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Mohanty NP, Wagener C, Herrel A, Thaker M. The ecology of sleep in non-avian reptiles. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:505-526. [PMID: 34708504 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom and yet displays considerable variation in its extent and form in the wild. Ecological factors, such as predation, competition, and microclimate, therefore are likely to play a strong role in shaping characteristics of sleep. Despite the potential for ecological factors to influence various aspects of sleep, the ecological context of sleep in non-avian reptiles remains understudied and without systematic direction. In this review, we examine multiple aspects of reptilian sleep, including (i) habitat selection (sleep sites and their spatio-temporal distribution), (ii) individual-level traits, such as behaviour (sleep postures), morphology (limb morphometrics and body colour), and physiology (sleep architecture), as well as (iii) inter-individual interactions (intra- and inter-specific). Throughout, we discuss the evidence of predation, competition, and thermoregulation in influencing sleep traits and the possible evolutionary consequences of these sleep traits for reptile sociality, morphological specialisation, and habitat partitioning. We also review the ways in which sleep ecology interacts with urbanisation, biological invasions, and climate change. Overall, we not only provide a systematic evaluation of the conceptual and taxonomic biases in the existing literature on reptilian sleep, but also use this opportunity to organise the various ecological hypotheses for sleep characteristics. By highlighting the gaps and providing a prospectus of research directions, our review sets the stage for understanding sleep ecology in the natural world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya P Mohanty
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Carla Wagener
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, 7600, South Africa
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, MECADEV UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Maria Thaker
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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2
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Vicenzi N, Massarelli R, Ibargüengoytía N, Corbalán V. Basking and retreat site selection of Phymaturus palluma, a rock-dwelling lizard in the Highlands of Aconcagua. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20190662. [PMID: 34076087 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120190662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Basking and retreat sites constitute a key resource in the habitat of any ectotherm. Identifying the elements that are used and modelling the microhabitat selection of species is crucial for assessing the impact of anthropogenic disturbances at the population level and, therefore, focusing on conservation efforts. We investigated how structural attributes of the microhabitat and biotic factors influence the probability of basking and retreat sites use by Phymaturus palluma, a rock-dwelling and viviparous lizard endemic to the Central Andes of Argentina. We measured the characteristics of a series of rocks (basking sites) and shelters (retreat sites) in the study area and compared lizard resource use versus availability using resource selection analyses (RSFs). According to our best RSF model, P. palluma select high and large rocks as basking sites and prefer those near their retreat sites and far from the basking sites of their neighbours. In contrast, retreat site selection is related to the length, depth, slope, and width of the shelter. Microhabitat site selection of P. palluma is associated with behavioural improvements such as enhancing basking capacity, reducing both intraspecific competition with neighbours and predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Vicenzi
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones en Zonas Áridas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IADIZA-CONICET), Av. Ruiz Leal s/n, 5500 Ciudad de Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Contreras 1300, 5500 Ciudad de Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén Massarelli
- Dirección de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Secretaría de Ambiente y Ordenamiento Territorial, Av. L. Peltier 351, 5500 Ciudad de Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Nora Ibargüengoytía
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIBIOMA-CONICET), Quintral 1250, 8400 Río Negro, Argentina.,Departamento de Zoología, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400 Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Valeria Corbalán
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones en Zonas Áridas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IADIZA-CONICET), Av. Ruiz Leal s/n, 5500 Ciudad de Mendoza, Argentina
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3
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Garner AM, Pamfilie AM, Dhinojwala A, Niewiarowski PH. Tokay geckos (Gekkonidae: Gekko gecko) preferentially use substrates that elicit maximal adhesive performance. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.241240. [PMID: 33504587 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.241240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gecko substrate use is likely influenced by adhesive performance, yet few studies have demonstrated this empirically. Herein, we examined the substrate use, adhesive performance and vertical clinging behaviour of Gekko gecko in captivity to investigate whether adhesive performance influences patterns of substrate use. We found that geckos were observed significantly more often on the substrate (glass) that elicited maximal adhesive performance relative to its availability within our experimental enclosures, indicating that geckos preferentially use substrates on which their adhesive performance is maximal. Our work here provides additional, yet crucial data establishing connections between adhesive performance and patterns of substrate use in captivity, suggesting the hypothesis that substrate preferences of free-ranging geckos should be correlated with adhesive performance. Clearly, further experimental and field research is necessary to test this hypothesis and identify other parameters that individually and/or collectively influence the habitat use of free-ranging geckos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Garner
- Gecko Adhesion Research Group, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA .,Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA.,Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA
| | - Alexandra M Pamfilie
- Gecko Adhesion Research Group, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA.,Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- Gecko Adhesion Research Group, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA.,Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA.,School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3909, USA
| | - Peter H Niewiarowski
- Gecko Adhesion Research Group, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA.,Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA.,Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA
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Ortega Z, Mencía A, Pérez-Mellado V. Antipredatory behaviour of a mountain lizard towards the chemical cues of its predatory snakes. BEHAVIOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability to early detect a potential predator is essential for survival. The potential of Iberolacerta cyreni lizards to discriminate between chemical cues of their two predatory snakes Coronella austriaca (a non-venomous active-hunter saurophagous specialist) and Vipera latastei (a venomous sit-and-wait generalist) was evaluated herein. A third snake species, Natrix maura, which does not prey on lizards, was used as a pungent control. Thus, the behaviour of I. cyreni was studied regarding four treatments: (1) C. austriaca scent, (2) V. latastei scent, (3) N. maura scent and (4) odourless control. Lizards showed antipredator behaviour (such as slow-motion and tail waving) to C. austriaca and V. latastei chemicals. The antipredatory response was similar for both predators. This ability to react with an intensive behavioural pattern to the chemical cues of their predatory snakes may prevent lizards from being detected, and, if detected, dissuade the predator from beginning a pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Ortega
- aDepartment of Animal Biology, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Spain
- bLaboratório de Ecologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Abraham Mencía
- aDepartment of Animal Biology, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Spain
- cLaboratório de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Valentín Pérez-Mellado
- aDepartment of Animal Biology, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Spain
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Ortega Z, Mencía A, Pérez-Mellado V. Behavioral buffering of global warming in a cold-adapted lizard. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4582-90. [PMID: 27386098 PMCID: PMC4931003 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpine lizards living in restricted areas might be particularly sensitive to climate change. We studied thermal biology of Iberolacerta cyreni in high mountains of central Spain. Our results suggest that I. cyreni is a cold‐adapted thermal specialist and an effective thermoregulator. Among ectotherms, thermal specialists are more threatened by global warming than generalists. Alpine lizards have no chance to disperse to new suitable habitats. In addition, physiological plasticity is unlikely to keep pace with the expected rates of environmental warming. Thus, lizards might rely on their behavior in order to deal with ongoing climate warming. Plasticity of thermoregulatory behavior has been proposed to buffer the rise of environmental temperatures. Therefore, we studied the change in body and environmental temperatures, as well as their relationships, for I. cyreni between the 1980s and 2012. Air temperatures have increased more than 3.5°C and substrate temperatures have increased by 6°C in the habitat of I. cyreni over the last 25 years. However, body temperatures of lizards have increased less than 2°C in the same period, and the linear relationship between body and environmental temperatures remains similar. These results show that alpine lizards are buffering the potential impact of the increase in their environmental temperatures, most probably by means of their behavior. Body temperatures of I. cyreni are still cold enough to avoid any drop in fitness. Nonetheless, if warming continues, behavioral buffering might eventually become useless, as it would imply spending too much time in shelter, losing feeding, and mating opportunities. Eventually, if body temperature exceeds the thermal optimum in the near future, fitness would decrease abruptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Ortega
- Department of Animal Biology University of Salamanca Campus Miguel de Unamuno 37007 Salamanca Spain
| | - Abraham Mencía
- Department of Animal Biology University of Salamanca Campus Miguel de Unamuno 37007 Salamanca Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez-Mellado
- Department of Animal Biology University of Salamanca Campus Miguel de Unamuno 37007 Salamanca Spain
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Monasterio C, Verdú-Ricoy J, Salvador A, Díaz JA. Living at the edge: lower success of eggs and hatchlings at lower elevation may shape range limits in an alpine lizard. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Monasterio
- Cátedra Rui Nabeiro; Universidade de Évora (CIBIO/InBio); Casa Cordovil Rua Dr. Joaquim Henrique da Fonseca 7000-890 Évora Portugal
| | - Joaquín Verdú-Ricoy
- Dpto. de Ecología Evolutiva; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales; CSIC; José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 E-28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Alfredo Salvador
- Dpto. de Ecología Evolutiva; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales; CSIC; José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 E-28006 Madrid Spain
| | - José A. Díaz
- Dpto. de Zoología y Antropología Física (Vertebrados); Facultad de Biología; Universidad Complutense; E-28040 Madrid Spain
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Aguado S, Braña F. Thermoregulation in a cold-adapted species (Cyren’s Rock Lizard, Iberolacerta cyreni): influence of thermal environment and associated costs. CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2014-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thermal constraints may limit the physiology and behaviour of ectotherms because of the high thermal dependence of metabolic functions. The adaptive mechanisms of thermoregulation and the cost of confronting thermal constraints were studied in the Cyren’s Rock Lizard (Iberolacerta cyreni (Müller and Hellmich, 1937)), a lacertid lizard endemic to mountain areas of central Spain. Semicontinuous monitoring of body temperature (Tb) in the laboratory indicated that the preferred temperature range for this population (Tpref) was lower than those found for most lacertid lizards, and field body temperatures of active animals in summer were even lower than Tpref. Overall these results, together with distribution of field operative temperatures (Te), indicate that I. cyreni is an active and relatively accurate thermoregulator, although limited by thermal constraints in their habitat. Laboratory experiments in contrasting thermal environments showed that even under thermally restricted conditions, lizards achieved their Tpref by modifying their thermoregulatory behaviour, principally through changes in space use, basking time, and body posture. However, these behavioural adjustments to reach the Tpref have associated costs, and lizards spent 80% of their time in thermoregulation when tested under low radiation conditions, which in the wild would limit the scope for other activities and eventually increase predation risk. Our results suggest that thermoregulatory behaviour may play an important role in coping with global climate change, hence predictions of the effects of climate warming on lizards inhabiting cold habitats should take into account the buffering role of behavioural thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Aguado
- Unidad de Zoología, Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, and Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UMIB, CSIC-UO-PA), c/ Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - F. Braña
- Unidad de Zoología, Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, and Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UMIB, CSIC-UO-PA), c/ Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
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Differences in growth rate, body condition, habitat use and food availability between island and mainland lizard populations ofAnolis nebulosusin Jalisco, Mexico. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467414000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Lizards of the genusAnolishave been widely studied, however, little is known about the effects of environmental seasonality, food availability and geographic isolation on body condition, growth rate and habitat use of lizards. The existence of an insular and a continental population ofAnolis nebulosus(clouded anole), separated by only 0.47 km, represents an ideal opportunity to address this topic. We compared seasonal fluctuations in food availability (arthropod density) for anoles, as well as body condition, growth rate and habitat use in the two populations. Food availability throughout the year was sampled every 2 mo by trapping arthropods at each site. Lizards were also monitored and measured every 2 mo by surveying three quadrats in each site over 2 y giving a total of 30 visits for each quadrat. Results suggested that composition and density of food supply was similar for the two populations. Nevertheless, food supply responded to seasonality of rainfall, with an increase of 1.5 times during the rainy season. Despite similarity in food availability, insular anoles had body condition that was 5–10 times better, with growth rate twice as fast, and used similar perches. The role of predation, and inter- and intraspecific competition are discussed as possible drivers.
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