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Wei J, Li Q, Wu H, Yin X, Ren G. Severe Bilateral Hyperkeratosis of the Nipples and Areolae: A Case Report and Literature Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:781693. [PMID: 35280906 PMCID: PMC8905514 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.781693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola (HNA) is a rare skin disease with unknown etiology. Some patients are misdiagnosed or never diagnosed, especially during the early stage of this disease. In addition, the mechanism involved in the development of HNA is still unknown, and genomic alterations have not been reported anywhere. Case Information A 26-year-old female suffered gradual bilateral areola thickening and enlargement, with accompanying intense itching, and was diagnosed with HNA at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. No obvious abnormalities were found in laboratory test examinations such as hormone testing for estrogen, progesterone, or prolactin. Typical papillomatous skin with orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis and numerous infiltrating lymphocytes was detected through a histopathological examination. The results from RNA-sequencing showed that the molecular expression between HNA and a normal nipple and areola (NNA) was obviously different. No significant difference was found in the bilateral lesions. In addition, immune-related cell signaling pathways were overactivated in HNA compared to the control HNA. Conclusion The typical symptoms, clinical features, and histopathological alterations presented in this case lead to a profound understanding of HNA, which can avoid the misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis of this disease at an early stage. The dysfunction of the local immune system, which was demonstrated by pathological examination and genomic analysis, suggests that anti-autoimmune therapy, such as steroid medication, may be an effective treatment for HNA at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Wei
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingshu Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - He Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuedong Yin
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Reyes-Meza SE, Guevara-Gutiérrez E, Villanueva-Quintero G, Hernández-Arana S, Tlacuilo-Parra A. Nevoid acanthosis nigricans: Report of four cases localized to the umbilicus. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2020; 87:660-665. [PMID: 32719198 DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.ijdvl_1016_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Nevoid acanthosis nigricans is a rare, benign form of acanthosis nigricans. Of the 24 cases documented in the literature, only two are exclusively localized to the umbilicus. We present four cases of nevoid acanthosis nigricans localized to the umbilicus; in patients less than 25 years of age, with no known co-morbidities, three of whom were females. Two of the cases received, with good response, treatment based on topical calcipotriol, a medication not previously reported to be used for this indication. Contrary to other types of acanthosis nigricans, the nevoid acanthosis nigricans is not associated with any syndrome, endocrinopathy, obesity, medication, or neoplasia and it can be confused with other pathologies such as epidermal nevus or dermatosis neglecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia E Reyes-Meza
- Clinical Dermatology Department, Dermatology Institute of Jalisco, "Dr. José Barba Rubio," Secretary of Health of Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Guevara-Gutiérrez
- Clinical Dermatology Department, Dermatology Institute of Jalisco, "Dr. José Barba Rubio," Secretary of Health of Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Villanueva-Quintero
- Clinical Dermatology Department, Dermatology Institute of Jalisco, "Dr. José Barba Rubio," Secretary of Health of Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Socorro Hernández-Arana
- Clinical Dermatology Department, Dermatology Institute of Jalisco, "Dr. José Barba Rubio," Secretary of Health of Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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3
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Waldman RA, Finch J, Grant-Kels JM, Whitaker-Worth D. Skin diseases of the breast and nipple: Inflammatory and infectious diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 80:1483-1494. [PMID: 30452953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Certain dermatologic conditions are unique to the breast and nipple, whereas others may incidentally involve these structures. All require a nuanced approach to diagnosis and treatment because of the functional, sexual, and aesthetic importance of this area. The lactating patient requires special management because certain treatment options are contraindicated. All dermatologic conditions involving the breast and nipple require careful evaluation because malignancy of the breast can be mistaken for a benign condition or may trigger the development of certain dermatologic conditions. The second article in this continuing medical education series reviews common and uncommon inflammatory and infectious conditions of the breast and nipple and provides insight into both the diagnosis and the treatment of this heterogeneous group of diseases. For the purposes of this article, these conditions are divided into 4 distinct categories: 1) dermatitis; 2) radiation-induced changes; 3) mastitis; and 4) miscellaneous dermatologic conditions of the breast and nipple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid A Waldman
- University of Connecticut Health Center Dermatology Department, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Justin Finch
- University of Connecticut Health Center Dermatology Department, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jane M Grant-Kels
- University of Connecticut Health Center Dermatology Department, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Diane Whitaker-Worth
- University of Connecticut Health Center Dermatology Department, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut.
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4
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Cinotti E, Provvidenziale L, Miracco C, Rubegni P. Treatment of nevoid hyperkeratosis of the areola and nipple with topical tacalcitol: A case report. Dermatol Ther 2018; 31:e12602. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Cinotti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Science, Dermatology Section; University of Siena, S. Maria alle Scotte Hospital; Siena Italy
| | - L. Provvidenziale
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Science, Dermatology Section; University of Siena, S. Maria alle Scotte Hospital; Siena Italy
| | - C. Miracco
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Science; Unit of Pathological Anatomy, University of Siena, S. Maria alle Scotte Hospital; Siena Italy
| | - P. Rubegni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Science, Dermatology Section; University of Siena, S. Maria alle Scotte Hospital; Siena Italy
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Wang MF, Wang L, Li LF. Bilateral hyperkeratosis of the nipples and areolae with linear nevus: a rare case report and review of the literature. Postgrad Med 2018; 130:361-364. [PMID: 29486632 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2018.1446652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola is an uncommon dermatosis without well-defined etiology, which occurs mostly in young women and may only be a cosmetic problem. In 1938, Levy-Frankel classified this disease into three variants; type I involves hyperkeratosis with an epidermal nevus, and has rarely been reported. We report a case of a 23-year-old woman with long-term bilateral pigmentation and thickening of the nipples and areolae, accompanied with dark brown, flat lesions with a linear distribution on her left forearm. The verrucous plaques were asymptomatic and could be scratched off by the patient herself. Consequently, she did not seek medical care for more than ten years. The prevalence of this condition is likely underestimated because many affected individuals are not sufficiently motivated to seek medical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fang Wang
- a Beijing Friendship Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Li Wang
- a Beijing Friendship Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Lin-Feng Li
- a Beijing Friendship Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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6
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Kissou A, Mansouri S, Hassam BE. [Hyperkeratotic lesion of the nipple and areola]. Presse Med 2017; 46:626-628. [PMID: 28552486 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Kissou
- CHU Ibn Sina, université Mohammed V, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, dermatologie-vénérologie, Rabat, Maroc.
| | - Siham Mansouri
- CHU Ibn Sina, université Mohammed V, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, dermatologie-vénérologie, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Badr Edine Hassam
- CHU Ibn Sina, université Mohammed V, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, dermatologie-vénérologie, Rabat, Maroc
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Yaghoobi
- Department of Dermatology; Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; Ahvaz Iran
| | - Amir Feily
- Department of Dermatology; Honari clinic; Jahrom Iran
- Department of Dermatology; Jahrom University of Medical Sciences; Jahrom Iran
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8
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Zarkik S, Benzekri L, Elfazazi H, Dehayni M, Hassam B. [Efficacy of calcipotriol ointment in nevoid keratosis of the nipple]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2012. [PMID: 23199772 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The male nipple-areola-complex (NAC) is a residual organ without physiologic functions in the male. It possesses similar hormone sensitivity and sexual sensitivity as the female organ. The location of the NAC on the chest wall with respect to other surface features is relevant for the male appearance. All known disseminated skin diseases may involve the nipple and areola. A number of specific localized diseases have been described in the literature, such as mammillary eczema, demodicidosis, lymphadenosis cutis benigna, nevoid hyperkeratosis, and thelalgia. Special attention is required if nipple discharge is observed. Areolar sebaceous hyperplasia and nearly all kinds of benign cutaneous tumors occur on the nipple and areola. Malignant tumors such as basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, Paget disease and other forms of breast cancer may also be found. In addition, aberrant mammary tissue may occur with a broad clinical spectrum, while absence of the nipple is an unusual observation and occurs in rare syndromes. The association of aberrant mammary tissue with urinary tract malformations has not been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Krause
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Clinic Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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