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El-Hellani A, Watson CH, Huang M, Wilson CW, Fleshman CC, Petitti R, Pancake M, Bennett C, Keller-Hamilton BL, Jones J, Tran H, Bravo Cardenas R, Mays D, Ye W, Borthwick RP, Schaff J, Williamson RL, Wagener TL, Brinkman MC. Universal smoking machine adaptor for tobacco product testing. Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058428. [PMID: 39009450 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Historically, tobacco product emissions testing using smoking machines has largely focused on combustible products, such as cigarettes and cigars. However, the popularity of newer products, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), has complicated emissions testing because the products' mouth-end geometries do not readily seal with existing smoking and vaping machines. The demand for emissions data on popularly used products has led to inefficient and non-standardised solutions, such as laboratories making their geometry-specific custom adaptors and/or employing flexible tubing, for each unique mouth-end geometry tested. A user-friendly, validated, universal smoking machine adaptor (USMA) is needed for testing the variety of tobacco products reflecting consumer use, including e-cigarettes, heated tobacco products, cigarettes, plastic-tipped cigarillos and cigars. METHODS A prototype USMA that is compatible with existing smoking/vaping machines was designed and fabricated. The quality of the seal between the USMA and different tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, cigars and cigarillos, was evaluated by examining the leak rate. RESULTS Unlike commercial, product-specific adaptors, the USMA seals well with a wide range of tobacco product mouth-end geometries and masses. This includes e-cigarettes with non-cylindrical mouth ends and cigarillos with cuboid-like plastic tips. USMA leak rates were lower than or equivalent to commercial, product-specific adaptors. CONCLUSION This report provides initial evidence that the USMA seals reliably with a variety of tobacco product mouth-end geometries and can be used with existing linear smoking/vaping machines to potentially improve the precision, repeatability and reproducibility of machine smoke yield data. Accurate and reproducible emissions testing is critical for regulating tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle Huang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Clark W Wilson
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Clint C Fleshman
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan Petitti
- Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary Pancake
- Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chad Bennett
- Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Drug Development Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brittney L Keller-Hamilton
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Hang Tran
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Roberto Bravo Cardenas
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Darren Mays
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Wei Ye
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert P Borthwick
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Schaff
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond L Williamson
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Theodore L Wagener
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Marielle C Brinkman
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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A simple sampling method for quantification of hazardous volatile organic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke: Method development and prestudy validation. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Li Y, Hecht SS. Carcinogenic components of tobacco and tobacco smoke: A 2022 update. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113179. [PMID: 35643228 PMCID: PMC9616535 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco and tobacco smoke contain a complex mixture of over 9500 chemical compounds, many of which have been recognized as hazardous to human health by regulatory agencies. In 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration established a list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents in unburned tobacco and tobacco smoke, 79 of which are considered as carcinogens. Over the past 10 years, with advancing analytical technology, significant amounts of new data have been published, increasing our understanding of levels of carcinogens in tobacco products. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has released 35 monographs since 2012, with an increasing number of compounds in unburned tobacco and tobacco smoke classified as carcinogens. In this paper, we provide an updated list of IARC-classified carcinogens in unburned tobacco and tobacco mainstream smoke. A total of 83 carcinogens has been identified - 37 in unburned tobacco and 80 in tobacco smoke - with their occurrence levels reported since 2012. No clear decreasing trends were observed for any of these carcinogens in recent years. Surveillance of the levels of tobacco carcinogens as well as regulatory actions are needed to ensure control of their levels so that potential reduced risks of cancer and other diseases may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Li
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Lim DH, Son YS, Kim YH, Kukkar D, Kim KH. Volatile organic compounds released in the mainstream smoke of flavor capsule cigarettes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112866. [PMID: 35134376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the composition of mainstream smoke was investigated with an emphasis on a list of volatile organic compounds (VOCs: e.g., isoprene, acrylonitrile, methyl ethyl ketone, benzene, toluene, m-xylene and styrene) using the two types of flavor capsule cigarettes (FCCs, here coded as F1 and F2) in reference to one commercial, non-flavored (NF) and 3R4F cigarette. The concentrations of all the target compounds from FCCs were quantified under two contrasting conditions (i.e., with and without breaking the capsules). The effect of breaking the capsule was apparent in the FCC products with the enhancement of VOC levels, specifically between after and before breaking the capsules (e.g., 1.10-1.58 folds (benzene) and 1.30-1.53 folds (acetonitrile)). Such increases were apparent in both FCC samples if assessed in terms of the total amount of VOCs (TVOC): (1) F1 (from 2159 to 2530 μg cig-1 (p = 9.42 × 10-6)) and (2) F2 (from 1470 to 2014 μg cig-1 (p = 0.05)). In addition, these TVOC levels determined from the FCCs were 1.62- to 1.83- and 1.29- to 1.46-fold higher than those of the NF cigarette and the 3R4F cigarette, respectively. Thus, these FCC products are suspected to play a role as stronger sources of VOCs than the general cigarette products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hwan Lim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Suk Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pukyong National University,45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Deepak Kukkar
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Wang N, Wei F, Sun J, Wei B, Mei Q, An Z, Li M, Qiu Z, Bo X, Xie J, Zhan J, He M. Atmospheric ozonolysis of crotonaldehyde in the absence and presence of hydroxylated silica oligomer cluster adsorption. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130996. [PMID: 34289634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As one of the main components of combustion of tobacco products occurs (CARB), crotonaldehyde has an acute toxicity and widely exists in the atmosphere, which is harmful to human health. The removal efficiency of VOCs by ozonation can reach 80-90%. Based on the theory of quantum chemistry, the degradation mechanism, kinetics and toxicity of crotonaldehyde by ozonation in gas phase and heterogeneous phase were studied. Ozone was added to the olefins unsaturated double bond to form a five-membered ring primary ozonide, which was further fractured due to its unstable structure to form a Criegee intermediate and an aldehyde compound. The reaction rate constant of crotonaldehyde with ozone was 1.24 × 10-17 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K and 1 atm, which was an order of magnitude higher than the experimental value. From toxicity assessment, it was found that the ozonation of crotonaldehyde is beneficial to the removal of toxicity. Mineral dust aerosol exists in the atmosphere in large quantities, and SiO2 is the most abundant component. VOCs are transformed into particle state on their surface through homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation. Referring to the crystal structure of SiO2, five hydroxylated silica oligomer cluster structures were simulated and the adsorption configurations of crotonaldehyde on their surface were simulated. The adsorption of crotonaldehyde on the surface of the clusters was achieved by forming hydrogen bonds and had good adsorption effects. The adsorption of hydroxylated silica oligomer clusters didn't change the ozonation mechanism of crotonldehyde, but had a certain effect on the reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixian Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Fenghua Wei
- Assets and Laboratory Management Office, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Bo Wei
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Mei
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zexiu An
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Mingxue Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zhaoxu Qiu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Bo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Ju Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Jinhua Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Colloid & Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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Pennings JLA, Cremers JWJM, Becker MJA, Klerx WNM, Talhout R. Aldehyde and Volatile Organic Compound Yields in Commercial Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Are Mutually Related and Depend on the Sugar and Humectant Content in Tobacco. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:1748-1756. [PMID: 31679033 PMCID: PMC7542651 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco control recognizes the need for tobacco product regulation. In line with that, the WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) proposed to regulate nine toxicants in mainstream cigarette smoke, including aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbon monoxide (CO). We analyzed their relations in 50 commercially available cigarette brands, using two different smoking regimes, and their dependence on sugar and humectant concentrations in tobacco filler. Methods We measured sugar and humectant in tobacco filler and aldehydes, VOCs, and tar, nicotine, and CO (TNCO) in mainstream smoke. The general statistics, correlations between emission yields, and correlations between contents and emissions yields were determined for these data. Results For aldehydes, several significant correlations were found with precursor ingredients in unburnt tobacco when smoked with the Intense regime, most prominently for formaldehyde with sucrose, glucose, total sugars, and glycerol. For VOCs, 2,5-dimethylfuran significantly correlates with several sugars under both International Standards Organization (ISO) and Intense smoking conditions. A correlation network visualization shows connectivity between a sugar cluster, an ISO cluster, and an Intense cluster, with Intense formaldehyde as a central highest connected hub. Conclusions Our multivariate analysis showed several strong connections between the compounds determined. The toxicants proposed by WHO, in particular, formaldehyde, can be used to monitor yields of other toxicants under Intense conditions. Emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and 2,5-dimethylfuran may decrease when sugar and humectants contents are lowered in tobacco filler. Implications Our findings suggest that the aldehydes and VOCs proposed by TobReg are a representative selection for smoke component market monitoring purposes. In particular, formaldehyde yields may be useful to monitor emissions of other toxicants under Intense conditions. Since the most and strongest correlations were observed with the Intense regime, policymakers are advised to prescribe this regime for regulatory purposes. Policymakers should also consider sugars and humectants contents as targets for future tobacco product regulations, with the additional advantage that consumer acceptance of cigarette smoke is proportional to their concentrations in the tobacco blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen L A Pennings
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W J M Cremers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J A Becker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Walther N M Klerx
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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