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Yedidya I, Stassen J, Butcher S, van Wijngaarden AL, Wu Y, van der Bijl P, Marsan NA, Delgado V, Bax J. The prognostic value of changes in pulmonary vein flow patterns after surgical repair for primary mitral regurgitation. Int J Cardiol 2024; 414:132414. [PMID: 39098612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.132414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pulmonary vein (PV) flow pattern is influenced by the presence of mitral regurgitation (MR). After a successful reduction in MR severity, the pattern is expected to be changed. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of a change in the PV flow pattern in patients with primary MR undergoing mitral valve repair (MVR). METHODS The PV flow pattern was assessed with transthoracic echocardiography in 216 patients (age 65 [IQR 56-72] years, 70% male) with primary MR before and after surgical MVR. The population was divided according to a change in the PV flow pattern following MVR into 'improvers' and 'non-improvers'. RESULTS Non-improvers (15%) had a higher prevalence of paroxysmal AF at baseline (46% vs. 22%, p = 0.004), left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF ≤60%) (39% vs. 21%, p = 0.020), and had lower systolic pulmonary artery pressure (28[IQR 25-38] vs. 35[IQR 26-48] mmHg, p = 0.018) compared to improvers (85%). After a median follow-up of 83[IQR 43-140] months, 26(12%) patients died. Non-improvers had higher mortality rates than improvers (p = 0.009). On multivariable Cox regression analysis, a lack of improvement in the PV flow pattern remained independently associated with all-cause mortality (HR 2.322, 95% CI 1.140 to 4.729, P = 0.020). CONCLUSION A lack of improvement in the PV flow pattern is independently associated with worse long-term survival in patients with primary MR undergoing MVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Yedidya
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, 39 Jabotinsky St, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel; Affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Jan Stassen
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Steele Butcher
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Victoria Square, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Aniek L van Wijngaarden
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yoska Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter van der Bijl
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nina Ajmone Marsan
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Victoria Delgado
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bax
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
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2
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Bohra C, Asch FM, Lerakis S, Little SH, Redfors B, Zhou Z, Li Y, Weissman NJ, Grayburn PA, Kar S, Lim DS, Abraham WT, Lindenfeld J, Mack MJ, Bax JJ, Stone GW. Pulmonary Vein Systolic Flow Reversal and Outcomes in Patients From the Cardiovascular Outcomes Assessment of the MitraClip Percutaneous Therapy for Heart Failure Patients With Functional Mitral Regurgitation (COAPT) Trial. STRUCTURAL HEART : THE JOURNAL OF THE HEART TEAM 2024; 8:100333. [PMID: 39290680 PMCID: PMC11403024 DOI: 10.1016/j.shj.2024.100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Background The implications of pulmonary vein (PV) flow patterns in patients with heart failure (HF) and mitral regurgitation (MR) are uncertain. We examined PV flow patterns in the Cardiovascular Outcomes Assessment of the MitraClip Percutaneous Therapy for Heart Failure Patients With Functional Mitral Regurgitation (COAPT) trial (NCT01626079), in which patients with HF and moderate-to-severe or severe functional MR were randomized to transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) with the MitraClip device plus guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) vs. GDMT alone. We sought to evaluate the prognostic utility of baseline PV systolic flow reversal (PVSFR) in HF patients with severe MR and to determine whether the presence of PVSFR can discriminate patients most likely to benefit from TEER in COAPT trial patients. Methods Patients were categorized by the echocardiographic core laboratory-assessed baseline presence of PVSFR. Two-year outcomes were examined according to PVSFR and treatment. Results Baseline PV flow patterns were evaluable in 526/614(85.7%) patients, 48.9% of whom had PVSFR. Patients with PVSFR had more severe MR, reduced stroke volume and cardiac output, greater right ventricular dysfunction, and worse hemodynamics. By multivariable analysis, PVSFR was not an independent predictor of 2-year all-cause death, or heart failure hospitalization (HFH). The reductions in the 2-year rates of all-cause death and HFH with TEER compared with GDMT alone were similar in patients with and without PVSFR (Pinteraction = 0.40 and 0.12, respectively). The effect of TEER on improving Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire scores and 6-minute walk distance were also independent of PVSFR. Conclusions In the COAPT trial, PVSFR identified HF patients with severe MR and more advanced heart disease. Patients with and without PVSFR had consistent reductions in mortality, HFH, and improved quality-of-life and functional capacity after TEER. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrial.gov IdentifierNCT01626079.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekar Bohra
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Federico M Asch
- Medstar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Stamatios Lerakis
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Stephen H Little
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Björn Redfors
- Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhipeng Zhou
- Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York
| | - Yanru Li
- Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York
| | - Neil J Weissman
- Medstar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Saibal Kar
- Los Robles Regional Medical Center, Thousand Oaks, CA and Bakersfield Heart Hospital, Bakersfield, California
| | - D Scott Lim
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | | | | | - Jeroen J Bax
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gregg W Stone
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Dvir T, Amsalem I, Carasso S, Gilad O, Asher E, Dvir D, Postell YY, Glikson M, Marmor D, Shuvy M. Pulmonary venous flow patterns associated with long-term mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge outcomes. Hellenic J Cardiol 2024:S1109-9666(24)00119-2. [PMID: 38821380 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) is a prominent therapeutic option for mitral regurgitation (MR) patients. However, it lacks objective parameters to assess procedural efficacy. This study aims to investigate pulmonary venous (PV) flow as a surrogate for valvular hemodynamics and its associations to clinical outcomes. METHODS Consecutive MR patients who underwent TEER in our center from January 2020 to October 2021 were retrospectively investigated. PV flow parameters were measured before and after TEER, including velocity (cm/s), velocity time integral (VTI) (cm), and systolic/diastolic ratios. Primary outcomes were 1, 6, and 12 months heart failure hospitalizations (HFH) and 1 year all-cause mortality. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 80 patients. The mean age was 74.76 ± 10.13 years, 26 with primary and 54 with secondary MR. Systolic wave parameters improved significantly after TEER: mean peak velocity increased from 9.94 ± 31.95 to 35.74 ± 15.03 cm/s, and VTI from 3.62 ± 5.99 to 8.33 ± 4.72 cm. Furthermore, systolic to diastolic VTI and peak-velocities ratios showed significant improvement of 0.39 ± 0.63 to 0.81 ± 0.47 and 0.23 ± 0.66 to 0.91 ± 0.43, respectively. Using multivariable analysis, higher post-procedural SVTI was associated with less HFH: 1-month (OR = 0.72, CI [0.52,0.98]), 6-months (OR = 0.8, CI [0.66,0.97]), 1-year (OR = 0.85, CI [0.73,0.99]), as well as reduced 1-year mortality (OR = 0.64 95% CI [0.45,0.91]). Furthermore, compared to patients with SVTI ≥ 3, patients with SVTI < 3 had a higher risk for HFH at: 1-month (OR = 16.59, CI [1.48,186.02]), 6-months (OR = 12.2, CI [1.69,88.07]), and 1-year (OR = 8.61, CI [1.27,58.27]), as well as elevated 1-year mortality (OR = 8.07, 95% CI [1.04,62.28]). CONCLUSION PV flow was significantly improved following TEER, and several hemodynamic parameters were associated with HFH and mortality. These results may offer a basis for establishing future procedural goals to ensure better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Dvir
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tzameret Program, Israel
| | - Itshak Amsalem
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shemy Carasso
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Or Gilad
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tzameret Program, Israel
| | - Elad Asher
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Danny Dvir
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Yan Postell
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tzameret Program, Israel
| | - Michael Glikson
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Marmor
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mony Shuvy
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Cai SR, Pollak A, Madsen G, McCartney S, Hashmi N, Haney JC, Nicoara A. Pulmonary Vein Systolic Flow Reversal Seen With Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation. CASE (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2023; 7:266-272. [PMID: 37546361 PMCID: PMC10403631 DOI: 10.1016/j.case.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
•Systolic PVF reversal is specific to severe MR. •We report systolic PVF reversal with severe TR and TS. •This may be caused by interatrial dependence due to elevated RAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny R. Cai
- Correspondence: Sunny R. Cai, MD, ECU Health, Department of Anethesiology, 1905 Belles Ferry Court, Winterville, North Carolina 28590.
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Mazzola M, Giannini C. Predicting outcomes after trans-catheter edge-to-edge repair with MitraClip: a nearing milestone. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2022; 23:798-800. [PMID: 36349944 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Muñoz-Rodríguez R, Duque-González MA, Igareta-Herraiz AT, Di Silvestre M, Izquierdo-Gómez MM, Baeza-Garzón F, Barragán-Acea A, Bosa-Ojeda F, Lacalzada-Almeida J. Practical Echocardiographic Approach of the Regurgitant Mitral Valve Assessment. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071717. [PMID: 35885621 PMCID: PMC9319327 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitral regurgitation is the second-most frequent valvular heart disease in Europe after degenerative aortic stenosis. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and its prevalence is expected to increase with population aging. Echocardiography is the first diagnostic approach to assess its severity, constituting a challenging process in which a multimodality evaluation, integrating quantitative, semiquantitative and qualitative methods, as well as a detailed evaluation of the morphology and function of both left ventricle and atria is the key. In this review, we would like to provide a practical diagnosis approach on the mitral valve regurgitation mechanism, severity quantification, and planning of future therapeutic options.
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Lancellotti P, Pibarot P, Chambers J, La Canna G, Pepi M, Dulgheru R, Dweck M, Delgado V, Garbi M, Vannan MA, Montaigne D, Badano L, Maurovich-Horvat P, Pontone G, Vahanian A, Donal E, Cosyns B. Multi-modality imaging assessment of native valvular regurgitation: an EACVI and ESC council of valvular heart disease position paper. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2022; 23:e171-e232. [PMID: 35292799 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeab253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Valvular regurgitation represents an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Imaging is pivotal in the evaluation of native valve regurgitation and echocardiography is the primary imaging modality for this purpose. The imaging assessment of valvular regurgitation should integrate quantification of the regurgitation, assessment of the valve anatomy and function, and the consequences of valvular disease on cardiac chambers. In clinical practice, the management of patients with valvular regurgitation largely relies on the results of imaging. It is crucial to provide standards that aim at establishing a baseline list of measurements to be performed when assessing native valve regurgitation. The present document aims to present clinical guidance for the multi-modality imaging assessment of native valvular regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizio Lancellotti
- Department of Cardiology, Valvular Disease Clinic, University of Liège Hospital, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy.,Anthea Hospital, Via Camillo Rosalba, 35, Bari, Italy
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- Department of Medicine, Québec Heart & Lung Institute, Laval University, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - John Chambers
- Emeritus Professor of Clinical Cardiology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Giovanni La Canna
- Cardiovascular Department, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Applied Diagnostic Echocardiography, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Pepi
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Raluca Dulgheru
- Department of Cardiology, Valvular Disease Clinic, University of Liège Hospital, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mark Dweck
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Victoria Delgado
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Madalina Garbi
- Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge University Health Partner, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0AY Cambridge, UK
| | - Mani A Vannan
- Marcus Heart Valve Center, Piedmont Heart Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Montaigne
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Luigi Badano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20089 Milan, Italy.,Department of Cardiac, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Pal Maurovich-Horvat
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Alec Vahanian
- UFR Medecine, Université de Paris, Site Bichat, 16 rue Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.,LVTS INSERM U1148, GH Bichat, 46, rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Erwan Donal
- University of Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI-UMR 1099, Rennes, France
| | - Bernard Cosyns
- Department of Cardiology, CHVZ (Centrum voor Hart en Vaatziekten), ICMI (In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging) Laboratory, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 101 Laarbeeklaan, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Itakura K, Utsunomiya H, Takemoto H, Takahari K, Ueda Y, Izumi K, Ikenaga H, Hidaka T, Fukuda Y, Nakano Y. Prevalence, distribution, and determinants of pulmonary venous systolic flow reversal in severe mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 22:964-973. [PMID: 34041531 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of pulmonary venous systolic flow reversal (PVSFR) in patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR), and to examine the relationship between PVSFR profile and cardiac parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 125 patients with severe MR who had transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) performed were reviewed. Of these, 121 (96.8%) patients showed all four pulmonary venous (PV) flows by TOE. They were categorized into three groups by the MR aetiology: degenerative MR (DMR) (n = 72), ventricular functional MR (V-FMR) (n = 20), and atrial functional MR (A-FMR) (n = 16). Eighteen (16.7%) patients had PVSFR in all four PVs. Twenty-nine (26.9%) had PVSFR in three PVs, 23 (21.3%) in two PVs, and 23 (21.3%) in one PV. PVSFR appeared at right PVs more frequently compared with left PVs. A high number of PVSFR was significantly correlated with higher pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and 3D vena contracta area (3D-VCA). With regard to MR aetiology, the number of PVSFRs was correlated with high 3D-VCA in patients with DMR and A-FMR, while it was correlated with high PCWP in patients with V-FMR. Laminar-type PVSFR appeared more frequently in FMR compared with DMR, and it had a relationship with higher PCWP and lower right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC). CONCLUSION All four PV were detected in 96.8%, and 16.8% patients had PVSFR in all four PVs. PCWP and 3D-VCA were correlated with the number of PVSFRs in severe MR patients. Laminar-type PVSFR was related to higher PCWP and lower RVFAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Itakura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroto Utsunomiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hajime Takemoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takahari
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ueda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kanako Izumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ikenaga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hidaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Fukuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Hagendorff A, Knebel F, Helfen A, Stöbe S, Haghi D, Ruf T, Lavall D, Knierim J, Altiok E, Brandt R, Merke N, Ewen S. Echocardiographic assessment of mitral regurgitation: discussion of practical and methodologic aspects of severity quantification to improve diagnostic conclusiveness. Clin Res Cardiol 2021; 110:1704-1733. [PMID: 33839933 PMCID: PMC8563569 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-021-01841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The echocardiographic assessment of mitral valve regurgitation (MR) by characterizing specific morphological features and grading its severity is still challenging. Analysis of MR etiology is necessary to clarify the underlying pathological mechanism of the valvular defect. Severity of mitral regurgitation is often quantified based on semi-quantitative parameters. However, incongruent findings and/or interpretations of regurgitation severity are frequently observed. This proposal seeks to offer practical support to overcome these obstacles by offering a standardized workflow, an easy means to identify non-severe mitral regurgitation, and by focusing on the quantitative approach with calculation of the individual regurgitant fraction. This work also indicates main methodological problems of semi-quantitative parameters when evaluating MR severity and offers appropriateness criteria for their use. It addresses the diagnostic importance of left-ventricular wall thickness, left-ventricular and left atrial volumes in relation to disease progression, and disease-related complaints to improve interpretation of echocardiographic findings. Finally, it highlights the conditions influencing the MR dynamics during echocardiographic examination. These considerations allow a reproducible, verifiable, and transparent in-depth echocardiographic evaluation of MR patients ensuring consistent haemodynamic plausibility of echocardiographic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hagendorff
- Department of Cardiology, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Fabian Knebel
- Department of Cardiology, University of Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie und Angiologie, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Helfen
- Department of Cardiology, Katholisches Klinikum Lünen Werne GmbH, St-Marien-Hospital Lünen, Altstadtstrasse 23, 44534, Lünen, Germany
| | - Stephan Stöbe
- Department of Cardiology, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dariush Haghi
- Kardiologische Praxisklinik Ludwigshafen, Akademische Lehrpraxis der Universität Mannheim, Ludwig-Guttmann-Strasse 11, 67071, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruf
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Cardiology, Heart Valve Center, University Medical Center Mainz, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Lavall
- Department of Cardiology, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Knierim
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Ertunc Altiok
- Department of Cardiology, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roland Brandt
- Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Nicolas Merke
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ewen
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III - Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Str, IMED, 66421, Homburg, Germany
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Fadel BM, Pibarot P, Kazzi BE, Al-Admawi M, Galzerano D, Alhumaid M, Alamro B, Mahjoub H, Echahidi N, Mohty D. Spectral Doppler Interrogation of the Pulmonary Veins for the Diagnosis of Cardiac Disorders: A Comprehensive Review. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2021; 34:223-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hagendorff A, Knebel F, Helfen A, Stöbe S, Doenst T, Falk V. Disproportionate mitral regurgitation: another myth? A critical appraisal of echocardiographic assessment of functional mitral regurgitation. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 37:183-196. [PMID: 32851501 PMCID: PMC7878255 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-020-01975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The contradictory findings of recent prospective randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of percutaneous edge-to-edge repair in patients with functional or secondary mitral regurgitation have triggered a lively discussion about an “integrated” echocardiographic approach for grading severity of mitral regurgitation. In the MITRA-FR trial, the COAPT trial and the REDUCE-FMR trial echocardiographic assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation was consistent with principles set forth by the current echocardiographic guidelines and analysed in its best settings by expert international leaders in the field of echocardiography. However, serious inconsistencies appeared in the presented echocardiographic assessments regarding cardiac output and regurgitant fraction. A new term “disproportionate functional mitral regurgitation” was introduced describing a situation where the increase of effective regurgitant orifice area exceeds the enlargement of the left ventricular end-diastolic volumes. Further discussion resulted in the idea of a “new conceptional framework” for distinguishing “proportionate” and “disproportionate” functional mitral regurgitation. The aim of this viewpoint is to dispute conclusions based on the term “disproportionate” mitral regurgitation. A “disproportionate” FMR is highly questionable because disproportionateness of flow in communication vessels cannot exist. In addition, a proposal of echocardiographic assessment based on a conventional comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography is given to avoid obvious hemodynamic contradictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hagendorff
- Department of Cardiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Fabian Knebel
- Department of Cardiology, University of Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Speaker of the Working Group "Cardiovascular Ultrasound" of the German Society of Cardiology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Helfen
- Department of Cardiology, St. Marien Hospital Lünen, Lünen, Germany
- Co-Speaker of the Working Group "Cardiovascular Ultrasound" of the German Society of Cardiology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Stöbe
- Department of Cardiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Doenst
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Paravalvular leak (PVL) is a complication that occurs in 5-17% of patients after surgical prosthetic valve implantation. Whereas PVLs can be benign, some PVLs are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Percutaneous closure using occluders specifically designed to improve closure and reduce procedural complications has now become the first-line treatment for PVL. In this Review, we first detail the frequency and clinical consequences of PVL closure. The role of cardiac imaging in the assessment and management of PVL, including echocardiographic imaging and adjunctive techniques such as CT, is then discussed, together with important considerations for the percutaneous closure of PVL, such as access site and device selection. Finally, we summarize the clinical evidence for percutaneous closure of PVL, including large national registries from Ireland, Spain and the UK, as well as head-to-head data comparing this procedure with surgical closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel P Giblett
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bushra S Rana
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leonard M Shapiro
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrick A Calvert
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Zoghbi W, Adams D, Bonow R, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn P, Hahn R, Han Y, Hung J, Lang R, Little S, Shah D, Shernan S, Thavendiranathan P, Thomas J, Weissman N. Recommendations for noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation
A report from the american society of echocardiography developed in collaboration with the society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN ACADEMY OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY & CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/2543-1463.282191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Chen T, Ferrari VA, Silvestry FE. Identification and Quantification of Degenerative and Functional Mitral Regurgitation for Patient Selection for Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair. Interv Cardiol Clin 2018; 7:387-404. [PMID: 29983150 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccl.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic mitral regurgitation (MR), whether due to valve degeneration or secondary to myocardial disease, affects an increasing proportion of the aging population. Percutaneous mitral valve interventions, including edge-to-edge repair, are emerging as feasible and effective therapy for patients with severe MR at high or prohibitive surgical risk. Imaging with echocardiography is crucial for patient selection by evaluating mitral anatomy, the mechanism of dysfunction, and MR severity. In this article, the authors review the imaging characteristics for identifying and quantifying degenerative and functional MR for transcatheter mitral valve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Chen
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Pennsylvania, 11-134 South PCAM, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Victor A Ferrari
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Pennsylvania, 11-136 South PCAM, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 11-136 South PCAM, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frank E Silvestry
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Pennsylvania, 11-133 South PCAM, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Harari R, Bansal P, Yatskar L, Rubinstein D, Silbiger JJ. Papillary muscle rupture following acute myocardial infarction: Anatomic, echocardiographic, and surgical insights. Echocardiography 2017; 34:1702-1707. [PMID: 29082549 DOI: 10.1111/echo.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary muscle (PM) rupture is a rare complication of acute myocardial infarction which carries an excessive mortality rate. Optimal outcomes require rapid diagnosis and prompt surgical referral, and in this regard, echocardiography plays a crucial role. Comprehensive echocardiographic examination of the patient with PM rupture consists of identification of the ruptured PM segment, visualization of flail mitral valve segment(s), evaluation of mitral regurgitation severity, and assessment of left ventricular systolic function. This article discusses anatomic and echocardiographic features as well as the surgical management of PM rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Harari
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priya Bansal
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leonid Yatskar
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Jansen R, Hart EA, Peters M, Urgel K, Kluin J, Tietge WJ, Zwart K, Sybrandy KC, Cramer MJM, Chamuleau SAJ. An easy-to-use scoring index to determine severity of mitral regurgitation by 2D echocardiography in clinical practice. Echocardiography 2017; 34:1275-1283. [PMID: 28833463 DOI: 10.1111/echo.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitral regurgitation (MR) grading by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography is challenging, but important to determine the best treatment strategy in patients with MR. Current guidelines advocate an integrative approach, although no recommendation is provided on how to do so. An easy-to-use index will be helpful for standardized and reproducible MR grading. METHODS Eleven echocardiographic parameters were retrospectively evaluated in 145 patients with moderate or severe MR. Parameters were scored positive or negative for severe MR, where expert panel consensus reading was considered as the reference standard. Logistic regression was performed, and adjusted coefficients were used to create a risk score for severe MR per patient (ROSE-index). The best cutoff with corresponding predictive values was determined. RESULTS Eighty-two percent of all parameters could be determined. Multivariable analysis revealed five parameters that remained significant predictors for severe MR: morphology, jet characteristics, vena contracta, systolic reversal, and left ventricular dimensions. With different weighing, a total score of 8 could be obtained. Median total ROSE-index score for moderate (2.0) and severe MR (5.0) did significantly differ. The cutoff score (≥4) revealed sensitivity 0.84 and specificity 0.83 to diagnose severe MR. Negative predictive value was 100% for score 0 and 1; score 6-8 showed a 100% positive predictive value. Inter- and intra-observer agreements were excellent (K-values >0.80). CONCLUSION Here, we propose an easy-to-use tool for integrated analysis of guideline parameters to assess MR severity. Using this so-called ROSE-index revealed reliable and reproducible assessment of severe MR (cutoff≥4) that may be helpful for clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarijn Jansen
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Einar A Hart
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Max Peters
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Urgel
- Department of Cardiology, Amphia Hospital Breda, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Kluin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J Tietge
- Department of Cardiology, Diaconessenhuis Hospital Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Zwart
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten C Sybrandy
- Department of Cardiology, St. Jansdal Hospital Harderwijk, Harderwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J M Cramer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven A J Chamuleau
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Assessment of Longitudinal Myocardial Mechanics in Patients with Degenerative Mitral Valve Regurgitation Predicts Postoperative Worsening of Left Ventricular Systolic Function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014; 27:627-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Psycho-emotional manifestations of valvular heart diseases: prospective assessment in mitral regurgitation. Am J Med 2013; 126:916-24. [PMID: 23932160 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the prevalence and consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as an emotional response to cardiac diseases in patients with mitral regurgitation. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 186 patients with moderate or severe organic mitral regurgitation, presenting class I (absent) or II (minimal) dyspnea, who were compared with 80 controls of similar age (38 with completely normal cardiac function; 42 with mild mitral-valve prolapse; all with no, or at most mild, mitral regurgitation). Mitral-regurgitation severity and consequences were comprehensively measured, simultaneously with PTSD, anxiety, and depression. RESULTS PTSD prevalence was higher in mitral-regurgitation patients vs controls (23% vs 9%, P <.01). Although mitral-regurgitation objective severity (regurgitant volume 77.8 ± 28.9 vs 79.0 ± 27.5 mL, P = .8) and objective consequences (left-atrial volume 59.1 ± 20.9 vs 54.02 ± 15.6 mL, P = .1; right-ventricular systolic pressure 34.1 ± 11.4 vs 32.9 ± 7.2 mm Hg, P = .6) were similar with and without PTSD (all P ≥.1), patients with PTSD were more symptomatic (class II 74 vs 38%; fatigue 71% vs 38%, both P <.0001) and had higher anxiety and depressions scores (P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS PTSD is prevalent in organic moderate or severe mitral-regurgitation patients but is not determined by objective mitral-regurgitation severity or consequences. PTSD is linked to anxiety and depression and to symptoms usually considered cardiac, such as dyspnea. Thus, PTSD and psycho-emotional manifestations, linked to symptoms, represent important responses to chronic-valve disease that may affect clinical outcomes.
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Abstract
Echocardiography is undoubtedly one of the main tools used in assessment of mitral regurgitation (MR) because it allows characterization of valvular morphology, assessment of the severity of the regurgitation, and its secondary effects. In this article we present an overview of the echocardiographic assessment of MR.
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Lancellotti P, Tribouilloy C, Hagendorff A, Popescu BA, Edvardsen T, Pierard LA, Badano L, Zamorano JL. Recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation: an executive summary from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 14:611-44. [PMID: 23733442 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jet105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1169] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Valvular regurgitation represents an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Echocardiography has become the primary non-invasive imaging method for the evaluation of valvular regurgitation. The echocardiographic assessment of valvular regurgitation should integrate the quantification of the regurgitation, assessment of the valve anatomy and function, as well as the consequences of valvular disease on cardiac chambers. In clinical practice, the management of patients with valvular regurgitation thus largely integrates the results of echocardiography. It is crucial to provide standards that aim at establishing a baseline list of measurements to be performed when assessing regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizio Lancellotti
- Department of Cardiology, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège Hospital, Valvular Disease Clinic, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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Cartwright BL, Jackson A, Cooper J. Intraoperative Pulmonary Vein Examination by Transesophageal Echocardiography: An Anatomic Update and Review of Utility. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2013; 27:111-20. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Grayburn
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75226, USA.
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Dyverfeldt P, Kvitting JPE, Carlhäll CJ, Boano G, Sigfridsson A, Hermansson U, Bolger AF, Engvall J, Ebbers T. Hemodynamic aspects of mitral regurgitation assessed by generalized phase-contrast MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 33:582-8. [PMID: 21563241 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the utility of MRI measurement of left atrial (LA) flow patterns and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in patients with clinically significant mitral regurgitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-dimensional cine phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI) data were acquired in five patients with posterior mitral leaflet prolapse and two normal volunteers. LA flow patterns were assessed using particle trace visualization. Specifically, vortices were recognized by closed streamlines. LA flow distortion was assessed by estimation of TKE. In addition, the regurgitant volume was measured. RESULTS Four of the mitral regurgitation patients had eccentric regurgitant jets directed toward the septum; one patient had a central jet. The dominant systolic vortex was located in proximity to the regurgitant jet. The LA flow was highly disturbed with elevated values of TKE; peak LA TKE ranged from 13 to 37 mJ and occurred consistently at late systole. The average LA TKE per cardiac cycle was significantly related to the regurgitant volume (TKE = 0.573 + 0.179·RegVol, R(2) = 0.983). CONCLUSION MRI permits investigations of atrial flow patterns and TKE in significant mitral regurgitation. The degree of LA flow distortion, as measured by the average LA TKE over one cardiac cycle, appears to reflect the severity of regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Dyverfeldt
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Topilsky Y, Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M. Quantitation of Mitral Regurgitation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 23:106-14. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lancellotti P, Moura L, Pierard LA, Agricola E, Popescu BA, Tribouilloy C, Hagendorff A, Monin JL, Badano L, Zamorano JL. European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 2: mitral and tricuspid regurgitation (native valve disease). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 2010; 11:307-32. [PMID: 20435783 DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jeq031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 941] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitral and tricuspid are increasingly prevalent. Doppler echocardiography not only detects the presence of regurgitation but also permits to understand mechanisms of regurgitation, quantification of its severity and repercussions. The present document aims to provide standards for the assessment of mitral and tricuspid regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizio Lancellotti
- Department of Cardiology, Valvular Disease Clinic, University Hospital, Université de Liège, CHU du Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Banks DA. Con: Mitral Regurgitation Can Be Reliably Assessed Under General Anesthesia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2009; 23:558-60. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Meurin P, Tabet JY, Iliou MC, Pierre B, Corone S, Cristofini P, Iung B, Ben Driss A. Thromboembolic events early after mitral valve repair: incidence and predictive factors. Int J Cardiol 2008; 126:45-52. [PMID: 17490763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The incidence of thromboembolic events (TE) in the early period following mitral valve repair (MV repair) is poorly documented. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate it, and to determine predictive factors. METHODS AND RESULTS In this prospective multicenter non-randomized study, 350 consecutive patients were included after MV repair and monitored until post-operative day 44+/-6. 65.7% received Vitamin K antagonists (VKA), 18.8% aspirin (ASA), 5.4% ASA+VKA and 10% received no antithrombotic therapy (AT). All patients with AF received VKA or VKA+ASA. Twelve patients had a cerebral TE during follow-up:14.3% among untreated patients, 3.0% in the VKA group, and 0% in the ASA and in the ASA+VKA groups (p=0.03 for comparison no AT group versus the three other combined groups; p=NS for VKA versus ASA). In univariate analysis, only the absence of post-operative AT was related to the risk of TE (HR=6.7, CI 95%[2.1-21], p=0.0002). In a prespecified subgroup (n=185) of patients with sinus rhythm and without concomitant cardiac surgery (in which the choice of AT is not influenced by these associate conditions), only the absence of post-operative AT remained related to the risk of TE (HR=10.0, CI 95%[2.45-40], p=0.001). CONCLUSION In the first six weeks following MV repair, the incidence of thromboembolic events is far from negligible (3.5%), even in patients with sinus rhythm. The main predictive factor for thromboembolic event determined in this study is the absence of an antithrombotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Meurin
- Les Grands Prés, Centre de Réadaptation Cardiaque de la Brie, 27 rue Sainte Christine, 77174 Villeneuve Saint Denis, France.
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Hong GR, Li P, Tsang W, Vannan MA. Assessment of mitral regurgitation and clinical decision-making. Heart Fail Clin 2007; 2:425-33. [PMID: 17448429 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geu-Ru Hong
- University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868-4080, USA
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30
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Echocardiographic Assessment of Valvular Heart Disease. CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Paszczuk A, Wiegers SE. Quantitative assessment of mitral insufficiency: its advantages and disadvantages. Heart Fail Rev 2006; 11:205-17. [PMID: 17041761 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-006-0100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Paszczuk
- Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
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Meurin P, Iliou MC, Ben Driss A, Pierre B, Corone S, Cristofini P, Tabet JY. Early Exercise Training After Mitral Valve Repair. Chest 2005; 128:1638-44. [PMID: 16162769 DOI: 10.1378/chest.128.3.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical mitral valve (MV) repair is now the best technique to correct mitral regurgitation (MR). However, clinical studies have shown that without exercise training (ET), there is no significant postoperative exercise tolerance improvement. Moreover, healing duration of the MV wound is not well known; thus, the feasibility of an early ET program (ETP) may be discussed. OBJECTIVES To evaluate safety and feasibility of an early ETP after MV repair. METHODS AND RESULTS All patients hospitalized in 13 postoperative centers after MV repair from September 2002 to June 2003 were included in this prospective study. They underwent an ETP during 3 weeks on average. Transthoracic echocardiography and a cardiopulmonary exercise test were performed before and after the ETP. PATIENTS Two hundred fifty-one consecutive patients (male gender, 70%; mean age, 59 +/- 14 years [+/- SD]) were included 16 +/- 10 days after MV repair. There was no MR occurrence or worsening after the ETP. Left ventricular ejection fraction slightly increased (53 +/- 10% vs 55 +/- 9%, p = 0.004). Peak oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold increased from 16.3 +/- 4.5 to 20.0 +/- 6.0 mL/kg/min (22% increase) and from 12.2 +/- 3.8 to 14.2 +/- 4.3 mL/kg/min (16% increase) respectively, (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION ET after MV repair does not deteriorate the outcome of recent surgery and seems efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Meurin
- Les Grands Prés, Centre de Réadaptation Cardiaque de la Brie, 27 rue Sainte Christine, 77174 Villeneuve Saint Denis, France.
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Olkowski AA, Abbott JA, Classen HL. Pathogenesis of Ascites in Broilers Raised at Low Altitude: Aetiological Considerations Based on Echocardiographic Findings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:166-71. [PMID: 15882400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2005.00706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study reports novel insight into the aetiology of pulmonary hypertension and ascites in broiler chickens. The scope of measurements was focused on anatomical and functional parameters, and blood flow patterns in leghorns (resistant to ascites), fast-growing broilers (susceptible to ascites), broilers developing ascites, and ascitic broilers evaluated in vivo using echocardiography, and further examined in the context of postmortem findings. Both, in vivo observed features and postmortem findings, showed clear differences between broilers and leghorns, and between normal and ascitic broilers. Abnormalities in the heart chamber geometry and blood flow patterns were detected upon echocardiographic examination in all ascitic broilers. Right and left atrio-ventricular (AV) valve regurgitation were common findings in ascitic broilers and some apparently normal broilers, with left AV valve insufficiency being a predominant feature with respect to degree and frequency of occurrence. Blood flow disturbances were not detected in leghorns. Left ventricular fractional shortening (functional parameter) was considerably reduced (P < 0.01) in ascitic birds (mean: 21.7 +/- 2.0 SE) in comparison with normal broilers (mean: 39.1 +/- 3.6 SE), or leghorns (mean: 43.3 +/- 2.4 SE). The presented findings indicate that pathological and functional changes in the left ventricle and atrium play a significant role in the pathogenesis of ascites in broilers. Severe dilation of the left atrium and pulmonary veins seen on postmortem examination, as well as regurgitant blood flow in the left atrium, demonstrated by Doppler study in ascitic birds, provide evidence that chronically elevated pressure in the left atrium is involved in the aetiology of pulmonary hypertension and ascites in fast-growing broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Olkowski
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8.
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Cabell CH, Trichon BH, Velazquez EJ, Dumesnil JG, Anstrom KJ, Ryan T, Miller AB, Belkin RN, Cropp AB, O'Connor CM, Jollis JG. Importance of echocardiography in patients with severe nonischemic heart failure: the second Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation (PRAISE-2) echocardiographic study. Am Heart J 2004; 147:151-7. [PMID: 14691434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2003.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiography is used commonly in clinical practice when caring for patients with heart failure. It is unknown whether the presence of certain findings provides an incremental ability to predict survival beyond the use of baseline clinical findings alone. The second PRAISE-2 echocardiographic study was prospectively designed to identify echocardiographic predictors of survival among patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure and to determine if components of the echocardiographic examination add prognostic information to baseline demographic and clinical information. METHODS One hundred patients participated in the second Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study (PRAISE-2) echocardiographic study; of these, 93 had full and interpretable echocardiographic examinations. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to assess the relation between various characteristics and survival as well as to assess the incremental prognostic information gained by echocardiography beyond the clinical examination. RESULTS Seven of 10 routine echocardiographic measures were significantly associated with death. These included mitral regurgitation (hazard ratio [HR], 2.31; 95% CI, 1.02, 5.27), left ventricular ejection fraction <20% (HR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.14, 5.88), restrictive left ventricular filling pattern (HR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.05, 5.32), and peak D velocity (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.38, 0.87). The only statistically significant clinical predictor of survival was dyspnea at rest. The addition any of several echocardiographic parameters to baseline clinical information significantly improved the ability to predict survival. CONCLUSIONS Several readily available echocardiographic parameters are predictive of death and when added to clinical examination findings significantly improve the ability to determine prognosis among patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
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Yang H, Jones M, Shiota T, Qin JX, Kim YJ, Popovic ZB, Pu M, Greenberg NL, Cardon LA, Eto Y, Sitges M, Zetts AD, Thomas JD. Pulmonary venous flow determinants of left atrial pressure under different loading conditions in a chronic animal model with mitral regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002; 15:1181-8. [PMID: 12411903 DOI: 10.1067/mje.2002.123959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of our study was to quantitatively compare the changes and correlations between pulmonary venous flow variables and mean left atrial pressure (mLAP) under different loading conditions in animals with chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) and without MR. METHODS A total of 85 hemodynamic conditions were studied in 22 sheep, 12 without MR as control (NO-MR group) and 10 with MR (MR group). We obtained pulmonary venous flow systolic velocity (Sv) and diastolic velocity (Dv), Sv and Dv time integrals, their ratios (Sv/Dv and Sv/Dv time integral), mLAP, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and MR stroke volume. We also measured left atrial a, x, v, and y pressures and calculated the difference between v and y pressures. RESULTS Average MR stroke volume was 10.6 +/- 4.3 mL/beat. There were good correlations between Sv (r = -0.64 and r = -0.59, P <.01), Sv/Dv (r = -0.62 and r = -0.74, P <.01), and mLAP in the MR and NO-MR groups, respectively. Correlations were also observed between Dv time integral (r = 0.61 and r = 0.57, P <.01) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in the MR and NO-MR groups. In velocity variables, Sv (r = -0.79, P <.001) was the best predictor of mLAP in both groups. The sensitivity and specificity of Sv = 0 in predicting mLAP 15 mm Hg or greater were 86% and 85%, respectively. CONCLUSION Pulmonary venous flow variables correlated well with mLAP under altered loading conditions in the MR and NO-MR groups. They may be applied clinically as substitutes for invasively acquired indexes of mLAP to assess left atrial and left ventricular functional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Cardiovascular Imaging Section, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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Tribouilloy CM, Enriquez-Sarano M, Capps MA, Bailey KR, Tajik AJ. Contrasting effect of similar effective regurgitant orifice area in mitral and tricuspid regurgitation: a quantitative Doppler echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002; 15:958-65. [PMID: 12221413 DOI: 10.1067/mje.2002.117538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effect of similar effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) areas in tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and mitral regurgitation (MR) on hemodynamics and volume overload, and examined the impact on grading of TR and MR severity. In a prospective study, 95 patients with TR in sinus rhythm were compared with 95 patients with MR in sinus rhythm matched for ERO area, age, and body surface area. We found that similar ERO area was associated with decreased volume overload in TR compared with MR. There were more women with TR than with MR, but comparison stratified by sex confirmed that regurgitant volume (RVol) was smaller in TR than in MR for similar ERO area. However, patients with systolic venous flow reversal (hepatic for TR and pulmonary for MR) had lower RVol but similar ERO area in TR compared with MR. Therefore, optimal diagnostic thresholds for severe regurgitation (maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity) in TR and MR were different for RVol (45 and 60 mL/beat, respectively) but similar for ERO area (40 mm(2)). We conclude that similar ERO areas induce less RVol in TR than in MR because of the decreased driving force in TR, but have similar consequences with regard to venous flow reversal. Therefore, a similar ERO area grading scheme can be used, and an ERO area of 40 mm(2) or greater is consistent with severe regurgitation in both TR and MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe M Tribouilloy
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
Although the natural history of mitral regurgitation (MR) is poorly defined, evidence has been found for excess mortality and morbidity in patients with severe MR who are managed conservatively. With improved mortality and morbidity in the surgical management of this condition, we are becoming increasingly aggressive in offering surgery to patients with severe MR. Surgery may be offered even in the absence of symptoms or left ventricular dysfunction, provided that the valve seems reparable, the patient's MR is severe, and the surgical team is experienced in valve repair. Echocardiography is critically important in determining the feasibility of valve repair and accurately assessing the severity of the patient's MR. It also allows assessment of the effect of MR on the left ventricle and the left atrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Thomson
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Chao TH, Tsai LM, Tsai WC, Li YH, Lin LJ, Chen JH. Effect of atrial fibrillation on pulmonary venous flow patterns assessed by Doppler transesophageal echocardiography. Chest 2000; 117:1546-50. [PMID: 10858381 DOI: 10.1378/chest.117.6.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of atrial fibrillation (AF) on pulmonary venous flow (PVF) patterns in a cohort with nonrheumatic AF. DESIGN AND SETTINGS A prospective and controlled study undertaken at a tertiary referral medical center. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS The echocardiographic parameters of left superior PVF as assessed by Doppler transesophageal echocardiography in 40 patients with chronic AF (group 1) were compared to those of 33 volunteers with sinus rhythm (group 2) and well-matched baseline characteristics. RESULTS : All group 1 patients presented with single systolic forward flow (SFF) patterns. In contrast, single and double SFF patterns were found equally in group 2. With regard to reverse flow (RF), most group 1 patients (33 of 40) had an early systolic RF and none had atrial RF; however, most group 2 subjects (29 of 33) had an atrial RF. Some of the group 1 patients (17%) had a late systolic RF in the absence of significant mitral regurgitation. In group 1, the SFF appeared later and disappeared earlier than in group 2. The mean systolic peak velocity and time-velocity integral (TVI) of the SFF were significantly lower in group 1 compared to group 2. The diastolic peak velocity and TVI were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS : Our data indicate that AF independently and significantly affects the PVF and leads to characteristic flow patterns different from sinus rhythm. The presence of AF reduces SFF in addition to the absence of atrial RF. These changes in the flow patterns should be taken into account while interpreting the implications of PVF in the presence of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Chao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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