1
|
Madden AA, Epps MJ, Fukami T, Irwin RE, Sheppard J, Sorger DM, Dunn RR. The ecology of insect-yeast relationships and its relevance to human industry. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2733. [PMID: 29563264 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many species of yeast are integral to human society. They produce many of our foods, beverages and industrial chemicals, challenge us as pathogens, and provide models for the study of our own biology. However, few species are regularly studied and much of their ecology remains unclear, hindering the development of knowledge that is needed to improve the relationships between humans and yeasts. There is increasing evidence that insects are an essential component of ascomycetous yeast ecology. We propose a 'dispersal-encounter hypothesis' whereby yeasts are dispersed by insects between ephemeral, spatially disparate sugar resources, and insects, in turn, obtain the benefits of an honest signal from yeasts for the sugar resources. We review the relationship between yeasts and insects through three main examples: social wasps, social bees and beetles, with some additional examples from fruit flies. Ultimately, we suggest that over the next decades, consideration of these ecological and evolutionary relationships between insects and yeasts will allow prediction of where new yeast diversity is most likely to be discovered, particularly yeasts with traits of interest to human industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne A Madden
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, David Clark Labs, 100 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Mary Jane Epps
- Department of Biology, Mary Baldwin University, 101 East Frederick Street, Staunton, VA 24401, USA
| | - Tadashi Fukami
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rebecca E Irwin
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, David Clark Labs, 100 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - John Sheppard
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - D Magdalena Sorger
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, David Clark Labs, 100 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.,Research & Collections, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 West Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA
| | - Robert R Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, David Clark Labs, 100 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
May-Concha I, Guerenstein P, Malo E, Catalá S, Rojas J. Electroantennogram responses of the Triatoma dimidiata complex to volatiles produced by its exocrine glands. Acta Trop 2018; 185:336-343. [PMID: 29932928 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Triatoma dimidiata complex are vectors of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. Morphological and genetic studies indicate that T. dimidiata complex has three principal haplogroups in Mexico. However, whether there are differences in the olfactory physiology among the haplogroups of this complex and a possible correlation with their antennal phenotype are not yet known. Antennal responses to 13 compounds released from the metasternal and Brindley´s glands, which are involved in the alarm and mating-related behaviours of T. dimidiata were investigated using electroantennography (EAG). Overall, of the 13 compounds tested, seven triggered EAG responses in both sexes of three Mexican haplogroups. The sensitivity of the EAG responses show some relationship with the total number of chemo-sensilla present on the antennae. Antennal sensitivity was different between sexes and haplogroups of the T. dimidiata complex. Discriminant analysis of EAG sensitivity was significant, separating the three haplogroups. Our finding is consistent with morphological and genetic evidence for haplogroups distinction within the complex.
Collapse
|
3
|
Updyke EA, Allan BF. An Experimental Evaluation of Cross-Vane Panel Traps for the Collection of Sylvatic Triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:485-489. [PMID: 29272499 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limited understanding of the sylvatic cycle of Chagas disease transmission, an efficient method to attract and capture sylvatic triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is essential to monitor human exposure risk. Current collection methods for sylvatic species, though effective, are labor- and time-intensive. This study evaluated whether modified cross-vane panel traps (commonly used in forest entomology) can be used to attract and capture flying life-stages of sylvatic triatomines and whether a commercially available lure is effective in attracting sylvatic triatomines in the field. We evaluated four trap treatments in both the wet and dry seasons in central Panama: a cross-vane panel trap fitted with an ultraviolet (UV) light, a cross-vane panel trap fitted with a commercially available human-volatile lure, a cross-vane panel trap fitted with both a UV light and a human-volatile lure, and a white sheet fitted with a UV light (a standard collection method) as a control. A total of 45 adult Rhodnius pallescens Barber were captured across 10 nights of trapping representing 112 trap-nights. There was a significant overall effect of trap type on collection success; sheet traps collected more triatomines than lure traps, and there were no differences between the sheet trap and the UV trap, nor between the sheet trap and the UV + lure trap. The lure-only trap did not capture any triatomines in this study. These results indicate that cross-vane panel traps with a UV light are as effective as a sheet trap but offer the advantage of requiring less time and effort to maintain and monitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Allmann Updyke
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Brian F Allan
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Curtis-Robles R, Hamer SA, Lane S, Levy MZ, Hamer GL. Bionomics and Spatial Distribution of Triatomine Vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi in Texas and Other Southern States, USA. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:113-121. [PMID: 29141765 PMCID: PMC5928729 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining spatial and temporal occurrences of triatomine vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, in the US is critical for public health protection. Through a citizen science program and field collections from 2012 to 2016, we collected 3,215 triatomines, mainly from Texas. Using morphological and molecular approaches, we identified seven Triatoma species and report sex, length, and blood engorgement status. Many citizen-collected triatomines (92.9%) were encountered indoors, in peridomestic settings, or in dog kennels and represent spillover transmission risk of T. cruzi to humans and domestic animals. The most commonly collected species were Triatoma gerstaeckeri and Triatoma sanguisuga. Adult T. gerstaeckeri were collected from May to September, peaking from June to July, whereas adult T. sanguisuga were active later, from June to October, peaking from July to September. Based on cross correlation analyses, peaks of captures varied by species and across years. Point pattern analyses revealed unique occurrences of T. sanguisuga in north and east Texas, T. gerstaeckeri in south and west Texas, Triatoma indictiva and Triatoma lecticularia in central Texas, and Triatoma rubida in west Texas. These relatively unique spatial occurrences suggest associations with different suitable habitats and serve as a basis for future models evaluating the ecological niches of different vector species. Understanding the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of triatomines in the southern United States will improve targeted interventions of vector control and will guide public outreach and education to reduce human and animal contact with vectors and reduce the risk of exposure to T. cruzi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Curtis-Robles
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sarah A. Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sage Lane
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gabriel L. Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lazzari CR, Pereira MH, Lorenzo MG. Behavioural biology of Chagas disease vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108 Suppl 1:34-47. [PMID: 24473801 PMCID: PMC4109178 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many arthropod species have adopted vertebrate blood as their main food source. Blood
is rich in nutrients and, except for the presence of parasites, sterile. However,
this food source is not freely available, nor is obtaining it devoid of risk. It
circulates inside vessels hidden underneath the skin of mobile hosts that are able to
defend themselves and even predate the insects that try to feed on them. Thus, the
haematophagous lifestyle is associated with major morphological, physiological and
behavioural adaptations that have accumulated throughout the evolutionary history of
the various lineages of blood-sucking arthropods. These adaptations have significant
consequences for the evolution of parasites as well as for the epidemiology of
vector-transmitted diseases. In this review article, we analyse various aspects of
the behaviour of triatomine bugs to illustrate how each behavioural trait represents
a particular adaptation to their close association with their hosts, which may easily
turn into predators. Our aim is to offer to the reader an up-to-date integrative
perspective on the behaviour of Chagas disease vectors and to propose new research
avenues to encourage both young and experienced colleagues to explore this aspect of
triatomine biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ricardo Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7261, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, France, ToursIndre et Loire, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7261, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, Indre et Loire, France
| | - Marcos Horácio Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil, Belo HorizonteMG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Gustavo Lorenzo
- Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fiocruz, Brasil, Belo HorizonteMG, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guidobaldi F, Guerenstein PG. Evaluation of a CO2 -free commercial mosquito attractant to capture triatomines in the laboratory. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2013; 38:245-250. [PMID: 24581352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2013.12037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Efforts have been made to develop vertebrate odor-based attractants to lure hematophagous triatomines into traps. However, more work is needed to reach a practical, cheap, and efficient odor lure. We carried out attraction and capture tests in a dual-choice olfactometer and a pitfall trap. Here we report that a three-component, CO2 -free, synthetic blend of vertebrate odor (consisting of ammonia, L(+) lactic acid and hexanoic acid, and known as Sweetscent®) significantly induces 3(rd) -instar Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans nymphs to fall into the test capture-tube of the olfactometer. Blend constituents presented singly or in two-component blends did not evoke a response and, therefore, we propose that the insects respond specifically to the three-component blend in a synergistic way. When tested in a pitfall trap in an experimental arena, this blend induced capture in 37.5% of the lured traps, whereas 9% of the nymphs tested were captured in a single night. No insects were captured in control traps. Our work represents a proof-of-concept regarding capture of triatomines using host odor-based, CO2 -free synthetic mixtures as lures for pitfall traps. CO2 -free lures are more practical for field work than natural or CO2 -containing synthetic blends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Guidobaldi
- Laboratorio de Neuroetología Ecológica, CICyTTP-CONICET, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Microbial Volatile Emissions as Insect Semiochemicals. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:840-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
8
|
Davis TS, Boundy-Mills K, Landolt PJ. Volatile emissions from an epiphytic fungus are semiochemicals for eusocial wasps. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 64:1056-63. [PMID: 22644482 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-012-0074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbes are ubiquitous on plant surfaces. However, interactions between epiphytic microbes and arthropods are rarely considered as a factor that affects arthropod behaviors. Here, volatile emissions from an epiphytic fungus were investigated as semiochemical attractants for two eusocial wasps. The fungus Aureobasidium pullulans was isolated from apples, and the volatile compounds emitted by fungal colonies were quantified. The attractiveness of fungal colonies and fungal volatiles to social wasps (Vespula spp.) were experimentally tested in the field. Three important findings emerged: (1) traps baited with A. pullulans caught 2750 % more wasps on average than unbaited control traps; (2) the major headspace volatiles emitted by A. pullulans were 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-phenylethyl alcohol; and (3) a synthetic blend of fungal volatiles attracted 4,933 % more wasps on average than unbaited controls. Wasps were most attracted to 2-methyl-1-butanol. The primary wasp species attracted to fungal volatiles were the western yellowjacket (Vespula pensylvanica) and the German yellowjacket (V. germanica), and both species externally vectored A. pullulans. This is the first study to link microbial volatile emissions with eusocial wasp behaviors, and these experiments indicate that volatile compounds emitted by an epiphytic fungus can be responsible for wasp attraction. This work implicates epiphytic microbes as important components in the community ecology of some eusocial hymenopterans, and fungal emissions may signal suitable nutrient sources to foraging wasps. Our experiments are suggestive of a potential symbiosis, but additional studies are needed to determine if eusocial wasp-fungal associations are widespread, and whether these associations are incidental, facultative, or obligate.
Collapse
|
9
|
Davis TS, Hofstetter RW, Foster JT, Foote NE, Keim P. Interactions between the yeast Ogataea pini and filamentous fungi associated with the western pine beetle. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 61:626-634. [PMID: 21085946 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-010-9773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ecologically important microbes other than filamentous fungi can be housed within the fungal-transport structures (mycangia) of Dendroctonus bark beetles. The yeast Ogataea pini (Saccharomycetales: Saccharomycetaceae) was isolated from the mycangia of western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis) populations in northern Arizona (USA) with a frequency of 56%. We performed a series of in vitro assays to test whether volatile organic compounds produced by O. pini affected radial growth rates of mutualistic and antagonistic species of filamentous fungi that are commonly found in association with the beetle including Entomocorticium sp. B, Ophiostoma minus, Beauvaria bassiana, and an Aspergillus sp. We determined the compounds O. pini produced when grown on 2% malt extract agar using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of headspace volatiles. Volatiles produced by O. pini on artificial media significantly enhanced the growth of the mutualistic Entomocorticium sp. B, and inhibited growth of the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana. GC/MS revealed that O. pini produced ethanol, carbon disulfide (CS(2)), and Δ-3-carene in headspace. The results of these studies implicate O. pini as an important component in D. brevicomis community ecology, and we introduce multiple hypotheses for future tests of the effects of yeasts in the symbiont assemblages associated with Dendroctonus bark beetles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Davis
- School of Forestry, Southwest Forest Science Complex (82), Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Weeks ENI, Birkett MA, Cameron MM, Pickett JA, Logan JG. Semiochemicals of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), and their potential for use in monitoring and control. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2011; 67:10-20. [PMID: 20859928 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The recent resurgence of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., has driven an increase in research into the biology and behaviour of this pest. Current control is reliant on the application of insecticides, but, owing to the development of insecticide resistance, there is a need for new tools and techniques. Semiochemicals (behaviour- and physiology-modifying chemicals) could be exploited for management of bed bugs. The aim of this review was to evaluate studies undertaken in bed bug chemical ecology to date, with particular reference to how the research could be exploited for monitoring and control. Bed bugs, like many other insects, have a complex olfactory system. Recent studies have characterised the olfactory sensilla, located on the terminal segment of the antennae, to functional classes by electrophysiological screening. Behavioural studies have revealed the presence of an alarm pheromone and potential airborne aggregation semiochemicals, but it is not yet understood if bed bugs use a sex pheromone during mating. Host location cues have been investigated, and carbon dioxide has been found to be highly attractive both in laboratory and in field studies. Recent field trials have tested blends of other potential kairomones, which have been shown to have an additive effect when used in a heated bed bug trap with carbon dioxide. The trap, which combines heat and kairomones, is the only trap currently available with proven efficacy in the field. In order for semiochemicals to be useful for bed bug management, an increased knowledge and understanding of the biology, behaviour and chemical ecology of this insect is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma N I Weeks
- Biological Chemistry Department, Rothamsted Research, Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lazzari CR, Lorenzo MG. Exploiting triatomine behaviour: alternative perspectives for their control. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104 Suppl 1:65-70. [PMID: 19753460 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000900011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Living in close association with a vertebrate host and feeding on its blood requires different types of adaptations, including behavioural adjustments. Triatomines exhibit particular traits associated with the exploitation of their habitat and food sources and these traits have been the subject of intense analysis. Many aspects of triatomine behaviour have been relatively well characterised and some attempts to exploit the behaviours have been undertaken. Baited traps based on host-associated cues, artificial refuges and light-traps are some of the tools used. Here we discuss how our knowledge of the biology of Chagas disease vectors may help us sample and detect these insects and even increase the efficiency of control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guerenstein PG, Lazzari CR. Host-seeking: How triatomines acquire and make use of information to find blood. Acta Trop 2009; 110:148-58. [PMID: 18983971 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 09/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of triatomine bugs towards haematophagy has demanded different types of adaptations, i.e., morphological, physiological and behavioural. In fact, haematophagy evolved as a secondary adaptation facilitated by frequent vertebrate contact. As derived from other Heteroptera, probably from an entomophagous group, some main morphological pre-adaptations, as piercing mouthparts and sucking pumps were already present. Thus, the most important novel acquisitions of triatomines include physiological and behavioural traits to obtain and handle the blood meal. In this review, we discuss how the sensory system and the behaviour of triatomines have been shaped by natural selection to accomplish the tasks of finding a vertebrate host and getting access to its blood. The feeding behaviour of triatomines is presented in its spatial and temporal context. Finally, some methods to study these topics are described.
Collapse
|
13
|
Pimenta FE, Diotaiuti L, Lima ACL, Lorenzo MG. Evaluation of cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisae as baits for Triatoma dimidiata and Triatoma pallidipennis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102:229-31. [PMID: 17426891 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007005000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the attraction of Triatoma dimidiata and T. pallidipennis to traps baited with yeast volatiles. Two traps were simultaneously presented in opposite sides of an experimental arena. One trap presented a yeast culture in sucrose solution, while the other contained sucrose solution as control. A first experimental series was done without offering a central refuge for bugs. In a second series, one shelter where the insects could hide was offered and the traps were presented afterwards. In the first series, yeast baited traps attracted significantly more insects than control ones for both species. In the second series, T. pallidipennis was significantly attracted to yeast, whereas T. dimidiata was not attracted. The potential use of yeast baited traps for capturing these vectors of Chagas disease is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávio E Pimenta
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|