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Gaspar C, Lopes-Cendes I, Hayes S, Goto J, Arvidsson K, Dias A, Silveira I, Maciel P, Coutinho P, Lima M, Zhou YX, Soong BW, Watanabe M, Giunti P, Stevanin G, Riess O, Sasaki H, Hsieh M, Nicholson GA, Brunt E, Higgins JJ, Lauritzen M, Tranebjaerg L, Volpini V, Wood N, Ranum L, Tsuji S, Brice A, Sequeiros J, Rouleau GA. Ancestral origins of the Machado-Joseph disease mutation: a worldwide haplotype study. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:523-8. [PMID: 11133357 PMCID: PMC1235286 DOI: 10.1086/318184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2000] [Accepted: 11/29/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder originally described in families of Portuguese-Azorean ancestry. The cloning of the MJD1 gene allowed identification of the disease in many other populations, and MJD is now known to be the most common cause of dominant spinocerebellar ataxia. The hypothesis that its present world distribution could result from the spread of an original founder mutation has been raised, both at historical and molecular levels. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis by linkage-disequilibrium analysis of tightly linked polymorphisms and by haplotype comparison, in 249 families from different countries. We typed five microsatellite markers surrounding the MJD1 locus (D14S1015, D14S995, D14S973, D14S1016, and D14S977), and three intragenic single-base-pair polymorphisms (A(669)TG/G(669)TG, C(987)GG/G(987)GG, and TAA(1118)/TAC(1118)). The results show two different haplotypes, specific to the island of origin, in families of Azorean extraction. In families from mainland Portugal, both Azorean haplotypes can be found. The majority of the non-Portuguese families also share the same intragenic haplotype seen in the families coming from the island of Flores, but at least three other haplotypes were seen. These findings suggest two introductions of the mutation into the Portuguese population. Worldwide, the sharing of one intragenic haplotype by the majority of the families studied implies a founder mutation in MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Gaspar
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - I. Lopes-Cendes
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - S. Hayes
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - J. Goto
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - K. Arvidsson
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - A. Dias
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - I. Silveira
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - P. Maciel
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - P. Coutinho
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - M. Lima
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Y.-X. Zhou
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - B.-W. Soong
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - M. Watanabe
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - P. Giunti
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - G. Stevanin
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - O. Riess
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - H. Sasaki
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - M. Hsieh
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - G. A. Nicholson
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - E. Brunt
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - J. J. Higgins
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - M. Lauritzen
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - L. Tranebjaerg
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - V. Volpini
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - N. Wood
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - L. Ranum
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - S. Tsuji
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - A. Brice
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - J. Sequeiros
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - G. A. Rouleau
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Montreal; UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, and Hospital Santo António, Porto, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Institute for Brain Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Department of Biology, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing; Neurological Institute, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan; Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, University of London, London; Laboratoire de Médecine Experimentale, INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpétrière, Paris; Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medecine, Sapporo, Japan; Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medecine Laboratory, University of Sydney Department of Medicine, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Academish Ziekenhuis Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Trömso, Trömso, Norway, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; and Department of Neurology and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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