 32°C was sufficient up to 24 hr. Cream formulation (o/w) was topically applied to excised rat skin at a dose of 113 mg/cm2 containing 0.7% PP. The time points for receptor fluid collection were set at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hr. After 24 hr, the remaining formulation on the skin and stratum corneum (SC) were collected through swabbing with an alcohol cotton and tape stripping, respectively. The collected samples (swabbed-remained formulation, SC, and skin) were extracted using acetonitrile for 24 hr. Total dermal absorption rate of PP was approximately 24% in cream formulation. These findings may be used for further exposure evaluation of PP in human consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Toxicology Assessment Team R&D Center, Future Medicine Co., Ltd, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jueng Eun Im
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Dae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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Jeong WY, Kwon M, Choi HE, Kim KS. Recent advances in transdermal drug delivery systems: a review. Biomater Res 2021; 25:24. [PMID: 34321111 PMCID: PMC8317283 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-021-00226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various non-invasive administrations have recently emerged as an alternative to conventional needle injections. A transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) represents the most attractive method among these because of its low rejection rate, excellent ease of administration, and superb convenience and persistence among patients. TDDS could be applicable in not only pharmaceuticals but also in the skin care industry, including cosmetics. Because this method mainly involves local administration, it can prevent local buildup in drug concentration and nonspecific delivery to tissues not targeted by the drug. However, the physicochemical properties of the skin translate to multiple obstacles and restrictions in transdermal delivery, with numerous investigations conducted to overcome these bottlenecks. In this review, we describe the different types of available TDDS methods, along with a critical discussion of the specific advantages and disadvantages, characterization methods, and potential of each method. Progress in research on these alternative methods has established the high efficiency inherent to TDDS, which is expected to find applications in a wide range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Yeup Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Kwon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Eun Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Su Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Im JE, Kim HY, Lee JD, Park JJ, Kang KS, Kim KB. Effect of Application Amounts on In Vitro Dermal Absorption Test Using Caffeine and Testosterone. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050641. [PMID: 33946395 PMCID: PMC8147129 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermal absorption of chemicals is a key factor in risk assessment. This study investigated the effects of different amounts of application on dermal absorption and suggested an appropriate application dose for proper dermal absorption. Caffeine and testosterone were chosen as test compounds. An in vitro dermal absorption test was performed using a Franz diffusion cell. Different amounts (5, 10, 25, and 50 mg (or µL)/cm2) of semisolid (cream) and liquid (solution) formulations containing 1% caffeine and 0.1% testosterone were applied to rat and minipig (Micropig®) skins. After 24 h, the concentrations of both compounds remaining on the skin surface and in the stratum corneum, dermis and epidermis, and receptor fluid were determined using LC-MS / MS or HPLC. Dermal absorption of both compounds decreased with increasing amounts of application in both skin types (rat and minipig) and formulations (cream and solution). Especially, dermal absorptions (%) of both compounds at 50 mg (or µL)/cm2 was significantly lower compared to 5 or 10 mg (or µL)/cm2 in both rat and minipig skins. Therefore, a low dose (5 or 10 mg (or µL)/cm2) of the formulation should be applied to obtain conservative dermal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueng-Eun Im
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.-E.I.); (H.Y.K.); (J.D.L.); (J.-J.P.)
- Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hyang Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.-E.I.); (H.Y.K.); (J.D.L.); (J.-J.P.)
| | - Jung Dae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.-E.I.); (H.Y.K.); (J.D.L.); (J.-J.P.)
| | - Jin-Ju Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.-E.I.); (H.Y.K.); (J.D.L.); (J.-J.P.)
| | - Kyung-Soo Kang
- APURES Co., Ltd., Pyeongtae 13174, Korea;
- Department of Animal Sciences, Shingu College, Gwangmyeong-ro 377, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si 13174, Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (J.-E.I.); (H.Y.K.); (J.D.L.); (J.-J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-550-1443; Fax: +82-41-559-7899
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Canavez ADPM, de Oliveira Prado Corrêa G, Isaac VLB, Schuck DC, Lorencini M. Integrated approaches to testing and assessment as a tool for the hazard assessment and risk characterization of cosmetic preservatives. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1687-1699. [PMID: 33624850 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The safety assessment of cosmetic products is based on the safety of the ingredients, which requires information on chemical structures, toxicological profiles, and exposure data. Approximately 6% of the population is sensitized to cosmetic ingredients, especially preservatives and fragrances. In this context, the aim of this study was to perform a hazard assessment and risk characterization of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), benzyl alcohol (BA), caprylyl glycol (CG), ethylhexylglycerin (EG), chlorphenesin (CP), dehydroacetic acid (DHA), sodium dehydroacetate (SDH), iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC), methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MIT), methylisothiazolinone (MIT), phenoxyethanol (PE), potassium sorbate (PS), and sodium benzoate (SB). Considering the integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA) and weight of evidence (WoE) as a decision tree, based on published safety reports. The hazard assessment was composed of a toxicological matrix correlating the toxicity level, defined as low (L), moderate (M), or high (H) and local or systemic exposure, considering the endpoints of skin sensitization, skin irritation, eye irritation, phototoxicity, acute oral toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity/genotoxicity, and endocrine activity. In a risk assessment approach, most preservatives had a margin of safety (MoS) above 100, except for DHA, SDH, and EG, considering the worst-case scenario (100% dermal absorption). However, isolated data do not set up a safety assessment. It is necessary to carry out a rational risk characterization considering hazard and exposure assessment to estimate the level of risk of an adverse health outcome, based on the concentration in a product, frequency of use, type of product, route of exposure, body surface location, and target population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcio Lorencini
- Department of Safety Assessment, Grupo Boticário, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil
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Mercuri M, Fernandez Rivas D. Challenges and opportunities for small volumes delivery into the skin. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:011301. [PMID: 33532017 PMCID: PMC7826167 DOI: 10.1063/5.0030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Each individual's skin has its own features, such as strength, elasticity, or permeability to drugs, which limits the effectiveness of one-size-fits-all approaches typically found in medical treatments. Therefore, understanding the transport mechanisms of substances across the skin is instrumental for the development of novel minimal invasive transdermal therapies. However, the large difference between transport timescales and length scales of disparate molecules needed for medical therapies makes it difficult to address fundamental questions. Thus, this lack of fundamental knowledge has limited the efficacy of bioengineering equipment and medical treatments. In this article, we provide an overview of the most important microfluidics-related transport phenomena through the skin and versatile tools to study them. Moreover, we provide a summary of challenges and opportunities faced by advanced transdermal delivery methods, such as needle-free jet injectors, microneedles, and tattooing, which could pave the way to the implementation of better therapies and new methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalí Mercuri
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA-CONICET), Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, TechMed Centre and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Dermal and transdermal drug therapy is increasing in importance nowadays in drug development. To completely utilize the potential of this administration route, it is necessary to optimize the drug release and skin penetration measurements. This review covers the most well-known and up-to-date methods for evaluating the cutaneous penetration of drugs in vitro as a supporting tool for pharmaceutical research scientists in the early stage of drug development. The aim of this article is to present various experimental models used in dermal/transdermal research and summarize the novel knowledge about the main in vitro methods available to study skin penetration. These techniques are: Diffusion cell, skin-PAMPA, tape stripping, two-photon microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and confocal Raman microscopic method.
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