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Kalaba P, Sanchez de la Rosa C, Möller A, Alewood PF, Muttenthaler M. Targeting the Oxytocin Receptor for Breast Cancer Management: A Niche for Peptide Tracers. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1625-1640. [PMID: 38235665 PMCID: PMC10859963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of death in women, and its management highly depends on early disease diagnosis and monitoring. This remains challenging due to breast cancer's heterogeneity and a scarcity of specific biomarkers that could predict responses to therapy and enable personalized treatment. This Perspective describes the diagnostic landscape for breast cancer management, molecular strategies targeting receptors overexpressed in tumors, the theranostic potential of the oxytocin receptor (OTR) as an emerging breast cancer target, and the development of OTR-specific optical and nuclear tracers to study, visualize, and treat tumors. A special focus is on the chemistry and pharmacology underpinning OTR tracer development, preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, challenges, and future directions. The use of peptide-based tracers targeting upregulated receptors in cancer is a highly promising strategy complementing current diagnostics and therapies and providing new opportunities to improve cancer management and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Kalaba
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Möller
- QIMR
Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
- The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Paul F. Alewood
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Markus Muttenthaler
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Albazee E, Sayad R, Elrashedy AA, Samy Z, Faraag E, Baradwan S, Samy A. Efficacy of oxytocics on reducing intraoperative blood loss during abdominal myomectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2022; 51:102358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2022.102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Otonkoski S, Sainio T, Komar G, Suomi V, Saunavaara J, Blanco Sequeiros R, Perheentupa A, Joronen K. Oxytocin selectively reduces blood flow in uterine fibroids without an effect on myometrial blood flow: a dynamic contrast enhanced MRI evaluation. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 37:1293-1300. [PMID: 33207939 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1846792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uterine fibroids are the most common benign neoplasms in women. The administration of intravenous oxytocin is known to increase the efficacy of a non-invasive thermal ablation method (MR-HIFU) for treating fibroids. However, it is not known whether this phenomenon is caused by the effect of the oxytocin on the myometrium or the fibroid itself. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of oxytocin on the blood flow of fibroids, myometrium and skeletal muscle using a quantitative perfusion MRI technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS 17 premenopausal women with fibroids considered to be treated with MR-HIFU and 11 women with no fibroids were enrolled in the study. An extended MRI protocol of the pelvis was acquired for each subject. Later another MRI scan was performed with continuous intravenous infusion of oxytocin. The effect of oxytocin was analyzed from quantitative perfusion imaging. The study was registered in clinicaltrials.gov NCT03937401. RESULTS Oxytocin decreased the blood flow of each fibroid; the median blood flow of fibroid was 39.9 ml/100 g tissue/min without and 3.5 mL/100 g/min with oxytocin (p ≤ 0.0001). Oxytocin did not affect the blood flow of the myometrium in either group. Oxytocin increased the blood flow of the skeletal muscle in both groups (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Oxytocin is effective in decreasing the blood flow in fibroids while having minor or no effect on the blood flow of normal myometrium. Routine use of oxytocin in HIFU therapy may make the therapy suitable to a larger group of women in a safe manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Otonkoski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Turku, Finland
| | - Teija Sainio
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Gaber Komar
- University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Turku, Finland.,Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Visa Suomi
- University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Turku, Finland.,Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jani Saunavaara
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Roberto Blanco Sequeiros
- University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Turku, Finland.,Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Perheentupa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Joronen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Turku, Finland
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Hua S, Vaughan B. In vitro comparison of liposomal drug delivery systems targeting the oxytocin receptor: a potential novel treatment for obstetric complications. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2191-2206. [PMID: 30988616 PMCID: PMC6443222 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s198116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Targeted intervention to the uterus has great potential for the treatment of obstetric complications (eg, preterm birth, dysfunctional labor, and postpartum hemorrhage) by improving the effectiveness and safety of therapeutic compounds. In particular, targeting the oxytocin receptor (OTR) is a novel approach for drug delivery to the uterus. The aim of this study was to report the complete data set for the pharmaceutical synthesis and in vitro characterization of PEGylated liposomes conjugated with anti-OTR monoclonal antibodies (OTR-Lipo) or atosiban (ATO-Lipo, OTR antagonist). Methods OTR-targeted liposomal platforms composed of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-2-phosphocholine and cholesterol were prepared according to the method of dried lipid film hydration. Ligands were conjugated with the surface of liposomes using optimized methods to maximize conjugation efficiency. The liposomes were characterized for particle size, ligand conjugation, drug encapsulation, liposome stability, specificity of binding, cellular internalization, mechanistic pathway of cellular uptake, and cellular toxicity. Results Both OTR-Lipo and ATO-Lipo showed significant and specific binding to OTRs in a concentration-dependent manner compared to all control groups. There was no significant difference in binding values between OTR-Lipo and ATO-Lipo across all concentrations evaluated. In addition, OTR-Lipo (81.61%±7.84%) and ATO-Lipo (85.59%±8.28%) demonstrated significantly increased cellular internalization in comparison with rabbit IgG immunoliposomes (9.14%±1.71%) and conventional liposomes (4.09%±0.78%) at 2.02 mM phospholipid concentration. Cellular association following liposome incubation at 4.05 mM resulted in similar findings. Evaluation of the mechanistic pathway of cellular uptake indicated that they undergo internalization through both clathrin- and caveolin-mediated mechanisms. Furthermore, cellular toxicity studies have shown no significant effect of both liposomal platforms on cell viability. Conclusion This study further supports OTRs as a novel pharmaceutical target for drug delivery. OTR-targeted liposomal platforms may provide an effective way to deliver existing therapies directly to myometrial tissue and avoid adverse effects by circumventing non-target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hua
- Therapeutic Targeting Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia, .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia,
| | - Benjamin Vaughan
- Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Aslan Çetin B, Aydoğan Mathyk B, Köroğlu N, Soydar A, Demirayak G, Çift T. Oxytocin infusion reduces bleeding during abdominal myomectomies: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 299:151-157. [PMID: 30328494 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of oxytocin infusion to reduce intraoperative bleeding during abdominal myomectomies. METHODS This randomized, parallel group, blinded study was conducted between October 2017 and May 2018. Patients undergoing abdominal myomectomies were randomized 1:1 either to the oxytocin group or to the control group (saline). In the oxytocin group, 10 IU oxytocin in 500 ml of saline at a rate of 120 ml/h was given during the course of the operation. The primary outcome of this study was to measure intraoperative blood loss between the study groups. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were performed to illustrate factors associated with intraoperative blood loss during the myomectomy. RESULTS The mean intraoperative blood loss during the surgery was 489.20 ± 239.72 ml in the oxytocin group and was 641.40 ± 288.21 ml in the control group. The hemoglobin decline was more evident in the control group than in the oxytocin group. Positive correlations were also observed between the intraoperative blood loss and number of fibroids removed during the surgery, largest fibroid removed and weight of fibroids removed. The use of oxytocin infusion during the myomectomy resulted in a reduction of bleeding in the regression model. CONCLUSION Intravenous oxytocin infusion is a safe and practical method to reduce intraoperative blood loss during the abdominal myomectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Aslan Çetin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, Altınşehir, 34303, Halkalı, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Nadiye Köroğlu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, Altınşehir, 34303, Halkalı, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Soydar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, Altınşehir, 34303, Halkalı, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Demirayak
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, İstanbul Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tayfur Çift
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Bursa Yüksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
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How to Understand the Complexity of Endometriosis-Related Pain. JOURNAL OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND PELVIC PAIN DISORDERS 2017. [DOI: 10.5301/je.5000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pain is the most important symptom in patients with endometriosis, and its management is truly challenging. Due to the different localization of the endometriotic lesions in the pelvis, patients suffer from visceral and somatic pain or both at the same time. There are specific and unspecific symptoms characterized by endometriosis. Specific symptoms include dysmenorrhea, cyclic and acyclic pelvic pain, dyschezia, dysuria and dyspareunia. There is also a wide range of unspecific symptoms, such as unspecific bowel and bladder complaints, the emission of pain in the legs, vegetative concomitants like vomiting, emesis, gastric disorders, headaches, dizziness, painful ovulation, irregular pelvic pain, lower back pain, chronic fatigue. These symptoms can be both cyclic and acyclic, and in most cases, they are permanent. Visceral and somatic pain are completely different pain subtypes and can therefore be an explanation for the wide variety of symptoms. The close interaction between visceral sensory nerve fibers and the autonomic ganglia explain the high rate of concomitant vegetative reactions, such as vomiting and orthostatic dysregulation. In general, pain generation is a complex interplay of peripheral and central sensitization mechanisms. Accordingly, the pain produced in endometriotic lesions is the result of mediating substances, nerve fibers, cytokine-releasing immune cells and macrophages synthesis. These interactions seem to stimulate the neurogenic inflammatory process and sensitization of the peripheral nerves. Furthermore, the disruption of the input on the level of the spinal cord and the recognition of the pain in the brain may lead to exaggerated responses known as central hyperalgesia. Hormones and psychological factors influence the pain sensation and make the status of each patient very individual. Consequently, the involvement of professional pain management along with an implementation of pain-coping strategies in the patient's everyday life are obligatory in chronic pain situations. An additional osteopathic treatment with a manual resolve of muscle blockades to avoid secondary “pain intensifying” changes of the pelvic floor (tension) or malposition through relieving posture, is also recommended. Pain management in patients with endometriosis is very complex and requires an individual treatment strategy for each patient to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures. This information proves that it is hard to break the cycle of pain when chronic pain syndrome is already apparent.
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Cesen-Cummings K, Houston KD, Copland JA, Moorman VJ, Walker CL, Davis BJ. Uterine Leiomyomas Express Myometrial Contractile-Associated Proteins Involved in Pregnancy-Related Hormone Signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760301000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cheryl Lyn Walker
- Laboratory of Women's Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Barbara J. Davis
- Laboratory of Women's Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas; PO Box 12233, Mail Drop A2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Imanieh MH, Bagheri F, Alizadeh AM, Ashkani-Esfahani S. Oxytocin has therapeutic effects on cancer, a hypothesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 741:112-23. [PMID: 25094035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is the first peptide hormone structurally assessed and chemically synthesized in biologically active form. This hormone acts as an important factor in a human reproductive system particularly during pregnancy and lactation in women. So far, different therapeutic roles for OT have been identified as a spectrum from central and peripheral actions on male and female reproductive systems, circulatory system, musculoskeletal system, etc. Some in vitro and in vivo studies also revealed that OT is responsible for bivariate biological functions involved in cancer as following. By activating OT receptor in tumoral cells, OT enacts as a growth regulator, whether activator or inhibitor. Regarding the increase of OT in some conditions such as breastfeeding, exercise, and multiparity, we can relate the effect of these conditions on cancer with OT effects. Based on this hypothesis, we present a review on the effects of this neuropeptide on various types of cancer and also the influence of these conditions on the same cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fereshte Bagheri
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Alizadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 1419733141, Tehran, Iran.
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Immunohistochemical localization of oxytocin receptors in human brain. Neuroscience 2013; 253:155-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Moore AB, Yu L, Swartz CD, Zheng X, Wang L, Castro L, Kissling GE, Walmer DK, Robboy SJ, Dixon D. Human uterine leiomyoma-derived fibroblasts stimulate uterine leiomyoma cell proliferation and collagen type I production, and activate RTKs and TGF beta receptor signaling in coculture. Cell Commun Signal 2010; 8:10. [PMID: 20537183 PMCID: PMC2897788 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are benign smooth muscle tumors that often contain an excessive extracellular matrix (ECM). In the present study, we investigated the interactions between human uterine leiomyoma (UtLM) cells and uterine leiomyoma-derived fibroblasts (FB), and their importance in cell growth and ECM protein production using a coculture system. Results We found enhanced cell proliferation, and elevated levels of ECM collagen type I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 after coculturing. There was also increased secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, and platelet derived growth factor A and B in the media of UtLM cells cocultured with FB. Protein arrays revealed increased phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) of the above growth factor ligands, and immunoblots showed elevated levels of the RTK downstream effector, phospho-mitogen activated protein kinase 44/42 in cocultured UtLM cells. There was also increased secretion of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and 3, and immunoprecipitated transforming growth factor-beta receptor I from cocultured UtLM cells showed elevated phosphoserine expression. The downstream effectors phospho-small mothers against decapentaplegic -2 and -3 protein (SMAD) levels were also increased in cocultured UtLM cells. However, none of the above effects were seen in normal myometrial cells cocultured with FB. The soluble factors released by tumor-derived fibroblasts and/or UtLM cells, and activation of the growth factor receptors and their pathways stimulated the proliferation of UtLM cells and enhanced the production of ECM proteins. Conclusions These data support the importance of interactions between fibroid tumor cells and ECM fibroblasts in vivo, and the role of growth factors, and ECM proteins in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia B Moore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park (RTP), NC 27709, USA.
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Mechsner S, Grum B, Gericke C, Loddenkemper C, Dudenhausen JW, Ebert AD. Possible roles of oxytocin receptor and vasopressin-1α receptor in the pathomechanism of dysperistalsis and dysmenorrhea in patients with adenomyosis uteri. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:2541-6. [PMID: 20413116 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of oxytocin (OTR) and/or vasopressin (VP1αR) receptor in patients with and without adenomyosis uteri. DESIGN Retrospective nonrandomized study. SETTING University hospital endometriosis research center. PATIENT(S) Forty patients with histologically proven adenomyosis and 40 patients without adenomyosis who had undergone hysterectomy for dysmenorrhea, bleeding disorders, and fibroids. INTERVENTION(S) Immunohistochemical examination of both OTR and VP1αR expression in endometrium, myometrium, and adenomyotic lesions, and identification of smooth muscle cells using antibodies against OTR, VP1αR, and smooth muscle actin (sm-actin). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The immunoreactive score (IRS) was used for expression of OTR, VP1αR, and sm-actin. RESULT(S) Expression of OTR in epithelial cells of adenomyotic lesions and surrounding myometrial cells was detectable. VP1αR was expressed only in myometrial cells and blood vessels. Using a specific anti-sm-actin antibody, another spindle cell population was characterized to represent smooth muscle cells which are in direct contact with the adenomyotic stroma. Compared with the unaffected myometrium, the surrounding adenomyosis-associated myometrium overexpressed OTR and showed changes in morphology. In the uteri of patients with adenomyosis, the junctional zone was often seen to be quite fissured. CONCLUSION(S) In addition to the specific expression of VP1αR, OTR expression and morphologic changes in the myometrial architecture of uteri having adenomyosis support the hypothesis that dysperistalsis plays an essential role in the development of endometriosis and dysmenorrhea. In the near future, specific inhibition of this receptor might yield a promising treatment for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Mechsner
- Endometriosis Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
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Busnelli M, Rimoldi V, Viganò P, Persani L, Di Blasio AM, Chini B. Oxytocin-induced cell growth proliferation in human myometrial cells and leiomyomas. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:1869-74. [PMID: 20056210 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the expression of the oxytocin receptor (OTR) and the role of oxytocin (OT) in the proliferation of myometrial and leiomyoma cells. DESIGN Prospective laboratory study. SETTING Research laboratory at the Italian National Research Council. PATIENT(S) Twenty-two women who underwent therapeutic myomectomy for fibroids. INTERVENTION(S) Primary cultures of leiomyoma and myometrium cells were established from eutopic and ectopic myometrial tissues. An immortalized myometrial cell line (h-TERTmyo) and a leiomyosarcoma cell line (SK-UT-1) were also characterized. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Expression of OTR and desmin mRNA was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cell growth was determined by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H tetrazolium assay. Apoptosis was determined by annexin V cell staining and flow cytometry analysis. RESULT(S) Oxytocin stimulated proliferation of primary myometrial and leiomyoma cells but inhibited the proliferation of h-TERTmyo and SK-UT-1, indicating a change in phenotype during immortalization. A progressive and rapid decrease in desmin and OTR mRNA was observed in primary cultures, indicating that myometrial cells dedifferentiate very rapidly in culture. The relative expression of OTR mRNA varied widely in both myometrial and leiomyoma smooth muscle cells, but there was no significant difference. CONCLUSION(S) These results indicate that OT stimulates the proliferation of both myometrial and leiomyoma cells, demonstrating that the OT/OTR system plays an important role in regulating uterine cell growth and providing a rationale for evaluating the use of OTR antagonists in managing uterine myomas.
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Sendemir A, Sendemir E, Kosmehl H, Jirikowski GF. Expression of sex hormone-binding globulin, oxytocin receptor, caveolin-1 and p21 in leiomyoma. Gynecol Endocrinol 2008; 24:105-12. [PMID: 17952758 DOI: 10.1080/09513590701690274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interaction of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and oxytocin (OT) is among the factors that control smooth muscle proliferation and tumor growth through the oxytocin receptor (OTR). Also, a close functional interaction of OTR and caveolin-1 has been shown to modulate cell growth and proliferation. METHODS We studied surgical samples from 23 leiomyoma patients (aged 33-66 years) with immunocytochemistry. Specimens from five patients (34-76 years), who had hysterectomy for other reasons, served as controls. Tissue samples were cut into serial 1-microm thick sections for co-localization of SHBG, OTR, proliferation marker p21 and caveolin-1. RESULTS SHBG was found in smooth muscle cells in all samples. OTR staining occurred in most of these cells in myomas, while controls contained only scattered cells positive for OTR. There were no apparent differences in immunostaining for p21, while immunoreactivity for caveolin-1 was observed in most cells in myomas and in only few cells in controls. Caveolin-1 was mostly co-localized with SHBG and OTR in myoma samples whereas controls showed this co-localization only occasionally. CONCLUSIONS Our observations indicate an interaction of SHBG and OTR, associated with caveolin-1, which may account in part for known non-genomic actions of ovarian steroids. Growth of leiomyomas may be linked to these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Sendemir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helios Klinikum Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
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Wing DA, Goharkhay N, Felix JC, Rostamkhani M, Naidu YM, Kovacs BW. Expression of the oxytocin and V1a vasopressin receptors in human myometrium in differing physiologic states and following misoprostol administration. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2006; 62:181-5. [PMID: 16733363 DOI: 10.1159/000093588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess relative expression levels of mRNA for the oxytocin receptor (OTR) and the V1a vasopressin receptor (V1aR) in human myometrium in various physiologic states and to determine if misoprostol exposure affects the expression of mRNA for these receptors. STUDY DESIGN Using semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we analyzed myometrial samples from 37 women (10 menopausal, 10 nongravid premenopausal, 10 gravidae, 7 premenopausal misoprostol-treated nongravid women) for the specific expression of mRNA messages for OTR and V1aR. The presence of the OTR and V1aR protein was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We found that the expression of OTR was significantly higher in gravid compared to premenopausal nongravid (p < 0.0001), misoprostol-treated (p < 0.001) and menopausal myometrium (p < 0.0001). Differences in V1aR expression were not statistically significant among the four study groups. CONCLUSION The expression of OTR mRNA in myometrium is markedly increased during late gestation. V1aR expression is present in all physiologic states, and does not appear to be altered by the presence or absence of labor. Misoprostol administration does not appear to have an effect on OTR and V1aR mRNA receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Wing
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine College of Medicine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Mechsner S, Bartley J, Loddenkemper C, Salomon DS, Starzinski-Powitz A, Ebert AD. Oxytocin receptor expression in smooth muscle cells of peritoneal endometriotic lesions and ovarian endometriotic cysts. Fertil Steril 2005; 83 Suppl 1:1220-31. [PMID: 15831296 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of oxytocin receptor (OTR) in peritoneal and ovarian endometriotic lesions. DESIGN Retrospective nonrandomized study. SETTING University hospital endometriosis research center. PATIENT(S) Premenopausal women with histologically confirmed endometriosis were selected. Peritoneal endometriotic lesions (n = 120); ovarian endometriotic cysts (n = 40); peritoneal biopsies, distant from the endometriotic lesion (n = 55); and unaffected peritoneal biopsies from patients without endometriosis (n = 11) were obtained. Hysterectomy specimens from patients without endometriosis and/or adenomyosis were used for controls (n = 10). INTERVENTION(S) Histopathological examination of peritoneal and ovarian specimens for OTR expression and identification of smooth muscle cells by immunohistochemistry staining with antibodies against OTR and smooth muscle actin. In addition, Western blot analysis, double-immunofluorescence, and in vitro studies with primary cell cultures have been performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Comparison of the immunoreactive score of the OTR and smooth muscle actin expression with the smooth muscle content in peritoneum with and without endometriosis. RESULT(S) In the epithelial cells of endometriotic lesions, we could demonstrate a high OTR expression. The stromal cells were OTR negative with the exception of some single cells. By using a monoclonal anti-smooth muscle actin antibody, these cells could be identified as intrastromal OTR-positive smooth muscle cells. The peritoneum of women with endometriosis shows a significantly higher smooth muscle content than the peritoneum of women without endometriosis. There were no significant differences between the smooth muscle content of active or inactive lesions and the stage of disease. CONCLUSION(S) Oxytocin receptor is expressed in smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells of peritoneal endometriotic lesions and ovarian endometriotic cysts. The inhibition of OTR by specific inhibitors might be a useful approach for the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Mechsner
- Endometriosis Research Center Berlin, Department of Gynecology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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Loddenkemper C, Mechsner S, Foss HD, Dallenbach FE, Anagnostopoulos I, Ebert AD, Stein H. Use of Oxytocin Receptor Expression in Distinguishing Between Uterine Smooth Muscle Tumors and Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27:1458-62. [PMID: 14576480 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200311000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression in the normal uterus, and particularly in uterine smooth muscle tumors and endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESSs) because these tumors can be difficult to distinguish. The expressions of OTR, CD10, h-caldesmon, calponin, smooth muscle actin, and desmin were analyzed in 10 conventional leiomyomas (LMs), 10 highly cellular leiomyomas (HCLs), eight leiomyosarcomas (LMSs), and nine ESSs. In five normal uteri and five cases of adenomyosis, OTR was strongly expressed in the myometrium and showed expression pronounced in the surface epithelium during the late proliferative phase and at the time of ovulation, whereas the endometrial stromal cells were negative. All LMs and HCLs were strongly positive for OTR. Five cases of LMS showed moderate to strong OTR expression in 100% of the tumor cells, whereas three cases were weakly positive in 10-20% of the tumor cells. Every ESS was negative for OTR, except in regions of smooth muscle differentiation. All ESSs were positive for CD10, as were one LM, six HCLs, and five LMSs. The ESSs were negative for h-caldesmon and showed desmin positivity mainly in regions of smooth muscle metaplasia. h-Caldesmon, calponin, smooth muscle actin, and desmin were expressed in all LMs, HCLs, and LMSs except for one leiomyosarcoma with epithelioid features, which was negative for h-caldesmon and calponin. Our study indicates that the evaluation of OTR expression is useful in the distinction of uterine smooth muscle tumors from ESSs, and that the OTR is expressed in normal and neoplastic uterine smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Loddenkemper
- Institute of Pathology, Consultation and Reference Center for Lymph Node Pathology and Haematopathology, University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin, Germany.
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Condon J, Yin S, Mayhew B, Word RA, Wright WE, Shay JW, Rainey WE. Telomerase immortalization of human myometrial cells. Biol Reprod 2002; 67:506-14. [PMID: 12135889 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod67.2.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Several strategies have been described for the primary culture of human myometrial cells. However, primary cultures of myometrial cells have a limited life span, making continual tissue acquisition and cell isolation necessary. Recent studies have demonstrated that cell culture life span is related to chromosomal telomere length, and cellular senescence results from progressive telomere shortening and the lack of telomerase expression. Transfection of cells with expression vectors containing the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) maintains telomere length and effectively gives normal cells an unlimited life span in culture. In addition, hTERT extends the life span of cultured cells far beyond normal senescence without causing neoplastic transformation. In the present study, we developed a cell line from hTERT-infected myometrial cells (hTERT-HM). Cells were isolated from myometrial tissue obtained from women undergoing hysterectomy, and retroviral infection was used to express the catalytic subunit of telomerase in myometrial cells. Cells expressing hTERT have been in continuous culture for >10 mo, whereas the control culture senesced after approximately 2 mo. Telomerase activity was monitored in cells with a polymerase chain reaction-based telomerase activity assay. Telomerase-expressing cells contained mRNA for alpha smooth muscle actin, smoothelin, oxytocin receptor, and estrogen receptor alpha, but the estrogen receptor beta receptor was lost. Immunoblotting analysis identified the expression of calponin, caldesmon, alpha smooth muscle actin, and oxytocin receptor. Although estrogen receptor expression was below the level of detection with immunoblotting, transfection experiments performed with reporter constructs driven by estrogen response elements demonstrated estrogen responsiveness in the hTERT-HM. In addition, treatment of hTERT-HM with oxytocin caused a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular calcium levels, confirming the presence of functional oxytocin receptors. Myometrial cells immortalized with hTERT retained markers of differentiation that are observed in primary cultures of smooth muscle cells. The expression of various smooth muscle/myometrium cell markers suggests that these cells may be an appropriate model system to study certain aspects of human myometrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Condon
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9032, USA
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