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Liu F, Deroy C, Herr AE. Microfluidics for macrofluidics: addressing marine-ecosystem challenges in an era of climate change. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:4007-4027. [PMID: 39093009 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00468j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Climate change presents a mounting challenge with profound impacts on ocean and marine ecosystems, leading to significant environmental, health, and economic consequences. Microfluidic technologies, with their unique capabilities, play a crucial role in understanding and addressing the marine aspects of the climate crisis. These technologies leverage quantitative, precise, and miniaturized formats that enhance the capabilities of sensing, imaging, and molecular tools. Such advancements are critical for monitoring marine systems under the stress of climate change and elucidating their response mechanisms. This review explores microfluidic technologies employed both in laboratory settings for testing and in the field for monitoring purposes. We delve into the application of miniaturized tools in evaluating ocean-based solutions to climate change, thus offering fresh perspectives from the solution-oriented end of the spectrum. We further aim to synthesize recent developments in technology around critical questions concerning the ocean environment and marine ecosystems, while discussing the potential for future innovations in microfluidic technology. The purpose of this review is to enhance understanding of current capabilities and assist researchers interested in mitigating the effects of climate change to identify new avenues for tackling the pressing issues posed by climate change in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangchen Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94158, USA.
| | - Cyril Deroy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94158, USA.
| | - Amy E Herr
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94158, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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2
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Jacobovitz MR, Hambleton EA, Guse A. Unlocking the Complex Cell Biology of Coral-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis: A Model Systems Approach. Annu Rev Genet 2023; 57:411-434. [PMID: 37722685 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-072320-125436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions occur in all domains of life, providing organisms with resources to adapt to new habitats. A prime example is the endosymbiosis between corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Eukaryotic dinoflagellate symbionts reside inside coral cells and transfer essential nutrients to their hosts, driving the productivity of the most biodiverse marine ecosystem. Recent advances in molecular and genomic characterization have revealed symbiosis-specific genes and mechanisms shared among symbiotic cnidarians. In this review, we focus on the cellular and molecular processes that underpin the interaction between symbiont and host. We discuss symbiont acquisition via phagocytosis, modulation of host innate immunity, symbiont integration into host cell metabolism, and nutrient exchange as a fundamental aspect of stable symbiotic associations. We emphasize the importance of using model systems to dissect the cellular complexity of endosymbiosis, which ultimately serves as the basis for understanding its ecology and capacity to adapt in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie R Jacobovitz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Hambleton
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
| | - Annika Guse
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany;
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3
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Chan WY, Rudd D, van Oppen MJ. Spatial metabolomics for symbiotic marine invertebrates. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301900. [PMID: 37202120 PMCID: PMC10200813 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial symbionts frequently localize within specific body structures or cell types of their multicellular hosts. This spatiotemporal niche is critical to host health, nutrient exchange, and fitness. Measuring host-microbe metabolite exchange has conventionally relied on tissue homogenates, eliminating dimensionality and dampening analytical sensitivity. We have developed a mass spectrometry imaging workflow for a soft- and hard-bodied cnidarian animal capable of revealing the host and symbiont metabolome in situ, without the need for a priori isotopic labelling or skeleton decalcification. The mass spectrometry imaging method provides critical functional insights that cannot be gleaned from bulk tissue analyses or other presently available spatial methods. We show that cnidarian hosts may regulate microalgal symbiont acquisition and rejection through specific ceramides distributed throughout the tissue lining the gastrovascular cavity. The distribution pattern of betaine lipids showed that once resident, symbionts primarily reside in light-exposed tentacles to generate photosynthate. Spatial patterns of these metabolites also revealed that symbiont identity can drive host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yan Chan
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
| | - David Rudd
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Clayton, Australia
| | - Madeleine Jh van Oppen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
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4
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Tan LT. Impact of Marine Chemical Ecology Research on the Discovery and Development of New Pharmaceuticals. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:174. [PMID: 36976223 PMCID: PMC10055925 DOI: 10.3390/md21030174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse ecologically important metabolites, such as allelochemicals, infochemicals and volatile organic chemicals, are involved in marine organismal interactions. Chemically mediated interactions between intra- and interspecific organisms can have a significant impact on community organization, population structure and ecosystem functioning. Advances in analytical techniques, microscopy and genomics are providing insights on the chemistry and functional roles of the metabolites involved in such interactions. This review highlights the targeted translational value of several marine chemical ecology-driven research studies and their impact on the sustainable discovery of novel therapeutic agents. These chemical ecology-based approaches include activated defense, allelochemicals arising from organismal interactions, spatio-temporal variations of allelochemicals and phylogeny-based approaches. In addition, innovative analytical techniques used in the mapping of surface metabolites as well as in metabolite translocation within marine holobionts are summarized. Chemical information related to the maintenance of the marine symbioses and biosyntheses of specialized compounds can be harnessed for biomedical applications, particularly in microbial fermentation and compound production. Furthermore, the impact of climate change on the chemical ecology of marine organisms-especially on the production, functionality and perception of allelochemicals-and its implications on drug discovery efforts will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lik Tong Tan
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
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5
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Abstract
High-resolution imaging with secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) has become a standard method in systems biology and environmental biogeochemistry and is broadly used to decipher ecophysiological traits of environmental microorganisms, metabolic processes in plant and animal tissues, and cross-kingdom symbioses. When combined with stable isotope-labeling-an approach we refer to as nanoSIP-nanoSIMS imaging offers a distinctive means to quantify net assimilation rates and stoichiometry of individual cell-sized particles in both low- and high-complexity environments. While the majority of nanoSIP studies in environmental and microbial biology have focused on nitrogen and carbon metabolism (using 15N and 13C tracers), multiple advances have pushed the capabilities of this approach in the past decade. The development of a high-brightness oxygen ion source has enabled high-resolution metal analyses that are easier to perform, allowing quantification of metal distribution in cells and environmental particles. New preparation methods, tools for automated data extraction from large data sets, and analytical approaches that push the limits of sensitivity and spatial resolution have allowed for more robust characterization of populations ranging from marine archaea to fungi and viruses. NanoSIMS studies continue to be enhanced by correlation with orthogonal imaging and 'omics approaches; when linked to molecular visualization methods, such as in situ hybridization and antibody labeling, these techniques enable in situ function to be linked to microbial identity and gene expression. Here we present an updated description of the primary materials, methods, and calculations used for nanoSIP, with an emphasis on recent advances in nanoSIMS applications, key methodological steps, and potential pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, USA.
| | - Peter K Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, USA.
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6
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Suescún-Bolívar LP, Thomé PE. The specific inhibition of glycerol synthesis and the phosphorylation of a putative MAPK give insight into the mechanism of osmotic sensing in a dinoflagellate symbiont. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2021; 69:e12883. [PMID: 34936156 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways are fundamental for the establishment and maintenance of diverse symbioses. The symbiosis of cnidarians and dinoflagellate algae is the foundation for the ecological success of coral reefs, involving the transfer of photosynthetic products from symbiont to host. However, signal transduction pathways for this symbiosis remain uncharacterized. Cultured and natural cnidarian symbionts can produce glycerol, one of the main translocated photosynthates. Here, we investigate whether a signal transduction pathway may be involved in inducing glycerol synthesis in cultured symbionts under an osmotic stress model. We evaluated the effect of specific inhibitors of the main transduction pathways, p38, JNK, and ERK 1/2 in Brevolium minutum, the symbiont of the Aiptasia model system. We found that glycerol production and the specific activity of the enzyme Gpdh were selectively inhibited by a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Additionally, the phosphorylation of a putative p38-like protein was rapidly detected. Finally, we studied the presence of each of the components of the p38 MAPK pathway in silico, in genomes and transcriptomes reported up to date for different symbiont types. We propose a model for the arrangement of this pathway in the family of dinoflagellate symbionts known as Symbiodiniaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Suescún-Bolívar
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales Puerto Morelos, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - P E Thomé
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales Puerto Morelos, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
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7
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Bien T, Hambleton EA, Dreisewerd K, Soltwisch J. Molecular insights into symbiosis-mapping sterols in a marine flatworm-algae-system using high spatial resolution MALDI-2-MS imaging with ion mobility separation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:2767-2777. [PMID: 33274397 PMCID: PMC8007520 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Waminoa sp. acoel flatworms hosting Symbiodiniaceae and the related Amphidinium dinoflagellate algae are an interesting model system for symbiosis in marine environments. While the host provides a microhabitat and safety, the algae power the system by photosynthesis and supply the worm with nutrients. Among these nutrients are sterols, including cholesterol and numerous phytosterols. While it is widely accepted that these compounds are produced by the symbiotic dinoflagellates, their transfer to and fate within the sterol-auxotrophic Waminoa worm host as well as their role in its metabolism are unknown. Here we used matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging combined with laser-induced post-ionization and trapped ion mobility spectrometry (MALDI-2-TIMS-MSI) to map the spatial distribution of over 30 different sterol species in sections of the symbiotic system. The use of laser post-ionization crucially increased ion yields and allowed the recording of images with a pixel size of 5 μm. Trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) helped with the tentative assignment of over 30 sterol species. Correlation with anatomical features of the worm, revealed by host-derived phospholipid signals, and the location of the dinoflagellates, revealed by chlorophyll a signal, disclosed peculiar differences in the distribution of different sterol species (e.g. of cholesterol versus stigmasterol) within the receiving host. These findings point to sterol species-specific roles in the metabolism of Waminoa beyond a mere source of energy. They also underline the value of the MALDI-2-TIMS-MSI method to future research in the spatially resolved analysis of sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Bien
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Hambleton
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Dreisewerd
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Soltwisch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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8
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Gyngard F, Steinhauser ML. Biological explorations with nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 2019; 34:1534-1545. [PMID: 34054180 PMCID: PMC8158666 DOI: 10.1039/c9ja00171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of biological processes at the single cell or subcellular level is critical in order to better understand heterogenous cell populations. Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) enables multiplexed, quantitative imaging of the elemental composition of a sample surface at high resolution (< 50 nm). Through measurement of two different isotopic variants of any given element, NanoSIMS provides nanoscale isotope ratio measurements. When coupled with stable isotope tracer methods, the measurement of isotope ratios functionally illuminates biochemical pathways at suborganelle resolution. In this review, we describe the practical application of NanoSIMS to study biological processes in organisms ranging from microbes to humans, highlighting experimental applications that have provided insight that is largely unattainable by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Gyngard
- Center for NanoImaging, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew L Steinhauser
- Center for NanoImaging, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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9
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Ferrier‐Pagès C, Leal MC. Stable isotopes as tracers of trophic interactions in marine mutualistic symbioses. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:723-740. [PMID: 30680151 PMCID: PMC6342181 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic nutritional symbioses are widespread in marine ecosystems. They involve the association of a host organism (algae, protists, or marine invertebrates) with symbiotic microorganisms, such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, or dinoflagellates. Nutritional interactions between the partners are difficult to identify in symbioses because they only occur in intact associations. Stable isotope analysis (SIA) has proven to be a useful tool to highlight original nutrient sources and to trace nutrients acquired by and exchanged between the different partners of the association. However, although SIA has been extensively applied to study different marine symbiotic associations, there is no review taking into account of the different types of symbiotic associations, how they have been studied via SIA, methodological issues common among symbiotic associations, and solutions that can be transferred from one type of association with another. The present review aims to fill such gaps in the scientific literature by summarizing the current knowledge of how isotopes have been applied to key marine symbioses to unravel nutrient exchanges between partners, and by describing the difficulties in interpreting the isotopic signal. This review also focuses on the use of compound-specific stable isotope analysis and on statistical advances to analyze stable isotope data. It also highlights the knowledge gaps that would benefit from future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Costa Leal
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences CentreFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
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10
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Ohdera AH, Abrams MJ, Ames CL, Baker DM, Suescún-Bolívar LP, Collins AG, Freeman CJ, Gamero-Mora E, Goulet TL, Hofmann DK, Jaimes-Becerra A, Long PF, Marques AC, Miller LA, Mydlarz LD, Morandini AC, Newkirk CR, Putri SP, Samson JE, Stampar SN, Steinworth B, Templeman M, Thomé PE, Vlok M, Woodley CM, Wong JC, Martindale MQ, Fitt WK, Medina M. Upside-Down but Headed in the Right Direction: Review of the Highly Versatile Cassiopea xamachana System. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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11
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Gordon BR, Martin DE, Bambery KR, Motti CA. Chemical imaging of a Symbiodinium sp. cell using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy: a feasibility study. J Microsc 2017; 270:83-91. [PMID: 29064560 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between corals and Symbiodinium spp. is the key to the success and survival of coral reef ecosystems the world over. Nutrient exchange and chemical communication between the two partners provides the foundation of this key relationship, yet we are far from a complete understanding of these processes. This is due, in part, to the difficulties associated with studying an intracellular symbiosis at the small spatial scales required to elucidate metabolic interactions between the two partners. This feasibility study, which accompanied a more extensive investigation of fixed Symbiodinium cells (data unpublished), examines the potential of using synchrotron radiation infrared microspectroscopy (SR-IRM) for exploring metabolite localisation within a single Symbiodinium cell. In doing so, three chemically distinct subcellular regions of a single Symbiodinium cell were established and correlated to cellular function based on assignment of diagnostic chemical classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Gordon
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - D E Martin
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - K R Bambery
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - C A Motti
- The Australian Institute of Marine Science, Cape Cleveland, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Abstract
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has become an increasingly utilized tool in biologically relevant studies. Of these, high lateral resolution methodologies using the NanoSIMS 50/50L have been especially powerful within many biological fields over the past decade. Here, the authors provide a review of this technology, sample preparation and analysis considerations, examples of recent biological studies, data analyses, and current outlooks. Specifically, the authors offer an overview of SIMS and development of the NanoSIMS. The authors describe the major experimental factors that should be considered prior to NanoSIMS analysis and then provide information on best practices for data analysis and image generation, which includes an in-depth discussion of appropriate colormaps. Additionally, the authors provide an open-source method for data representation that allows simultaneous visualization of secondary electron and ion information within a single image. Finally, the authors present a perspective on the future of this technology and where they think it will have the greatest impact in near future.
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13
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Cleary JL, Condren AR, Zink KE, Sanchez LM. Calling all hosts: Bacterial communication in situ. Chem 2017; 2:334-358. [PMID: 28948238 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are cosmopolitan organisms that in recent years have demonstrated many roles in maintaining host equilibrium. In this review, we discuss three roles bacteria can occupy in a host: pathogenic, symbiotic, and transient, with a specific focus on how bacterial small molecules contribute to homeostasis or dysbiosis. First, we will dissect how small molecules produced by pathogenic bacteria can be used as a source for communication during colonization and as protection against host immune responses. The ability to achieve a higher level of organization through small molecule communication gives pathogenic bacteria an opportunity for increased virulence and fitness. Conversely, in symbiotic relationships with hosts, small molecules are used in the initial acquisition, colonization, and maintenance of this beneficial population. Chemical signals can come from both the host and symbiont, and it is often observed that these interKingdom symbioses result in coevolution of both species involved. Furthermore, the transition from transient to commensal or opportunistic likely relies on molecular mechanisms. The small molecules utilized and produced by transient bacteria are desirable for both the immune and nutritional benefits they provide to the host. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of modern analytical techniques that are available to researchers in order to study small molecules in situ is an important aspect of this review. It is our opinion that small molecules produced by bacteria are central to many biological processes and a larger focus on uncovering the function and identity of these small molecules is required to gain a deeper understanding of host-microbe associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Cleary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Alanna R Condren
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Katherine E Zink
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Laura M Sanchez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, USA
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14
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NanoSIMS chemical imaging combined with correlative microscopy for biological sample analysis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 41:130-135. [PMID: 27506876 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nano-scale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS) is one of the most powerful in situ elemental and isotopic analysis techniques available to biologists. The combination of stable isotope probing with NanoSIMS (nanoSIP) has opened up new avenues for biological studies over the past decade. However, due to limitations inherent with any analytical methodology, additional information from correlative techniques is usually required to address real biological questions. Here we review recent developments in correlative analysis applied to complex biological systems: first, high-resolution tracking of molecules (e.g. peptides, lipids) by correlation with electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy; second, identification of a specific microbial taxon with fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantification of its metabolic capacities; and, third, molecular specific imaging with new probes.
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15
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Revel J, Massi L, Mehiri M, Boutoute M, Mayzaud P, Capron L, Sabourault C. Differential distribution of lipids in epidermis, gastrodermis and hosted Symbiodinium in the sea anemone Anemonia viridis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 191:140-151. [PMID: 26478191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis mainly relies on nutrient recycling, thus providing both partners with a competitive advantage in nutrient-poor waters. Essential processes related to lipid metabolism can be influenced by various factors, including hyperthermal stress. This can affect the lipid content and distribution in both partners, while contributing to symbiosis disruption and bleaching. In order to gain further insight into the role and distribution of lipids in the cnidarian metabolism, we investigated the lipid composition of the sea anemone Anemonia viridis and its photosynthetic dinoflagellate endosymbionts (Symbiodinium). We compared the lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the host cellular layers, non-symbiotic epidermal and symbiont-containing gastrodermal cells, and those of Symbiodinium, in a mass spectrometry-based assessment. Lipids were more concentrated in Symbiodinium cells, and the lipid class distribution was dominated by polar lipids in all tissues. The fatty acid distribution between host cell layers and Symbiodinium cells suggested potential lipid transfers between the partners. The lipid composition and distribution was modified during short-term hyperthermal stress, mainly in Symbiodinium cells and gastrodermis. Exposure to elevated temperature rapidly caused a decrease in polar lipid C18 unsaturated fatty acids and a strong and rapid decrease in the abundance of polar lipid fatty acids relative to sterols. These lipid indicators could therefore be used as sensitive biomarkers to assess the physiology of symbiotic cnidarians, especially the effect of thermal stress at the onset of cnidarian bleaching. Overall, the findings of this study provide some insight on key lipids that may regulate maintenance of the symbiotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Revel
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine, F-06000 Nice, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR7138, F-75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Lionel Massi
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, F-06000 Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Mehiri
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, F-06000 Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Boutoute
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Laboratoire Océanologique de Villefranche sur Mer, UMR 7093, F-06320 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Mayzaud
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Laboratoire Océanologique de Villefranche sur Mer, UMR 7093, F-06320 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Laure Capron
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, F-06000 Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Sabourault
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine, F-06000 Nice, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR7138, F-75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France.
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16
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Lozić I, Hartz RV, Bartlett CA, Shaw JA, Archer M, Naidu PSR, Smith NM, Dunlop SA, Iyer KS, Kilburn MR, Fitzgerald M. Enabling dual cellular destinations of polymeric nanoparticles for treatment following partial injury to the central nervous system. Biomaterials 2015; 74:200-16. [PMID: 26461115 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Following neurotrauma, oxidative stress is spread via the astrocytic syncytium and is associated with increased aquaporin 4 (AQP4), inflammatory cell infiltration, loss of neurons and glia and functional deficits. Herein we evaluate multimodal polymeric nanoparticles functionalized with an antibody to an extracellular epitope of AQP4, for targeted delivery of an anti-oxidant as a therapeutic strategy following partial optic nerve transection. Using fluorescence microscopy, spectrophotometry, correlative nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) and transmission electron microscopy, in vitro and in vivo, we demonstrate that functionalized nanoparticles are coated with serum proteins such as albumin and enter both macrophages and astrocytes when administered to the site of a partial optic nerve transection in rat. Antibody functionalized nanoparticles synthesized to deliver the antioxidant resveratrol are effective in reducing oxidative damage to DNA, AQP4 immunoreactivity and preserving visual function. Non-functionalized nanoparticles evade macrophages more effectively and are found more diffusely, including in astrocytes, however they do not preserve the optic nerve from oxidative damage or functional loss following injury. Our study highlights the need to comprehensively investigate nanoparticle location, interactions and effects, both in vitro and in vivo, in order to fully understand functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lozić
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - R V Hartz
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - C A Bartlett
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - J A Shaw
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - M Archer
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - P S R Naidu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - N M Smith
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - S A Dunlop
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - K Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - M R Kilburn
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - M Fitzgerald
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
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