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Leonard EM, Porteus CS, Brink D, Milsom WK. Fish gill chemosensing: knowledge gaps and inconsistencies. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01553-5. [PMID: 38758303 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we explore the inconsistencies in the data and gaps in our knowledge that exist in what is currently known regarding gill chemosensors which drive the cardiorespiratory reflexes in fish. Although putative serotonergic neuroepithelial cells (NEC) dominate the literature, it is clear that other neurotransmitters are involved (adrenaline, noradrenaline, acetylcholine, purines, and dopamine). And although we assume that these agents act on neurons synapsing with the NECs or in the afferent or efferent limbs of the paths between chemosensors and central integration sites, this process remains elusive and may explain current discrepancies or species differences in the literature. To date it has been impossible to link the distribution of NECs to species sensitivity to different stimuli or fish lifestyles and while the gills have been shown to be the primary sensing site for respiratory gases, the location (gills, oro-branchial cavity or elsewhere) and orientation (external/water or internal/blood sensing) of the NECs are highly variable between species of water and air breathing fish. Much of what has been described so far comes from studies of hypoxic responses in fish, however, changes in CO2, ammonia and lactate have all been shown to elicit cardio-respiratory responses and all have been suggested to arise from stimulation of gill NECs. Our view of the role of NECs is broadening as we begin to understand the polymodal nature of these cells. We begin by presenting the fundamental picture of gill chemosensing that has developed, followed by some key unanswered questions about gill chemosensing in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Leonard
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Cosima S Porteus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Deidre Brink
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William K Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Kämmer N, Reimann T, Braunbeck T. Neurotoxic pesticides change respiratory parameters in early gill-breathing, but not in skin-breathing life-stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 267:106831. [PMID: 38244448 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurotoxic compounds can interfere with active gill ventilation in fish, which might lead to premature death in adult fish, but not in skin-breathing embryos of zebrafish, since these exclusively rely on passive diffusion across the skin. Regarding lethality, this respiratory failure syndrome (RFS) has been discussed as one of the main reasons for the higher sensitivity of adult fish in the acute fish toxicity test (AFT), if compared to embryos in the fish embryo toxicity test (FET). To further elucidate the relationship between the onset of gill respiration and death by a neurotoxic mode of action, a comparative study into oxygen consumption (MO2), breathing frequency (fv) and amplitude (fampl) was performed with 4 d old skin-breathing and 12 d old early gill-breathing zebrafish. Neurotoxic model substances with an LC50 FET/AFT ratio of > 10 were used: chlorpyrifos, permethrin, aldicarb, ziram, and fluoxetine. Exposure to hypoxia served as a positive control, whereas aniline was tested as an example of a narcotic substance interfering non-specifically with gill membranes. In 12 d old larvae, all substances caused an increase in MO2, fv and partly fampl, whereas effects were minor in 4 d old embryos. An increase of fv in 4 d old embryos following exposure to chlorpyrifos, aldicarb and hypoxia could not be correlated with an increased MO2 and might be attributed either to (1) to the successfully postponed decrease of arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) through support of skin respiration by increased fv, (2) to an unspecific stimulation of the sphincter muscles at the base of the gill filaments, or (3) to the establishment of oxygen sensing for later stages. In gill-breathing 12 d old zebrafish, a concentration-dependent increase of fv was detected for aniline and chlorpyrifos, whereas for aldicarb, fluoxetine and permethrin, a decline of fv at higher substance concentrations was measured, most likely due to the onset of paralysis and/or fatigue of the gill filament sphincter muscles. Since alterations of fv serve to postpone the decrease in arterial PO2 and MO2 increased with decreasing fv, the respiratory failure syndrome could clearly be demonstrated in 12 d old zebrafish larvae. Passive respiration across the skin in zebrafish embryos could thus be confirmed as a probable reason for the lower sensitivity of early life-stages to neurotoxicants. Integration of respiratory markers into existing testing protocols with non-protected developmental stages such as embryos might help to not underestimate the toxicity of early life-stages of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kämmer
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69210, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Tanja Reimann
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69210, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69210, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Zaccone G, Capillo G, Aragona M, Alesci A, Cupello C, Lauriano ER, Guerrera MC, Kuciel M, Zuwala K, Germana A, Icardo JM. Gill structure and neurochemical markers in the African bonytongue (Heterotis niloticus): A preliminary study. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151954. [PMID: 36174310 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We have conducted a morphological and immunohistochemical study of the gills of juvenile specimens of the obligate air-breathing fish Heterotis niloticus. The study has been performed under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The gills showed a reduced respiratory surface area by development of an interlamellar cellular mass (ILCM). The ILCM persisted without changes under both normoxia and hypoxia. Neuroepithelial cells (NECs), the major oxygen and hypoxia sensing cell type, were located in the distal end of the gill filaments and along the ILCM edges. These cells expressed 5HT, the neuronal isoform of the nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Furthermore, NECs appeared associated with nitrergic nerve fibres. The O2 levels did not modify the location, number or the immunohistochemical characteristics of NECs. Pavement cells covering the ILCM were also positive to nNOS and VAChT. The mechanisms of O2 sensing in the gills of Heterotis appears to involve several cell populations, the release of multiple neurotransmitters and a diversity of excitatory, inhibitory and modulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale dell'Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale dell'Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy; Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale dell'Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Camila Cupello
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Guerrera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale dell'Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Michal Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Jagellonian University, Kopernika 15, 30-501 Krakòw, Poland.
| | - Kristina Zuwala
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Researches, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Antonino Germana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale dell'Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Josè Manuel Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Poligono de Cazoña, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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Mokhtar DM, Sayed RKA, Zaccone G, Albano M, Hussein MT. Ependymal and Neural Stem Cells of Adult Molly Fish ( Poecilia sphenops, Valenciennes, 1846) Brain: Histomorphometry, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Studies. Cells 2022; 11:2659. [PMID: 36078068 PMCID: PMC9455025 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted on 16 adult specimens of molly fish (Poecilia sphenops) to investigate ependymal cells (ECs) and their role in neurogenesis using ultrastructural examination and immunohistochemistry. The ECs lined the ventral and lateral surfaces of the optic ventricle and their processes extended through the tectal laminae and ended at the surface of the tectum as a subpial end-foot. Two cell types of ECs were identified: cuboidal non-ciliated (5.68 ± 0.84/100 μm2) and columnar ciliated (EC3.22 ± 0.71/100 μm2). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed two types of GFAP immunoreactive cells: ECs and astrocytes. The ECs showed the expression of IL-1β, APG5, and Nfr2. Moreover, ECs showed immunostaining for myostatin, S100, and SOX9 in their cytoplasmic processes. The proliferative activity of the neighboring stem cells was also distinct. The most interesting finding in this study was the glia-neuron interaction, where the processes of ECs met the progenitor neuronal cells in the ependymal area of the ventricular wall. These cells showed bundles of intermediate filaments in their processes and basal poles and were connected by desmosomes, followed by gap junctions. Many membrane-bounded vesicles could be demonstrated on the surface of the ciliated ECs that contained neurosecretion. The abluminal and lateral cell surfaces of ECs showed pinocytotic activities with many coated vesicles, while their apical cytoplasm contained centrioles. The occurrence of stem cells in close position to the ECs, and the presence of bundles of generating axons in direct contact with these stem cells indicate the role of ECs in neurogenesis. The TEM results revealed the presence of neural stem cells in a close position to the ECs, in addition to the presence of bundles of generating axons in direct contact with these stem cells. The present study indicates the role of ECs in neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M. Mokhtar
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Ramy K. A. Sayed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Albano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Manal T. Hussein
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of neuroepithelial cells and other cell types of the gills of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to hypoxia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10144. [PMID: 35710785 PMCID: PMC9203529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fish gill is a multifunctional organ involved in numerous physiological processes, such as gas exchange and sensing of hypoxia by respiratory chemoreceptors, called neuroepithelial cells (NECs). Many studies have focused on zebrafish (Danio rerio) to investigate the structure, function and development of the gills, yet the transcriptomic profile of most gill cells remains obscure. We present the results of a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of the gills of zebrafish using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq). Gill cells from ETvmat2:EGFP zebrafish were individually labelled before scRNA‐seq library construction using 10× Genomics Chromium technology. 12,819 cells were sequenced with an average depth of over 27,000 reads per cell. We identified a median of 485 genes per cell and 16 cell clusters, including NECs, neurons, pavement cells, endothelial cells and mitochondrion-rich cells. The identity of NECs was confirmed by expression of slc18a2, encoding the vesicular monoamine transporter, Vmat2. Highly differentially-expressed genes in NECs included tph1a, encoding tryptophan hydroxylase, sv2 (synaptic vesicle protein), and proteins implicated in O2 sensing (ndufa4l2a, cox8al and epas1a). In addition, NECs and neurons expressed genes encoding transmembrane receptors for serotonergic, cholinergic or dopaminergic neurotransmission. Differential expression analysis showed a clear shift in the transcriptome of NECs following 14 days of acclimation to hypoxia. NECs in the hypoxia group showed high expression of genes involved in cell cycle control and proliferation. The present article provides a complete cell atlas for the zebrafish gill and serves as a platform for future studies investigating the molecular biology and physiology of this organ.
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Maina JN, Icardo JM, Zaccone G, Aragona M, Lauriano ER, Alesci A, Albano M, Guerrera MC, Germana A, Fernandes JMO, Kiron V, Capillo G. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of the immune cell system and epithelial surfaces of the respiratory organs in the bimodally-breathing African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3212-3229. [PMID: 35142056 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ach, represents the old neurotransmitter in central and peripheral nervous system. Its muscarinic and nicotinic receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs) constitute an independent cholinergic system that is found in immune cells and playsa key role in regulation of the immune function and cytokine production. Gas exchanging surfaces of the gills and air-breathing organs (ABOs) of the sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus were investigated using ultrastructural and confocal immunofluorescence techniques. This study was predominantly focused on the structure of the immune cell types, the expression of their neurotransmitters, including the antimicrobial peptide piscidin 1, and the functional significance of respiratory gas exchange epithelia. A network of immune cells (monocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells) was observed in the gill and theABO epithelia. Eosinophils containing 5HT immunoreactivity were seen in close association with mast cells expressing acetylcholine (Ach), 5HT, nNOS and piscidin 1. A rich and dense cholinergic innervation dispersing across the islet capillaries of the gas exchange barrier, and the localization of Ach in the squamous pavement cells covering the capillaries, were evidenced byVAChT antibodies.We report for the first time that piscidin 1(Pis 1) positive mast cells interact with Pis 1 positive nerves found in the epithelia of the respiratory organs.Pis 1 immunoreactivity was also observed in the covering respiratory epithelium of the ABOs and associated with a role in local mucosal immune defense . The above results anticipate future studies on the neuro-immune interactions at mucosal barrier surfaces, like the gill and the skin of fish, areas densely populated by different immune cells and sensory nerves that constantly sense and adapt to tissue-specific environmental challenges. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ndegwa Maina
- Department of Zoology, Auckland Park Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jose Manuel Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Albano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Guerrera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Germana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Italy
| | | | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Italy.,Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM) , National Research Council (CNR), Section of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Satora L, Gawlikowski T, Tański A, Formicki K. Quest for breathing: proliferation of alveolar type 1 cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:393-401. [PMID: 35050380 PMCID: PMC9001204 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is much evidence that the vertebrate lung originated from a progenitor structure which was present in bony fish. However, critical basic elements for the evolution of breathing in tetrapods, such as the central rhythm generator sensitive to CO2/pH and the pulmonary surfactant, were present in the lungless primitive vertebrate. This suggests that the evolution of air breathing in all vertebrates may have evolved through exaptations. It appears that the capability for proliferation of alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells is the "critical factor" which rendered possible the most radical subsequent innovation-the possibility of air breathing. "Epithelial remodeling," which consists in proliferation of alveolar cells-the structural basis for gas diffusion-observed in the alimentary tract of the gut-breathing fishes (GBF) has great potential for application in biomedical research. Such a process probably led to the gradual evolutionary development of lungs in terrestrial vertebrates. Research on the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling proliferation of squamous epithelial cells in the GBF should contribute to explaining the regeneration-associated phenomena that occur in mammal lungs, and especially to the understanding of signal pathways which govern the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Satora
- Department of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, ul. Kazimierza Królewicza 4, 71-550, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Gawlikowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, ul. G. Herlinga-Grudzińskiego 1, 30-705, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Tański
- Department of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, ul. Kazimierza Królewicza 4, 71-550, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Formicki
- Department of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, ul. Kazimierza Królewicza 4, 71-550, Szczecin, Poland
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Lauriano ER, Capillo G, Icardo JM, Fernandes JMO, Kiron V, Kuciel M, Zuwala K, Guerrera MC, Aragona M, Germana' A, Zaccone G. Neuroepithelial cells (NECs) and mucous cells express a variety of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors in the gill and respiratory air-sac of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Siluriformes, Heteropneustidae): a possible role in local immune defence. ZOOLOGY 2021; 148:125958. [PMID: 34399394 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heteropneustes fossilis is an air-breathing teleost inhabiting environments with very poor O2 conditions, and so it has evolved to cope with hypoxia. In the gills and respiratory air-sac, the sites for O2 sensing and the response to hypoxia rely on the expression of acetylcholine (Ach) acting via its nicotinic receptor (nAChR). This study examined the expression patterns of neuronal markers and some compounds in the NECs of the gills and respiratory air sac having an immunomodulatory function in mammalian lungs. Mucous cells, epithelial cells and neuroepithelial cells (NECs) were immunopositive to a variety of both neuronal markers (VAChT, nAChR, GABA-B-R1 receptor, GAD679) and the antimicrobial peptide piscidin, an evolutionary conserved humoral component of the mucosal immune system in fish. We speculate that Ach release via nAChR from mucous cells may be modulated by GABA production in the NECs and it is required for the induction of mucus production in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The presence of piscidin in mucous cells may act in synergy with the autocrine/paracrine signals of Ach and GABA binding to GABA B R1B receptor that may play a local immunomodulatory function in the mucous epithelia of the gills and the respiratory air sac. The potential role of the NECs in the immunobiological behaviour of the gill/air-sac is at moment a matter of speculation. The extent to which the NECs as such may participate is elusive at this stage and waits investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy; Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology - National Research Council (IRBIM, CNR), Spianata S. Raineri, 86, 98122, Messina, Italy.
| | - Jose Manuel Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Poligono de Cazona, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | | | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodo, Norway
| | - Michal Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Jagellonian University, Kopernika 15, 30501, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krystyna Zuwala
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, 30387, Poland
| | - Maria Cristina Guerrera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Germana'
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
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Capillo G, Lauriano ER, Icardo JM, Siriyappagouder P, Kuciel M, Karapanagiotis S, Zaccone G, Fernandes JMO. Structural Identification of the Pacemaker Cells and Expression of Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated (HCN) Channels in the Heart of the Wild Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua (Linnaeus, 1758). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7539. [PMID: 34299159 PMCID: PMC8307021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are proteins that contain highly conserved functional domains and sequence motifs that are correlated with their unique biophysical activities, to regulate cardiac pacemaker activity and synaptic transmission. These pacemaker proteins have been studied in mammalian species, but little is known now about their heart distribution in lower vertebrates and c-AMP modulation. Here, we characterized the pacemaker system in the heart of the wild Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), with respect to primary pacemaker molecular markers. Special focus is given to the structural, ultrastructural and molecular characterization of the pacemaker domain, through the expression of HCN channel genes and the immunohistochemistry of HCN isoforms, including the location of intracardiac neurons that are adjacent to the sinoatrial region of the heart. Similarly to zebrafish and mammals, these neurons are immunoreactive to ChAT, VAChT and nNOS. It has been shown that cardiac pacemaking can be modulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways, and the existence of intracardiac neurons projecting back to the central nervous system provide a plausible link between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology—National Research Council (IRBIM, CNR), Spianata S. Raineri, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Eugenia R. Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Jose M. Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Poligono de Cazona, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | | | - Michal Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 15, 30-501 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Stelios Karapanagiotis
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026 Bodø, Norway; (P.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Jorge M. O. Fernandes
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026 Bodø, Norway; (P.S.); (S.K.)
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10
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Cochrane PV, Jonz MG, Wright PA. The development of the O 2-sensing system in an amphibious fish: consequences of variation in environmental O 2 levels. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:681-699. [PMID: 34023926 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proper development of the O2-sensing system is essential for survival. Here, we characterized the development of the O2-sensing system in the mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus), an amphibious fish that transitions between hypoxic aquatic environments and O2-rich terrestrial environments. We found that NECs formed in the gills and skin of K. marmoratus during embryonic development and that both NEC populations are retained from the embryonic stage to adulthood. We also found that the hyperventilatory response to acute hypoxia was present in embryonic K. marmoratus, indicating that functional O2-sensing pathways are formed during embryonic development. We then exposed embryos to aquatic normoxia, aquatic hyperoxia, aquatic hypoxia, or terrestrial conditions for the first 30 days of embryonic development and tested the hypothesis that environmental O2 availability during embryonic development modulates the development of the O2-sensing system in amphibious fishes. Surprisingly, we found that O2 availability during embryonic development had little impact on the density and morphology of NECs in the gills and skin of K. marmoratus. Collectively, our results demonstrate that, unlike the only other species of fish in which NEC development has been studied to date (i.e., zebrafish), NEC development in K. marmoratus is largely unaffected by environmental O2 levels during the embryonic stage, indicating that there is interspecies variation in O2-induced plasticity in the O2-sensing system of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige V Cochrane
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Michael G Jonz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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11
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Capillo G, Zaccone G, Cupello C, Fernandes JMO, Viswanath K, Kuciel M, Zuwala K, Guerrera MC, Aragona M, Icardo JM, Lauriano ER. Expression of acetylcholine, its contribution to regulation of immune function and O 2 sensing and phylogenetic interpretations of the African butterfly fish Pantodon buchholzi (Osteoglossiformes, Pantodontidae). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 111:189-200. [PMID: 33588082 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (Ach) is the main neurotransmitter in the neuronal cholinergic system and also works as a signaling molecule in non-neuronal cells and tissues. The diversity of signaling pathways mediated by Ach provides a basis for understanding the biology of the cholinergic epithelial cells and immune cells in the gill of the species studied. NECs in the gill were not found surprisingly, but specialized cells showing the morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of eosinophils were located in the gill filaments and respiratory lamellae. Much remains unknown about the interaction between the nerves and eosinophils that modulate both the release of acetylcholine and its nicotinic and muscarinic receptors including the role of acetylcholine in the mechanisms of O2 chemosensing. In this study we report for the first time the expression of Ach in the pavement cells of the gill lamellae in fish, the mast cells associated with eosinophils and nerve interaction for both immune cell types, in the gill of the extant butterfly fish Pantodon buchholzi. Multiple roles have been hypothesized for Ach and alpha nAChR in the gills. Among these there are the possible involvement of the pavement cells of the gill lamellae as O2 chemosensitive cells, the interaction of Ach positive mast cells with eosinophils and interaction of eosinophils with nerve terminals. This could be related to the use of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and the alpha 2 subunit of the acetylcholine nicotinic receptor (alpha 2 nAChR). These data demonstrate the presence of Ach multiple sites of neuronal and non-neuronal release and reception within the gill and its ancestral signaling that arose during the evolutionary history of this conservative fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell'Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell'Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Camila Cupello
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia-IBRAG, Universidade de Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Sao Francisco Xavier, 524, 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Kiron Viswanath
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - Michal Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 15, 30-501, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krystyna Zuwala
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Maria Cristina Guerrera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell'Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell'Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Jose Manuel Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Poligono de Cazona, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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12
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Wood CM, Pelster B, Braz-Mota S, Val AL. Gills versus kidney for ionoregulation in the obligate air-breathing Arapaima gigas, a fish with a kidney in its air-breathing organ. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb232694. [PMID: 32895323 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.232694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In Arapaima gigas, an obligate air-breather endemic to ion-poor Amazonian waters, a large complex kidney runs through the air-breathing organ (ABO). Previous indirect evidence suggested that the kidney, relative to the small gills, may be exceptionally important in ionoregulation and nitrogen (N) waste excretion, with support of kidney function by direct O2 supply from the airspace. We tested these ideas by continuous urine collection and gill flux measurements in ∼700 g fish. ATPase activities were many-fold greater in kidney than gills. In normoxia, gill Na+ influx and efflux were in balance, with net losses of Cl- and K+ Urine flow rate (UFR, ∼11 ml kg-1 h-1) and urinary ions (< 0.2 mmol l-1) were exceptional, with [urine]:[plasma] ratios of 0.02-0.002 for K+, Na+, and Cl-, indicating strong reabsorption with negligible urinary ion losses. Urinary [ammonia] was very high (10 mmol l-1, [urine]:[plasma] ∼17) indicating strong secretion. The kidney accounted for 21-24% of N excretion, with ammonia dominating (95%) over urea-N through both routes. High urinary [ammonia] was coupled to high urinary [HCO3-]. Aerial hypoxia (15.3 kPa) and aerial hyperoxia (>40.9 kPa) had no effects on UFR, but both inhibited branchial Na+ influx, revealing novel aspects of the osmorespiratory compromise. Aquatic hypoxia (4.1 kPa), but not aquatic hyperoxia (>40.9 kPa), inhibited gill Na+ influx, UFR and branchial and urinary ammonia excretion. We conclude that the kidney is more important than gills in ionoregulation, and is significant in N excretion. Although not definitive, our results do not indicate direct O2 supply from the ABO for kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Bernd Pelster
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Susana Braz-Mota
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Manaus 69080-971, Brazil
| | - Adalberto L Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Manaus 69080-971, Brazil
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13
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Koudrina N, Perry SF, Gilmour KM. The role of TASK-2 channels in CO 2 sensing in zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R329-R342. [PMID: 32697653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00132.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral chemosensitivity in fishes is thought to be mediated by serotonin-enriched neuroepithelial cells (NECs) that are localized to the gills of adults and the integument of larvae. In adult zebrafish (Danio rerio), branchial NECs are presumed to mediate the cardiorespiratory reflexes associated with hypoxia or hypercapnia, whereas in larvae, there is indirect evidence linking cutaneous NECs to hypoxic hyperventilation and hypercapnic tachycardia. No study yet has examined the ventilatory response of larval zebrafish to hypercapnia, and regardless of developmental stage, the signaling pathways involved in CO2 sensing remain unclear. In the mouse, a background potassium channel (TASK-2) contributes to the sensitivity of chemoreceptor cells to CO2. Zebrafish possess two TASK-2 channel paralogs, TASK-2 and TASK-2b, encoded by kcnk5a and kcnk5b, respectively. The present study aimed to determine whether TASK-2 channels are expressed in NECs of larval zebrafish and whether they are involved in CO2 sensing. Using immunohistochemical approaches, TASK-2 protein was observed on the surface of NECs in larvae. Exposure of larvae to hypercapnia caused cardiac and breathing frequencies to increase, and these responses were blunted in fish experiencing TASK-2 and/or TASK-2b knockdown. The results of these experiments suggest that TASK-2 channels are involved in CO2 sensing by NECs and contribute to the initiation of reflex cardiorespiratory responses during exposure of larvae to hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Koudrina
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - K M Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Różański JJ, Capillo G, Lauriano ER, Aragona M, Kuciel M, Zaccone G, Żuwała KD. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies on the olfactory receptor neurons in the
Ichthyosaura alpestris. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Józef J. Różański
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Researches Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University in Krakow Kraków Poland
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Eugenia R. Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Michał Kuciel
- Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease Faculty of Medicine Poison Information Centre Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Krystyna D. Żuwała
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Researches Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University in Krakow Kraków Poland
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15
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Tripathi S, Sengar M, Gopesh A. Paraneuronal pseudobranchial neurosecretory system in tank goby Glossogobius giuris with special reference to novel neurohaemal contact complex. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 278:103440. [PMID: 32353416 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Various putative oxygen chemosensory cells are reported to be present throughout the vertebrate body performing pivotal roles in respiration by initiating responses during acute hypoxia. Since air-breathing fishes often are exposed to the oxygen-deficient milieu, in such conditions various chemosensory cells operate in an orchestrated fashion. The Pseudobranchial neurosecretory system (PSNS) a newly discovered system, is one of these. It has been placed in the category of "Diffuse NE systems (DNES)". It is found in all the catfish species and in some other non-catfish group of teleosts. In catfishes, it is present in close association with the carotid labyrinth- a chemosensory structure, known in fish and amphibians. The presence of this system in Glossogobius giuris, in association with the pseudobranch, a structure considered to be precursor of carotid labyrinth, is a significant finding. In an attempt to study the structure and organization of the pseudobranchial neurosecretory system in a non-catfish species of teleost, the present investigation was undertaken on a goby G. giuris. The histological observations, using a neurosecretion-specific stain, revealed the presence of this system in G. giuris. The findings are discussed in the light of the association of PSNS with pseudobranch and the type of "neurohaemal contact complex" formed between this neurosecretory system and the elements of the circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, U.P., India
| | - Manvendra Sengar
- Department of Zoology, Bipin Bihari P.G. College, Jhansi, U.P., India
| | - Anita Gopesh
- Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, U.P., India.
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16
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Dymek J, Rosenqwist G, Kuciel M, Lauriano ER, Capillo G, Zaccone G, Żuwała K. Micro‐ and macro‐morphology of the olfactory organ of
Syngnathus typhle
(Syngnathidae, Actinopterygii). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Dymek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Faculty of Biology Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - Gunilla Rosenqwist
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Michał Kuciel
- Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease Faculty of Medicine Poison Information Centre Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Krystyna Żuwała
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Faculty of Biology Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
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