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Vranić S, Vesović N, Antonijević L, Vlajić A, Todosijević M, Pavlović D, Pantelić D, Ćurčić S, Vujisić L. Morphology of the pygidial glands and chemical composition of their secretions in two species of tiger beetles (Carabidae: Cicindelinae). ZOOLOGY 2024; 162:126142. [PMID: 38244262 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Pygidial glands are a common feature of all adephagans and their products play an important role in defense against predators. The morphology of the pygidial glands and the chemistry of their secretion were studied for the first time in two species of tiger beetles - Cicindela (Cicindela) sylvicola Dejean, 1822 and Cylindera (Cylindera) germanica (Linnaeus, 1758). The glands were examined by both bright-field microscopy and nonlinear microscopy. All morphological structures of the glands were measured and described in detail. The structures mentioned were compared with those of related taxa. The secretion extracts from the pygidial glands of the investigated taxa contained a total of 24 compounds, which were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The secretion mixture of C. (C.) germanica was more complex (21 chemicals) than that of C. (C.) sylvicola (11 ones). Benzaldehyde was present in both secretion samples. Hydrocarbons were the most abundant group of secretory compounds. The purpose of the compounds, their distribution within the subfamily Cicindelinae and their effects on the ecology of the group were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofija Vranić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Vesović
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lana Antonijević
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Vlajić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Todosijević
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Pavlović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Pantelić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srećko Ćurčić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubodrag Vujisić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Vesović N, Nenadić M, Vranić S, Vujisić L, Milinčić KM, Todosijević M, Dimkić I, Janakiev T, Ćurčić NB, Stevanović N, Mihajlović L, Vukoičić DŽ, Ćurčić S. The chemical composition of the secretions, their antibacterial activity, and the pygidial gland morphology of selected European Carabini ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1120006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pygidial glands of carabids produce strong-smelling vapours. In this study, we examined the chemical composition of the gland secretions and the structure of the glands in five species of Carabini ground beetles (one species from the subtribe Calosomatina and four species from the subtribe Carabina): Calosoma (Calosoma) maderae (Fabricius, 1775), Carabus (Carabus) granulatus Linnaeus, 1758, C. (Limnocarabus) clathratus Linnaeus, 1760, C. (Carabus) ulrichii Germar, 1823, and C. (Procerus) gigas Creutzer, 1799. Additionally, we tested the antibacterial potential of the pygidial gland secretions of the two latter species against 11 bacterial strains. In order to detect the chemical content of the secretions, we used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The secretion extracts were applied against selected strains of medically important bacteria. We used bright-field microscopy to examine the morphology of the glands. We discovered a total of 11 chemical compounds in the pygidial gland extracts of the ground beetles we analysed. Ten of these compounds were identified as seven carboxylic acids, two hydrocarbons, and one aromatic aldehyde, while one chemical remained unidentified. Most of the components were isolated from the secretion of C. (L.) clathratus (nine), while the lowest number of compounds was found in C. (P.) gigas (two). Methacrylic acid was the most dominant compound by percentage in all five species, while angelic acid was also detected in all samples. As expected, salicylaldehyde was exclusively found in the species of the genus Calosoma Weber, 1801. The secretion of C. (P.) gigas was shown to achieve the highest level of antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, and S. typhimurium (even the same level as the positive control streptomycin), while the secretion of C. (C.) ulrichii achieved the highest antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus. The most noticeable difference in the structure of the glands between the two genera is that the reservoir in Calosoma is more significantly narrowed as it leads into the efferent duct, compared to that of Carabus.
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Vesović N, Nenadić M, Soković M, Ćirić A, Vujisić L, Todosijević M, Stevanović N, Perić-Mataruga V, Ilijin L, Ćurčić S. Pygidial glands of the blue ground beetle Carabus intricatus: chemical composition of the secretion and its antimicrobial activity. Naturwissenschaften 2022; 109:19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-022-01790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vranić S, Vujisić L, Vesović N, Jeremić M, Pantelić D, Todosijević M, Pavlović D, Ćurčić NB, Radovanović M, Petrović MD, Ćurčić S. Secretions of Pygidial Defensive Glands in Three Species of the Genus Bembidion (Carabidae), and Morphology of Pygidial Glands in B. (Peryphanes) dalmatinum. ANN ZOOL FENN 2022. [DOI: 10.5735/086.059.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofija Vranić
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, RS-11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubodrag Vujisić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12–16, RS-11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Vesović
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, RS-11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Jeremić
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, RS-11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Pantelić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, RS-11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Todosijević
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12–16, RS-11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Pavlović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, RS-11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nina B. Ćurčić
- Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić”, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Đure Jakšića 9, RS-11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Radovanović
- Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić”, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Đure Jakšića 9, RS-11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko D. Petrović
- Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić”, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Đure Jakšića 9, RS-11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srećko Ćurčić
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, RS-11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Vranić S, Vesović N, Vujisić L, Pavlović D, Pantelić D, Todosijević M, Ćurčić S. Pygidial glands of three ground beetle taxa (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae): a study on their morphology and chemical composition of their secretions. ZOOLOGY 2021; 148:125948. [PMID: 34343745 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphology of the pygidial glands and chemical compositions of their secretion were analysed in the adults of three selected ground beetle taxa. Secretions of pygidial glands of Cychrus (Cychrus) semigranosus, Patrobus atrorufus and Pterostichus (Platysma) niger were chemically tested. Additionally, pygidial glands of the latter two species were investigated using bright-field microscopy and nonlinear microscopy and morphological features of the glands were described in detail. Both C. (C.) semigranosus and P. atrorufus were studied for the first time in terms of chemical ecology, while the latter species was analysed for the first time in terms of pygidial gland morphology. Altogether, eight compounds were detected in the dichloromethane extracts of the pygidial gland secretions of the three ground beetle taxa analysed. The simplest secretion mixtures were present in C. (C.) semigranosus and P. atrorufus (with two compounds each), while the extract of P. (P.) niger contained five compounds. The presence of 1-tetradecanol in the secretion of P. (P.) niger represents the first finding of this compound from the pygidial gland secretion extracts of ground beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofija Vranić
- Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Nikola Vesović
- Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Ljubodrag Vujisić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Danica Pavlović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Dejan Pantelić
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Marina Todosijević
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Srećko Ćurčić
- Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
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Pygidial Glands in Carabidae, an Overview of Morphology and Chemical Secretion. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060562. [PMID: 34203641 PMCID: PMC8232188 DOI: 10.3390/life11060562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator community structure is an important selective element shaping the evolution of prey defence traits and strategies. Carabid beetles are one of the most diverse families of Coleoptera, and their success in terrestrial ecosystems is related to considerable morphological, physiological, and behavioural adaptations that provide protection against predators. Their most common form of defence is the chemical secretion from paired abdominal pygidial glands that produce a heterogeneous set of carboxylic acids, quinones, hydrocarbons, phenols, aldehydes, and esters. This review attempts to update and summarise what is known about the pygidial glands, with particular reference to the morphology of the glands and the biological function of the secretions.
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Donato S, Vommaro ML, Tromba G, Giglio A. Synchrotron X-ray phase contrast micro tomography to explore the morphology of abdominal organs in Pterostichus melas italicus Dejean, 1828 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 62:101044. [PMID: 33743431 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Micro-computer tomography imaging is a fast and non-destructive data acquisition technique which can replace or complement the traditional investigation methodologies used in entomology to study morphology. In this paper, Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Phase-Contrast micro tomography (SR-PhC micro-CT) was combined with histology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations to describe the abdominal organs of Pterostichus melas italicus Dejean, 1828 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). This species was used as a representative model because of its ecological role as a generalist predator in agroecosystems. SR-PhC micro-CT allowed us to identify in situ abdominal structures including dorsal vessel, digestive tract with Malpighian tubules, male reproductive system, ganglia, fat bodies, pygidial glands, muscles and tracheae. The histology was performed to define the tissue organization of the digestive and reproductive systems. SR-PhC micro-CT and 3D rendering provided more accurate information on shape and size of organs than histological and SEM analyses, respectively. The finding of this study was to describe the anatomy and histology of organs involved in crucial life history traits, such as reproduction, nutrition and excretion. High quality images and the supplementary video represent a significant advance in knowledge of the carabid anatomy and are a baseline for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Donato
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Division of Frascati, Via Fermi, 54, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy; Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Luigia Vommaro
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Tromba
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anita Giglio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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