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Quality of Pepper Seed By-Products: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050748. [PMID: 35267381 PMCID: PMC8908976 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peppers are grown all around the world, usually for fresh consumption, as well as for the industrial production of different products. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds are mostly considered a by-product. Recent investigations have shown that pepper seeds have the potential to be a valuable source of edible oil and fiber-rich flour and protein after processing. Pepper seed oil is a high-quality edible oil according to quality analysis (nutritional, chemical, sensory and antioxidant characteristics) and is suitable as an ingredient for use in the food and nonfood industries (pharmaceutical, chemical, cosmetic industries). The literature review presented in this paper revealed the high quality of two pepper seed by-products (pepper seed oil and pepper seed flour (Capsicum annuum L.)), which could guide the food industry toward new product development based on the circular bioeconomy.
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El-Hawary SS, Mohammed R, El-Din ME, Hassan HM, Ali ZY, Rateb ME, Bellah El Naggar EM, Othman EM, Abdelmohsen UR. Comparative phytochemical analysis of five Egyptian strawberry cultivars ( Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) and antidiabetic potential of Festival and Red Merlin cultivars. RSC Adv 2021; 11:16755-16767. [PMID: 35479159 PMCID: PMC9032053 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10748d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aims to explore the differences in phytochemical composition and biological properties of five strawberry hybrids (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), and highlights the non-edible part (byproduct) as a source of self-remedy natural herb along with fruits. HPLC/DAD/HRESIMS technique was used in the dereplication of ten ethanolic extracts of five strawberry cultivars leaves and fruits (Festival, Red Merlin, Suzana, Tamar and Winter Dawn). Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were established using Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays, respectively. Ethanolic extracts of leaves and fruits from Festival and Red Merlin cultivars were selected to investigate their anti-hyperglycemic activity using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Oxidative stress markers, lipid profile and kidney and liver function tests were assessed. The results revealed different chemical profiles of ten samples with the identification of 37 metabolites, represented mainly as flavonoids and phenolic acid derivatives. Phytochemical investigation resulted in the isolation of seven known phenolic compounds; quercetin, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid, p-tyrosol, methyl gallate, trans-tiliroside and eutigoside A. Suzana cultivar was the richest cultivar with flavonoids and total phenolics except for the total flavonoid content in leaves referred to Festival cultivar. Ethanolic extract of leaves, especially Festival cultivar was the most bioactive one. The results established the role of strawberry leaves along with fruits as an antioxidant and hypoglycemic natural remedy. This work aims to explore the differences in phytochemical composition and biological properties of five strawberry hybrids (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), and highlights the non-edible part (byproduct) as a source of self-remedy natural herb along with fruits.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham S El-Hawary
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo Egypt
| | - Rabab Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - Marwa Emad El-Din
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - Hossam M Hassan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef Egypt .,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - Zeinab Y Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), formerly National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR) Giza 12553 Egypt
| | - Mostafa E Rateb
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland Paisley PA1 2BE Scotland UK
| | | | - Eman M Othman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt.,Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg Am Hubland Würzburg Germany
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University 61111 New Minia Minia Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt
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3
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Natural Products: Evidence for Neuroprotection to Be Exploited in Glaucoma. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103158. [PMID: 33081127 PMCID: PMC7602834 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, is an optic neuropathy characterized by the progressive death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is recognized as the main risk factor. Despite effective IOP-lowering therapies, the disease progresses in a significant number of patients. Therefore, alternative IOP-independent strategies aiming at halting or delaying RGC degeneration is the current therapeutic challenge for glaucoma management. Here, we review the literature on the neuroprotective activities, and the underlying mechanisms, of natural compounds and dietary supplements in experimental and clinical glaucoma.
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Rosas-Martínez M, Gutiérrez-Venegas G. Myricetin Inhibition of Peptidoglycan-Induced COX-2 Expression in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2019; 24:202-209. [PMID: 31328126 PMCID: PMC6615347 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2019.24.2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a cell wall constituent in dental plaque bacteria that triggers inflammatory responses. PGN binds Toll-like receptors, leading to increases in prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1β, which play crucial roles in the inflammatory response and tissue destruction. Dental surgery can give plaque bacteria access to blood circulation, thereby creating a risk of septic inflammation of the endocardium. Plant-derived flavonoids have been reported to reduce inflammatory cytokine secretion by host cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of flavonoid myricetin on expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in the H9c2 cells treated with PGN from Streptococcus sanguinis, a bacterial constituent of dental plaque associated with infective endocarditis. Myricetin exposure resulted in dose-dependent suppression of PGN-induced COX-2 expression, diminished phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and reduced IκB-α degradation, consistent with decreased COX-2 activity. In conclusion, the aforementioned results suggest that myricetin is useful for moderating the inflammatory response in infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Rosas-Martínez
- Biochemistry Laboratory of the Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Gloria Gutiérrez-Venegas
- Biochemistry Laboratory of the Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 04510, Mexico
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5
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Di Sotto A, Di Giacomo S, Amatore D, Locatelli M, Vitalone A, Toniolo C, Rotino GL, Lo Scalzo R, Palamara AT, Marcocci ME, Nencioni L. A Polyphenol Rich Extract from Solanum melongena L. DR2 Peel Exhibits Antioxidant Properties and Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Activity In Vitro. Molecules 2018; 23:E2066. [PMID: 30126139 PMCID: PMC6222547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DR2B and DR2C extracts, obtained by ethanolic maceration of peel from commercially and physiologically ripe aubergine berries, were studied for the antioxidative cytoprotective properties and anti-HSV-1 activity, in line with the evidence that several antioxidants can impair viral replication by maintaining reducing conditions in host cells. The antioxidative cytoprotective effects against tBOOH-induced damage were assessed in Caco2 cells, while antiviral activity was studied in Vero cells; polyphenolic fingerprints were characterized by integrated phytochemical methods. Results highlighted different compositions of the extracts, with chlorogenic acid and delphinidin-3-rutinoside as the major constituents; other peculiar phytochemicals were also identified. Both samples reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and exhibited scavenging and chelating properties. DR2C partly counteracted the tBOOH-induced cytotoxicity, with a remarkable lowering of lactate metabolism under both normoxia and hypoxia; interestingly, it increased intracellular GSH levels. Furthermore, DR2C inhibited the HSV-1 replication when added for 24 h after viral adsorption, as also confirmed by the reduction of many viral proteins' expression. Since DR2C was able to reduce NOX4 expression during HSV-1 infection, its antiviral activity may be correlated to its antioxidant properties. Although further studies are needed to better characterize DR2C activity, the results suggest this extract as a promising new anti-HSV-1 agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Donatella Amatore
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Annabella Vitalone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Leonardo Rotino
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CREA-GB), Via Paullese 28, Lodi, 26836 Montanaso Lombardo, Italy.
| | - Roberto Lo Scalzo
- Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing (CREA-IT), Via Venezian 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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6
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Di Sotto A, Checconi P, Celestino I, Locatelli M, Carissimi S, De Angelis M, Rossi V, Limongi D, Toniolo C, Martinoli L, Di Giacomo S, Palamara AT, Nencioni L. Antiviral and Antioxidant Activity of a Hydroalcoholic Extract from Humulus lupulus L. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5919237. [PMID: 30140367 PMCID: PMC6081516 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5919237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A hydroalcoholic extract from female inflorescences of Humulus lupulus L. (HOP extract) was evaluated for its anti-influenza activity. The ability of the extract to interfere with different phases of viral replication was assessed, as well as its effect on the intracellular redox state, being unbalanced versus the oxidative state in infected cells. The radical scavenging power, inhibition of lipoperoxidation, and ferric reducing activity were assayed as antioxidant mechanisms. A phytochemical characterization of the extract was also performed. We found that HOP extract significantly inhibited replication of various viral strains, at different time from infection. Viral replication was partly inhibited when virus was incubated with extract before infection, suggesting a direct effect on the virions. Since HOP extract was able to restore the reducing conditions of infected cells, by increasing glutathione content, its antiviral activity might be also due to an interference with redox-sensitive pathways required for viral replication. Accordingly, the extract exerted radical scavenging and reducing effects and inhibited lipoperoxidation and the tBOOH-induced cytotoxicity. At phytochemical analysis, different phenolics were identified, which altogether might contribute to HOP antiviral effect. In conclusion, our results highlighted anti-influenza and antioxidant properties of HOP extract, which encourage further in vivo studies to evaluate its possible application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Checconi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Ignacio Celestino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Carissimi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Rossi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Dolores Limongi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Martinoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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7
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Sobolev AP, Mannina L, Capitani D, Sanzò G, Ingallina C, Botta B, Fornarini S, Crestoni ME, Chiavarino B, Carradori S, Locatelli M, Giusti AM, Simonetti G, Vinci G, Preti R, Toniolo C, Reverberi M, Scarpari M, Parroni A, Abete L, Natella F, Di Sotto A. A multi-methodological approach in the study of Italian PDO "Cornetto di Pontecorvo" red sweet pepper. Food Chem 2018; 255:120-131. [PMID: 29571457 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A multi-methodological approach was applied to study red sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) ecotype "Cornetto di Pontecorvo" grown in a greenhouse or in open field. This approach includes morphological analysis, chemical composition determination, and biological activity evaluation of different extracts from pepper fruits. Untargeted analyses, namely NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, allowed the comprehensive pepper metabolite profile of pepper pulp, peel and seeds hydroalcoholic and organic extracts to be determined, showing the presence of sugars, organic acids, amino acids and other secondary metabolites. Targeted analyses, such as HPLC-PDA, HPLC-TLC and spectrophotometric analyses allowed polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids and pigments content to be determined. Samples quality and freshness were verified by the low content of biogenic amines and mycotoxins, as determined using HPLC-FLD and HPLC-MS, respectively. Preliminary biological results demonstrated the ability of the organic extracts to inhibit α-amylase, a key enzyme in the control of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly P Sobolev
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica "Annalaura Segre", CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica "Annalaura Segre", CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Donatella Capitani
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica "Annalaura Segre", CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sanzò
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ingallina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Fornarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elisa Crestoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Chiavarino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giusti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Simonetti
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Vinci
- Laboratorio di Merceologia, Dipartimento di Management, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Preti
- Laboratorio di Merceologia, Dipartimento di Management, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Scarpari
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Parroni
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Abete
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia "V. Ersparmer", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fausta Natella
- Centro di Ricerca per Alimenti e Nutrizione CREA AN, via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Sotto
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia "V. Ersparmer", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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8
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Di Sotto A, Vecchiato M, Abete L, Toniolo C, Giusti AM, Mannina L, Locatelli M, Nicoletti M, Di Giacomo S. Capsicum annuum L. var. Cornetto di Pontecorvo PDO: Polyphenolic profile and in vitro biological activities. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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9
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Andrew R, Izzo AA. Principles of pharmacological research of nutraceuticals. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1177-1194. [PMID: 28500635 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Andrew
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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10
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Nascimento PLA, Nascimento TCES, Ramos NSM, Silva GR, Gomes JEG, Falcão REA, Moreira KA, Porto ALF, Silva TMS. Quantification, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of phenolics isolated from different extracts of Capsicum frutescens (Pimenta Malagueta). Molecules 2014; 19:5434-47. [PMID: 24879587 PMCID: PMC6271728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19045434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the quantification, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and the flavonoid chrysoeriol isolated from different extracts (hexane and acetonitrile extracts from whole fruit, peel and seed) of Capsicum frutescens (pimenta malagueta). The acetonitrile extract of the seeds, peel and whole fruits contained capsaicin as a major component, followed in abundance by dihydrocapsaicin and chrysoeriol. The antimicrobial activity of the isolated compounds against seven microorganisms showed chrysoeriol was the most active compound. In the antioxidant test, the acetonitrile extract from the whole fruit showed the highest activity. The antioxidant activity of pimenta malagueta may be correlated with its phenolic content, principally with the most active compound, capsaicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia L A Nascimento
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n., 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Talita C E S Nascimento
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n., 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Natália S M Ramos
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n., 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Girliane R Silva
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n., 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - José Erick Galindo Gomes
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n., 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Rosângela E A Falcão
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Rua Capitão Pedro Rodrigues, 105, 55290-000 Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Keila A Moreira
- Academic Unit of Garanhuns, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Av. Bom Pastor, s/n, 55292-270 Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Ana L F Porto
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n., 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Tania M S Silva
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n., 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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11
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Chen L, Hwang JE, Choi B, Gu KM, Park Y, Kang YH. Antioxidant capacities and cytostatic effect of Korean red pepper (Capsicum annuum L): a screening and in vitro study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-013-4152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Deurenberg-Yap M, Li T, Tan WL, van Staveren WA, Deurenberg P. Validation of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire for estimation of intakes of energy, fats and cholesterol among Singaporeans. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2014; 9:282-8. [PMID: 24394504 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-6047.2000.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the relative validity of a 159-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for use among adult Singaporeans. This FFQ should be able to classify intakes of energy, total fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat and cholesterol into quintiles of intakes for purposes of epidemiological studies. A total of 126 subjects (84 women and 42 men) took part in the study which included an interview using the newly developed FFQ (assess past month's intake) and three 24-h (24 h) recalls (reference method, collected over a period of 1 month). Subjects also collected two 24 h urinary samples for urea from which total nitrogen excretion was assessed to validate protein intake. When compared to the reference method, the FFQ slighty overestimated the intakes of energy, total fat and types of fat as reflected by the difference in means and the ratio of FFQ to 24 h intakes. The overestimation ranged from 1 to 11% of the reference method. Dietary cholesterol was underestimated by 17% by the FFQ. These differences were however, not statistically significant. Pearson's correlation coefficients (95% confidence intervals (CI)) between intakes assessed by FFQ and reference method varied from 0.58 (0.45, 0.69) for total fat to 0.39 (0.23, 0.53) for polyunsaturated fat. Cross-classification into quintiles resulted in correct classification into the same or adjacent quintiles in 70% of subjects, with only one or two subjects being grossly misclassified. Nitrogen (N) intake from the 24 h recalls did not differ significantly from that estimated from the urinary nitrogen excretion. The mean (± SD) difference was 0.0 ± 0.4 g and the Pearson correlation coefficient (95% CI) was 0.55 (0.31, 0.72). It is concluded that the newly developed FFQ is an adequate tool for classifying individuals' intakes into quintiles for epidemiological studies among Singaporean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Deurenberg-Yap
- Department of Nutrition, Level 5, Institute of Health, 3 Second Hospital Avenue, 168937, Singapore
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Bin HS, Choi UK. Myricetin inhibits adipogenesis in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Comparative study of antioxidant effects of five Korean varieties red pepper (Capsicum annuum L) extracts from various parts including placenta, stalk, and pericarp. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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15
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Determination of hyperoside and 2″-acetylhyperoside from Ligularia fischeri by high performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Novel natural inhibitors of CYP1A2 identified by in silico and in vitro screening. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:3250-62. [PMID: 21686183 PMCID: PMC3116189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12053250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a major cause of herb–drug interactions. The CYP1A2 enzyme plays a major role in the metabolism of drugs in humans. Its broad substrate specificity, as well as its inhibition by a vast array of structurally diverse herbal active ingredients, has indicated the possibility of metabolic herb–drug interactions. Therefore nowadays searching inhibitors for CYP1A2 from herbal medicines are drawing much more attention by biological, chemical and pharmological scientists. In our work, a pharmacophore model as well as the docking technology is proposed to screen inhibitors from herbal ingredients data. Firstly different pharmaphore models were constructed and then validated and modified by 202 herbal ingredients. Secondly the best pharmaphore model was chosen to virtually screen the herbal data (a curated database of 989 herbal compounds). Then the hits (147 herbal compounds) were continued to be filtered by a docking process, and were tested in vitro successively. Finally, five of eighteen candidate compounds (272, 284, 300, 616 and 817) were found to have inhibition of CYP1A2 activity. The model developed in our study is efficient for in silico screening of large herbal databases in the identification of CYP1A2 inhibitors. It will play an important role to prevent the risk of herb–drug interactions at an early stage of the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye‐Jeong Park
- a Department of Biology, College of Advanced Sciences , Dankoook University , Cheonan , 330–714 , Korea
| | - Hyeon‐Cheol Cha
- b Department of Biology, College of Advanced Sciences , Dankoook University , Cheonan , 330–714 , Korea Phone: Fax: E-mail:
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Esatbeyoglu T, Wray V, Winterhalter P. Dimeric procyanidins: screening for B1 to B8 and semisynthetic preparation of B3, B4, B6, And B8 from a polymeric procyanidin fraction of white willow bark (Salix alba). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:7820-7830. [PMID: 20533825 DOI: 10.1021/jf101023e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-seven samples have been analyzed with regard to the occurrence of dimeric procyanidins B1-B8 as well as the composition of polymeric procyanidins. Fifty-two samples were found to contain polymeric procyanidins. In most of the samples, (-)-epicatechin was the predominant unit present. In white willow bark (Salix alba), however, large amounts of (+)-catechin (81.0%) were determined by means of phloroglucinolysis. White willow bark has therefore been used for the semisynthetic formation of dimeric procyanidins B3 [(+)-C-4alpha --> 8-(+)-C)], B4 [(+)-C-4alpha --> 8-(-)-EC)], B6 [(+)-C-4alpha --> 6-(+)-C)], and B8 [(+)-C-4alpha --> 6-(-)-EC)]. The reaction mixtures of the semisynthesis were successfully fractionated with high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC), and dimeric procyanidins B3, B4, B6, and B8 were obtained on a preparative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Schleinitzstrasse 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Kim W, Yang HJ, Youn H, Yun YJ, Seong KM, Youn B. Myricetin inhibits Akt survival signaling and induces Bad-mediated apoptosis in a low dose ultraviolet (UV)-B-irradiated HaCaT human immortalized keratinocytes. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2010; 51:285-296. [PMID: 20339252 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.09141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of cell survival pathways and resistance to apoptosis are generally accepted as crucial aspects of tumorigenesis. As in many tumors, increasing occurrence of human skin cancer and other conflicting effects of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation enhance the demand for novel chemoprevention agents. Myricetin, a naturally occurring phytochemical, is potent in anti-cancer promoting activity and affords to the chemopreventive potential of several healthy-foods, including fruits and vegetables. We demonstrate here that myricetin inhibits Akt activity to induce apoptosis in a low dose ('repairable dose') UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. Treatment of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells with an apoptosis-inducing concentration of myricetin (20 microM) resulted in a decrease in phosphorylation of Akt leading to inhibition of its kinase activity. Myricetin treatment also caused a decrease in phosphorylation of Bad (a pro-apoptotic protein), a direct target of Akt in signaling pathway. Interaction between Bad and 14-3-3beta was reduced markedly in UVB-irradiated cells upon a treatment with myricetin. Comparable to these results, myricetin treatment promoted mitochondrial translocation of Bad, loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and release of the mitochondrial apoptotic proteins including cytochrome c, Smac, and AIF. Ectopic expression of constitutively active Akt granted statistically significant protection against myricetin-induced apoptosis. In addition, myricetin-induced apoptosis in UVB-irradiated cells was notably attenuated in the presence of caspase inhibitors. Together, these results indicate that myricetin might take on potent chemopreventive activity by inhibiting the Akt-mediated survival signaling axis in UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyeon Kim
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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20
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Kannan S, Misra DP, Dvonch JT, Krishnakumar A. Exposures to airborne particulate matter and adverse perinatal outcomes: a biologically plausible mechanistic framework for exploring potential. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2008; 12:1591-602. [PMID: 18813495 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232007000600020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has three objectives: to describe the biologically plausible mechanistic pathways by which exposure to particulate matter (PM) may lead to adverse perinatal outcomes of low birth weight (LBW), intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), and preterm delivery (PTD); review evidence showing that nutrition affects biologic pathways; and explain mechanisms by which nutrition may modify the impact of PM exposure on perinatal outcomes. We propose an interdisciplinary framework that brings together maternal and infant nutrition, air pollution exposure assessment, and cardiopulmonary and perinatal epidemiology. Five possible biologic mechanisms have been put forth in the emerging environmental sciences literature and provide corollaries for the proposed framework. The literature indicates that the effects of PM on LBW, PTD, and IUGR may manifest through the cardiovascular mechanisms of oxidative stress, inflammation, coagulation, endothelial function, and hemodynamic responses. PM exposure studies relating mechanistic pathways to perinatal outcomes should consider the likelihood that biologic responses and adverse birth outcomes may be derived from both PM and non-PM sources. We present strategies for empirically testing the proposed model and developing future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimathi Kannan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Human Nutrition Program, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
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21
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Sim KH, Sil HY. Antioxidant activities of red pepper (Capsicum annuum) pericarp and seed extracts. Int J Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2008.01715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mitochondria-cytochrome C-caspase-9 cascade mediates isorhamnetin-induced apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2008; 270:342-53. [PMID: 18617322 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isorhamnetin is a flavanoid present in plants of the Polygonaceae family and is also an immediate metabolite of quercetin in mammals. Since the plasma level of isorhamnetin is maintained longer than quercetin, isorhamnetin may be a key metabolite to mediate the anti-tumor effect of quercetin. In the present study, we investigated the apoptotic mechanism of isorhamnetin in Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells in vitro and established its in vivo anti-cancer efficacy. In cell culture, isorhamnetin significantly increased DNA fragmentation, and TUNEL positive apoptotic bodies and sub-G(1) apoptotic population in time- and dose-dependent manners. Western blot analyses revealed increased cleavage of caspase-3, and caspase-9 and PARP and increased cytosolic cytochrome C in isorhamnetin-treated cells. These events were accompanied by a reduced mitochondrial potential. Apoptosis was blocked by a general caspase inhibitor or the specific inhibitor of caspase-3 or -9. These in vitro results support mitochondria-dependent caspase activation to mediate isorhamnetin-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, an animal study revealed for the first time that isorhamnetin given by i.p. injection at a dose that is at least one order of magnitude lower than quercetin significantly suppressed the weights of tumors excised from LLC bearing mice. The in vivo anti-tumor efficacy was accompanied by increased TUNEL-positive and cleaved-caspase-3-positive tumor cells. Our data therefore support isorhamnetin as an active anti-cancer metabolite of quercetin in part through caspase-mediated apoptosis.
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Apak R, Güçlü K, Demirata B, Özyürek M, Çelik SE, Bektaşoğlu B, Berker KI, Özyurt D. Comparative evaluation of various total antioxidant capacity assays applied to phenolic compounds with the CUPRAC assay. Molecules 2007; 12:1496-547. [PMID: 17909504 PMCID: PMC6149428 DOI: 10.3390/12071496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It would be desirable to establish and standardize methods that can measure the total antioxidant capacity level directly from vegetable extracts containing phenolics. Antioxidant capacity assays may be broadly classified as electron transfer (ET)- and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based assays. The majority of HAT assays are kinetics-based, and involve a competitive reaction scheme in which antioxidant and substrate compete for peroxyl radicals thermally generated through the decomposition of azo compounds. ET-based assays measure the capacity of an antioxidant in the reduction of an oxidant, which changes colour when reduced. ET assays include the ABTS/TEAC, CUPRAC, DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteu and FRAP methods, each using different chromogenic redox reagents with different standard potentials. This review intends to offer a critical evaluation of existing antioxidant assays applied to phenolics, and reports the development by our research group of a simple and low-cost antioxidant capacity assay for dietary polyphenols, vitamins C and E, and human serum antioxidants, utilizing the copper(II)-neocuproine reagent as the chromogenic oxidizing agent, which we haved named the CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) method. This method offers distinct advantages over other ET-based assays, namely the selection of working pH at physiological pH (as opposed to the Folin and FRAP methods, which work at alkaline and acidic pHs, respectively), applicability to both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants (unlike Folin and DPPH), completion of the redox reactions for most common flavonoids (unlike FRAP), selective oxidation of antioxidant compounds without affecting sugars and citric acid commonly contained in foodstuffs and the capability to assay -SH bearing antioxidants (unlike FRAP). Other similar ET-based antioxidant assays that we have developed or modified for phenolics are the Fe(III)- and Ce(IV)-reducing capacity methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reşat Apak
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320 Turkey; e-mails: , , ,
| | - Kubilay Güçlü
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320 Turkey; e-mails: , , ,
| | - Birsen Demirata
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul Turkey; e-mail: ,
| | - Mustafa Özyürek
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320 Turkey; e-mails: , , ,
| | - Saliha Esin Çelik
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320 Turkey; e-mails: , , ,
| | - Burcu Bektaşoğlu
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320 Turkey; e-mails: , , ,
| | - K. Işıl Berker
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320 Turkey; e-mails: , , ,
| | - Dilek Özyurt
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul Turkey; e-mail: ,
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Laabich A, Manmoto CC, Kuksa V, Leung DW, Vissvesvaran GP, Karliga I, Kamat M, Scott IL, Fawzi A, Kubota R. Protective effects of myricetin and related flavonols against A2E and light mediated-cell death in bovine retinal primary cell culture. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85:154-65. [PMID: 17544396 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the effect of flavonols, namely myricetin and structurally related quercetin and kaempferol against A2E and blue light-induced photoreceptors death in primary retinal cell cultures. Primary retinal cell cultures were prepared from bovine retinas. Fourteen-day-old cultures were pretreated with different concentrations of myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol (1-40 microM) for 24 h, then treated with 30 microM of A2E or exposed to blue-actinic light for 20 h. Green nucleic acid stain assay was used to evaluate cell death. Photoreceptor and bipolar cells were immunolabeled with specific antibodies and were counted using automated microscope imaging and image-based cell counting software. Twenty hours exposure to blue light induced approximately 75% death of photoreceptors in bovine retinal cell cultures. Myricetin protected 100% of photoreceptors against blue-light-mediated damage with an EC(50) of 9+/-0.7 microM. Quercetin resulted in a maximum of 15% protection against light damage, and kaempferol was inactive. A2E induced photoreceptor and bipolar cell death in a concentration-dependent manner with EC(50) of 25 microM for photoreceptors and 31 microM for bipolar cells. Myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol protected against A2E-induced photoreceptors and bipolar cells death with EC(50) values of 2+/-0.3 microM, 2+/-0.3 microM, 5+/-0.09 microM and 0.8+/-0.07 microM, 0.44+/-0.06 microM, 1+/-0.4 microM, respectively. Caspase-3 inhibitor (Z-DEVD-fmk) protected 42% photoreceptors and 57% bipolar cells from A2E toxicity. In contrast, this inhibitor had no effect against light-induced photoreceptor damage. Despite the poor activity of quercetin and the inactivity of kaempferol against blue light, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol exhibited approximately 100% protection against A2E toxicity. This suggests that light- and A2E-induced cell deaths are mediated through different pathways. These results suggest that myricetin functions as potent and effective neuroprotective agent for photoreceptor cells against A2E and light damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Laabich
- Acucela Inc, 21720 23rd Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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Lee ER, Kim JH, Kang YJ, Cho SG. The anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effect of eriodictyol on UV-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:32-7. [PMID: 17202655 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, considerable scientific and therapeutic interest has focused on the structure and functions of the flavonoids. In a previous study, we suggested that hydroxyl (OH) substitutions on specific carbons in the skeleton of the flavonoids might significantly affect their apoptosis-modulating properties. Here, to investigate the effect of various OH substitutions on their diphenylpropane (C6C3C6) skeleton carbons, we selected 10 different flavonoids and assessed their role on UV-induced apoptosis of human keratinocytes, the principal cell type of epidermis. The results showed that 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxylflavanone (eriodictyol) and 3,4'-dihydroxy flavone (3,4'-DHF) had a positive effect on cell proliferation of human HaCaT keratinocytes. Treatment with eriodictyol in particular resulted in significant suppression of cell death induced by ultraviolet (UV) light, a major skin-damaging agent. We found that eriodictyol treatment apparently reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, concomitant with the repression of caspase-3 activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects of eriodictyol were also confirmed in UV-induced cell death of normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that eriodictyol can be used to protect keratinocytes from UV-induced damage, implying the presence of a complex structure-activity relationship (SAR) in the differential apoptosis-modulating activities of various flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Ryoung Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Kannan S, Misra DP, Dvonch JT, Krishnakumar A. Exposures to airborne particulate matter and adverse perinatal outcomes: a biologically plausible mechanistic framework for exploring potential effect modification by nutrition. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1636-42. [PMID: 17107846 PMCID: PMC1665414 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The specific objectives are threefold: to describe the biologically plausible mechanistic pathways by which exposure to particulate matter (PM) may lead to the adverse perinatal outcomes of low birth weight (LBW), intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), and preterm delivery (PTD); review the evidence showing that nutrition affects the biologic pathways; and explain the mechanisms by which nutrition may modify the impact of PM exposure on perinatal outcomes. METHODS We propose an interdisciplinary conceptual framework that brings together maternal and infant nutrition, air pollution exposure assessment, and cardiopulmonary and perinatal epidemiology. Five possible albeit not exclusive biologic mechanisms have been put forth in the emerging environmental sciences literature and provide corollaries for the proposed framework. CONCLUSIONS Protecting the environmental health of mothers and infants remains a top global priority. The existing literature indicates that the effects of PM on LBW, PTD, and IUGR may manifest through the cardiovascular mechanisms of oxidative stress, inflammation, coagulation, endothelial function, and hemodynamic responses. PM exposure studies relating mechanistic pathways to perinatal outcomes should consider the likelihood that biologic responses and adverse birth outcomes may be derived from both PM and non-PM sources (e.g., nutrition). In the concluding section, we present strategies for empirically testing the proposed model and developing future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimathi Kannan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Human Nutrition Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arboe, Michigan 48109-2029, USA.
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Fast screening of total flavonols in wines, tea-infusions and tomato juice by flow injection/adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Erhart LM, Lankat-Buttgereit B, Schmidt H, Wenzel U, Daniel H, Göke R. Flavone initiates a hierarchical activation of the caspase-cascade in colon cancer cells. Apoptosis 2005; 10:611-7. [PMID: 15909122 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-1895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that dietary factors can prevent cancer by affecting the process of carcinogenesis. Flavonoids present in vegetarian food possess antioxidant activities, have scavenging effects on activated carcinogens and mutagens, affect cell cycle progression and alter gene and protein expression. We report here that flavone, the core structure of the flavone subgroup, potently inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Flavone induces the activation of caspases 2, 3, 8, 9 and 10 and a decrease of mitochondrial anti-apoptotic Bcl(2) protein expression. Further analysis revealed that caspase 10 activation is mediated via caspase 1. Additionally, treatment with flavone results in release of the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), the key trigger of caspase-independent apoptosis, into the cytosol. In summary, our data show that flavone induces apoptosis in a caspase-dependent and -independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Erhart
- Clinical Research Unit for Gastrointestinal Endocrinology, University of Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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Abrahamse SL, Kloots WJ, van Amelsvoort JM. Absorption, distribution, and secretion of epicatechin and quercetin in the rat. Nutr Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2004.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Arabbi PR, Genovese MI, Lajolo FM. Flavonoids in vegetable foods commonly consumed in Brazil and estimated ingestion by the Brazilian population. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:1124-1131. [PMID: 14995109 DOI: 10.1021/jf0499525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to quantify the flavonoids present in foods most commonly consumed by the Brazilian population. The predominant flavonoids found in largest abundance in all of the analyzed vegetables were glycosides of quercetin. In lettuce, a small amount of luteolin was also detected. In sweet pepper, quercetin and luteolin were both present. White onion [48-56 mg/100 g of fresh weight (FW), expressed as aglycon], red onion (40-100 mg/100 g of FW), red lettuce (67-67.2 mg/100 g of FW), arugula (41-118 mg/100 g of FW), and chicory (18-38 mg/100 g of FW) were highest in total flavonoids. In fruits, the highest concentrations of flavonoids were found in the peel (125-170 mg/100 g of FW) and pulp (35-44 mg/100 g of FW) of oranges and in some apple varieties (14-36 mg/100 g of FW). Variability in flavonoid content due to time of harvesting was high for leafy vegetables and red onions. The estimated ingestion by Brazilian population ranged from 60 to 106 mg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola R Arabbi
- Laboratório de Química, Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, FCF, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, Bloco 14, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Flavonoids are phytochemicals with potentially beneficial biological effects that are poorly characterised in existing tables of food composition. DESIGN To describe new techniques for analysis, absorption, informatics and dietary assessment that are important in measuring the flavonoid content in foods and in developing a flavonoid food composition database. SETTING Data on chemical analyses of the major flavonoid compounds that exist in the food science literature are being located, collated and compiled into a preliminary flavonoid food composition database. RESULTS The analytical process begins with preparation of the food for flavonoid analysis using techniques to disrupt the food matrix, alcoholic extraction, and enzymatic or acidic hydrolysis to remove sugars. Separation is usually accomplished using high-performance liquid chromatography. Flavonoids are identified by diode array spectrometry, mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Quantification usually employs comparison of the sample with standards, if available, using the area under the curve of the chromatogram to estimate quantity. Absorption studies are useful since flavonoids vary in their absorption. Finally, information management technologies (informatics) are used to translate flavonoid data information into food composition databases. This process involves identification of foods containing the compounds of interest, collection and organisation of sources of existing analytical data, assignment of quality scores or aggregation of acceptable data for each component and food, calculation of appropriate statistics, assignment of food codes and verification, and finalization. The resulting food flavonoid database can be used with state-of-the-art dietary assessment methods to develop estimates of flavonoid intakes in foods and to correlate these with estimates of disease risk. CONCLUSIONS A provisional flavonoid database, including at least two components from each of six classes of flavonoids, should be completed in 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna T Dwyer
- Schools of Medicine, Nutrition and the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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O'Byrne DJ, Devaraj S, Grundy SM, Jialal I. Comparison of the antioxidant effects of Concord grape juice flavonoids alpha-tocopherol on markers of oxidative stress in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:1367-74. [PMID: 12450905 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concord grape juice (CGJ) is a rich source of flavonoids, which have greater antioxidant efficacy in vitro than does alpha-tocopherol; however, the efficacies of flavonoids and alpha-tocopherol in vivo have not been compared. OBJECTIVE We compared the in vivo antioxidant efficacy of CGJ with that of alpha-tocopherol in healthy adults. DESIGN Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 400 IU RRR-alpha-tocopherol/d (n = 17) or 10 mL CGJ. kg(-1). d(-1) (n = 15) for 2 wk. Serum oxygen radical absorbance capacity, plasma protein carbonyls, urinary F(2)-isoprostanes, and resistance of LDL to ex vivo oxidation were measured before and after supplementation as markers of antioxidant status and oxidative stress. RESULTS After supplementation, plasma alpha-tocopherol increased 92% in subjects who received alpha-tocopherol (P < 0.001); plasma total and conjugated phenols increased 17% (P < 0.01) and 22% (P < 0.001), respectively, in subjects who received CGJ. There was a significant change in plasma triacylglycerols in both groups, but the concentrations were within the normal range. CGJ supplementation was associated with significantly higher triacylglycerols than was alpha-tocopherol supplementation. Both supplementation regimens significantly increased serum oxygen radical absorbance capacity (P < 0.001) and LDL lag time (P < 0.001) and significantly decreased the LDL oxidation rate (P < 0.01), with no significant difference in effectiveness. Protein carbonyl concentrations in native plasma decreased 20% after CGJ supplementation, which was a significantly different response than that after alpha-tocopherol supplementation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In healthy adults, 10 mL CGJ. kg(-1). d(-1) increased serum antioxidant capacity and protected LDL against oxidation to an extent similar to that obtained with 400 IU alpha-tocopherol/d but decreased native plasma protein oxidation significantly more than did alpha-tocopherol. CGJ flavonoids are potent antioxidants that may protect against oxidative stress and reduce the risk of free radical damage and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn J O'Byrne
- Center for Human Nutrition and the Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Human Metabolism, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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Howard LR, Pandjaitan N, Morelock T, Gil MI. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of spinach as affected by genetics and growing season. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:5891-5896. [PMID: 12358455 DOI: 10.1021/jf020507o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of 11 commercial cultivars and 15 advanced breeding lines of spinach were determined over two growing seasons known to vary in biotic and abiotic stresses. Flavonoid composition and content of fall-grown commercial cultivars and advanced breeding lines were also determined. Over-winter spinach, which was planted in late fall and harvested in the spring, had much higher levels of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity than spinach planted in early fall and harvested in late fall, indicating that growing conditions, as well as biotic and abiotic stresses, influenced phenolic metabolism. Genotype also appeared to play an important role in affecting phenolic metabolism and antioxidant capacity in spinach. Advanced breeding lines of spinach, which show increased disease resistance, had higher levels of total phenolics, individual and total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity than commercial cultivars. Our results indicate that plant breeders can select for increased phenolic content to increase antioxidant capacity in spinach cultivars, or the crops can be grown in different seasons or under certain stress conditions to elevate levels of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Howard
- Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA.
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Shaheen SO, Sterne JA, Thompson RL, Songhurst CE, Margetts BM, Burney PG. Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults: population-based case-control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1823-8. [PMID: 11734430 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2104061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A protective role for dietary antioxidants in asthma has been proposed. However, epidemiological evidence to implicate antioxidant vitamins is weak, and data on the role of flavonoid-rich foods and antioxidant trace elements are lacking. We carried out a population-based case-control study in South London, UK, to investigate whether asthma is less common and less severe in adults who consume more dietary antioxidants. Participants were aged 16-50 yr and registered with 40 general practices. Asthma was defined by positive responses to a standard screening questionnaire in 1996, and complete information about usual diet was obtained by food frequency questionnaire from 607 cases and 864 controls in 1997. After controlling for potential confounding factors and total energy intake, apple consumption was negatively associated with asthma (odds ratio [OR] per increase in frequency group 0.89 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82 to 0.97]; p = 0.006). Intake of selenium was also negatively associated with asthma (OR per quintile increase 0.84 [0.75 to 0.94]; p = 0.002). Red wine intake was negatively associated with asthma severity. The associations between apple and red wine consumption and asthma may indicate a protective effect of flavonoids. The findings for dietary selenium could have implications for health policy in Britain where intake has been declining.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Shaheen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, King's College, Capital House, London, United Kingdom.
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Lazarus SA, Hammerstone JF, Adamson GE, Schmitz HH. High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of proanthocyanidins in food and beverages. Methods Enzymol 2001; 335:46-57. [PMID: 11400390 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)35230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Lazarus
- Mars, Inc., Hackettstown, New Jersey 07840, USA
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Howard LR, Talcott ST, Brenes CH, Villalon B. Changes in phytochemical and antioxidant activity of selected pepper cultivars (Capsicum species) as influenced by maturity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:1713-20. [PMID: 10820084 DOI: 10.1021/jf990916t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of fruit maturation on changes in carotenoids, flavonoids, total soluble reducing equivalents, phenolic acids, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity (AOX) in different pepper types (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum chinese) was determined. Generally, the concentration of these chemical constituents increased as the peppers reached maturity. Peppers contained high levels of L-ascorbic acid and carotenoids at maturity, contributing 124-338% of the RDA for vitamin C and 0.33-336 RE/100 g of provitamin A activity, respectively. Levels of phenolic acids, capxanthin, and zeaxanthin generally increased during maturation, whereas the level of lutein declined. Flavonoid concentrations varied greatly among the pepper types analyzed and were negatively correlated to AOX under the conditions of the beta-carotene-linoleic assay. Model systems were used to aid in understanding the relationship between flavonoids and AOX. Significant increases in AOX were observed in pepper juice models in response to increasing dilution factors and the presence of EDTA, indicating a pro-oxidant effect due to metal ions in the system. In vitro models demonstrated that increasing levels of flavonoids in combination with constant levels of caffeic and ascorbic acid gave a resultant AOX that was either additive of the two compounds or competitive in their ability to scavenge peroxyl radicals. The model systems were in good agreement with the chemical composition of the pepper cultivars and reflected the interactions affecting AOX. More research is needed to understand the complex interactions that occur among various antioxidants present in pepper extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Howard
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704, USA
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Adamson GE, Lazarus SA, Mitchell AE, Prior RL, Cao G, Jacobs PH, Kremers BG, Hammerstone JF, Rucker RB, Ritter KA, Schmitz HH. HPLC method for the quantification of procyanidins in cocoa and chocolate samples and correlation to total antioxidant capacity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:4184-4188. [PMID: 10552788 DOI: 10.1021/jf990317m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Monomeric and oligomeric procyanidins present in cocoa liquors and chocolates were separated and quantified in four different laboratories using a normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection. Procyanidin standards through decamers were obtained by extraction from cocoa beans, enrichment by Sephadex LH-20 gel permeation chromatography, and final purification by preparative normal-phase HPLC. The purity of each oligomeric fraction was assessed using HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry. A composite standard was then prepared, and calibration curves were generated for each oligomeric class using a quadratic fit of area sum versus concentration. Results obtained by each of the laboratories were in close agreement, which suggests this method is reliable and reproducible for quantification of procyanidins. Furthermore, the procyanidin content of the samples was correlated to the antioxidant capacity measured using the ORAC assay as an indicator for potential biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Adamson
- Analytical and Applied Sciences Group, Mars, Incorporated, 800 High Street, Hackettstown, New Jersey 07840, USA
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Lazarus SA, Adamson GE, Hammerstone JF, Schmitz HH. High-performance liquid Chromatography/Mass spectrometry analysis of proanthocyanidins in foods and beverages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:3693-701. [PMID: 10552707 DOI: 10.1021/jf9813642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Monomeric and oligomeric proanthocyanidins present in a range of plant-derived foods and beverages were separated by degree of polymerization and identified using a modified normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with on-line mass spectrometry (MS) analysis using an atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray chamber. In addition, ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescence detection were used to monitor the separation of proanthocyanidins, with fluorescence detection demonstrating both increased sensitivity and the ability to reduce interfering signals from other components present in the food and beverage matrices as compared to UV detection. This qualitative study demonstrates the ability of this HPLC/MS technique to separate singly and doubly linked procyanidins, prodelphinidins, and copolymer oligomers, including their galloylated derivatives, present in a range of food and beverage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lazarus
- Analytical and Applied Sciences Group, Mars, Incorporated, 800 High Street, Hackettstown, New Jersey 07840, USA.
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Hammerstone JF, Lazarus SA, Mitchell AE, Rucker R, Schmitz HH. Identification of procyanidins in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and chocolate using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:490-496. [PMID: 10563922 DOI: 10.1021/jf980760h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Monomeric and oligomeric procyanidins present in cocoa and chocolate were separated and identified using a modified normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with on-line mass spectrometry (MS) analysis using an atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray chamber. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a silica stationary phase in combination with a gradient ascending in polarity. This qualitative report confirms the presence of a complex series of procyanidins in raw cocoa and certain chocolates using HPLC/MS techniques. Although both cocoa and chocolate contained monomeric and oligomeric procyanidin units 2-10, only use of negative mode provided MS data for the higher oligomers (i.e., >pentamer). Application of this method for qualitative analysis of proanthocyanidins in other food products and confirmation of this method as a reliable quantitative tool for determining levels of procyanidins in cocoa, chocolate, and other food products are currently being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Hammerstone
- Analytical and Applied Sciences Group, Hackettstown, New Jersey 07840, USA.
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