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Dervenis P, Dervenis N, Steel D, Sandinha T, Tranos P, Vasilakis P, Liampas I, Doxani C, Zintzaras E. Intravitreal bevacizumab prior to vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:25158414211059256. [PMID: 34901749 PMCID: PMC8655445 DOI: 10.1177/25158414211059256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of visual loss in the working population. Pars plana vitrectomy has become the mainstream treatment option for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) associated with significant vitreous haemorrhage and/or tractional retinal detachment. Despite the advances in surgical equipment, diabetic vitrectomy remains a challenging operation, requiring advanced microsurgical skills, especially in the presence of tractional retinal detachment. Preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab has been widely employed as an adjuvant to ease surgical difficulty and improve postoperative prognosis.Aims: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab in reducing intraoperative complications and improving postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing vitrectomy for the complications of PDR. Methods: A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases to identify all related studies published before 31/10/2020. Prespecified outcome measures were operation time, intraoperative iatrogenic retinal breaks, best-corrected visual acuity in the last follow-up visit, the presence of any postoperative vitreous haemorrhage and the need to re-operate. Evidence synthesis was performed using Fixed or Random Effects models, depending on the heterogeneity of the included studies. Heterogeneity was assessed using Q-statistic and I2. Additional meta-regression models, subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed as appropriate. Results: Thirteen randomized control trials, with a total of 688 eyes were included in this review. Comparison of the intraoperative data showed that bevacizumab reduced operation time (p < 0.001), minimized iatrogenic retinal breaks (p < 0.001), provided better long-term visual acuity outcomes (p = 0.005), and prevented vitreous haemorrhage (p < 0.001) and the need for reoperation (p = 0.001 < 0.05). Findings were strongly corroborated by additional sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Conclusion: Preoperative administration of bevacizumab is effective in reducing intraoperative complications and improving the postoperative prognosis of diabetic vitrectomy. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021219280
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Dervenis
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissis 33, Tirnavos, 40100, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Dervenis
- St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Teresa Sandinha
- St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Ioannis Liampas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Doxani
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Elias Zintzaras
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Center for Clinical Evidence Synthesis, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Han YE, Kim HA, Kim JG. Hemorrhagic Retinal Macrocyst with Retinal Detachment. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2021.62.9.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To report a satisfactory clinical outcome of hemorrhagic retinal macrocyst with retinal detachment after pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection. Case summary: A 33-year-old man visited our clinic with a 1-week history of visual disturbance in his left eye. His ocular and medical history were unremarkable, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the left eye was 20/40. Fundoscopic examination of the left eye showed a hemorrhagic retinal macrocyst that was well-demarcated, semi-transparent, dome-shaped, and larger than 8 disc diameters at the superonasal location, with macular-off retinal detachment. B-scan ultrasonography also confirmed the presence of an intra-retinal cystic lesion with internal mobile echogenic signals representing blood. The patient underwent 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy, barrier laser photocoagulation around the retinal tear and boundary of the cyst, and silicone oil injection, without any other additional procedures for the hemorrhagic retinal macrocyst. After the surgery, the patient stayed in the face down position for two weeks. Three months postoperatively, a completely collapsed hemorrhagic retinal macrocyst with successful retinal reattachment was observed. Six months later, the BCVA in the left eye had improved to 20/30. One year later, even after silicon oil removal, the collapsed hemorrhagic retinal macrocyst and reattached retina remained stable.Conclusions: A hemorrhagic retinal macrocyst with retinal detachment was successfully treated with pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade.
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Mastropasqua R, Luo YHL, Cheah YS, Egan C, Lewis JJ, da Cruz L. Black patients sustain vision loss while White and South Asian patients gain vision following delamination or segmentation surgery for tractional complications associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Eye (Lond) 2017; 31:1468-1474. [PMID: 28574495 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2017.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThis retrospective comparative case series aims to determine whether patient ethnicity (White versus South Asian versus Black) is related to the outcome of surgical treatment for traction complications of severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).SettingMoorfields Eye Hospital London, UK.MethodsAll patients who underwent vitrectomy with, delamination and/or segmentation for PDR over a 5-year period (2009-2014) were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were divided into White, South Asian or Black groups, and their age, gender, HbA1C and type of diabetes were recorded. A total of 484 patients (253 White, 117 South Asian, 114 Black) were included. Twenty-one patients were excluded due to inadequate documentation.OutcomesLogMAR Visual acuity (converted from Snellen) (VA), was recorded pre-operatively and ~6 months post surgery (range 5-8 months). Surgical outcome was classified according to the type and duration of tamponade required post-operatively.ResultsPre-operative VA and HbA1C values were similar across all three ethnic groups (P=0.64 and 0.569, respectively). Change in VA (mean±SD) was 0.41±0.78, 0.14±0.76 and -0.26±0.57 in White, South Asian and Black patient groups respectively (P<0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that post-op VA was significantly related to race and pre-op VA only (both P<0.001). The Black patient group were more likely to require silicone oil tamponade (P<0.001) and long-term retention of silicone oil (P<0.001) than the White and South Asian patient groups.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that Black patients on average lose vision following delamination surgery for traction complications of PDR while White and South Asian patients gain vision. The same group is also at higher risk of retaining silicone more than 6 months after surgery. This difference remains even when corrected for glycaemic control. The higher risk of visual loss and long-term retention of silicone oil in black patients requires further investigation. If these results are confirmed, surgeons should consider their patients' ethnicity before proceeding with surgical treatment of diabetic tractional detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mastropasqua
- Vitreo-Retinal Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Y H-L Luo
- Vitreo-Retinal Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Y S Cheah
- Department of Diabetic Medicine, King's College Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - C Egan
- Vitreo-Retinal Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J J Lewis
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - L da Cruz
- Vitreo-Retinal Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
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Kim YC, Shin JP. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings of tractional retinal elevation in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 254:1481-1487. [PMID: 26542121 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical and morphological characteristics as well as the surgical outcomes of tractional retinal elevation (TRE) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) by analyzing spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS SD-OCT images of 26 eyes (24 patients) who visited our clinic because of TRE and PDR from August 2011 to August 2014 were reviewed. According to the presence or absence of tractional retinal detachment (TRD), patients were classified into group 1 (without TRD) or group 2 (with TRD), and the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of the two groups were compared. Furthermore, we categorized the SD-OCT morphological components into sponge, cystoid, saw tooth, bridging columnar, and TRD and compared the characteristics among patients who had different components. RESULTS Group 1 had 18 eyes and group 2 had eight eyes. No differences in age, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), or spherical equivalent were observed between the two groups, but group 2 had longer axial length than that of group 1 (p = 0.02). A large variety of combined OCT findings was found in group 1 compared to that in group 2. TRD was the least combined form with the other morphological components. Although 92 % of eyes with the bridging columnar component had the cystoid component, TRD and tractional retinoschisis (TRS, bridging columnar morphology) were combined in only one eye. CONCLUSION Diabetic TRE may progress to TRD or TRS, which are mutually exclusive. They may progress to TRD in eyes with a long axial length, and cystoid macular edema seems to develop into TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cheol Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keimyung University School of Medicine Dongsan Medical Center, 56, Dalseong-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41931, Korea.
| | - Jae Pil Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Chao DL, Flynn HW. Stability of macular traction in involutional diabetic retinopathy over a 5-year course. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2015; 46:131-3. [PMID: 25559526 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20150101-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Involutional diabetic retinopathy is a descriptive term for an end-stage phase of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), which is often non-progressive. Two patients with involutional PDR with nonprogressive macular traction documented by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) over a 5-year period are described in this report.
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Jaime Claramunt L. Desprendimiento de retina. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0716-8640(10)70621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Leung E, Sisk RA, Flynn HW. Progression of diabetic tractional retinoschisis by optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2010; 41 Online:e1-3. [PMID: 21053865 DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20101025-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 63-year-old woman presented with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with extensive posterior neovascularization in both eyes. Visual acuities were 20/40 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left eye with eccentric fixation. Tractional retinoschisis in the left eye that initially spared the fovea progressed over 3 years to involve the entire macula. Findings were documented by optical coherence tomography. No surgical intervention was offered. Tractional retinoschisis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy may become progressive due to cicatricial contraction of the posterior hyaloid face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Leung
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. USA
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Newman DK. Surgical management of the late complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Eye (Lond) 2010; 24:441-9. [DOI: 10.1038/eye.2009.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Chavala SH, Farsiu S, Maldonado R, Wallace DK, Freedman SF, Toth CA. Insights into advanced retinopathy of prematurity using handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging. Ophthalmology 2009; 116:2448-56. [PMID: 19766317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the subclinical anatomy of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT). DESIGN Prospective, observational case series. PARTICIPANTS Three low-birth-weight, severely premature infants. METHODS Clinical examination was performed using a portable slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope. Imaging was performed by using a handheld SD OCT device and Retcam (Clarity Medical Systems, Pleasanton, CA) or video-indirect recording. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging was conducted without sedation at the bedside in the neonatal intensive care unit on 1 patient. The other 2 patients had an examination under anesthesia with SD OCT imaging in the operating room. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In vivo determination of vitreoretinal morphology, anatomy, and pathology by clinical examination, imaging, and SD OCT. RESULTS Linear and volumetric imaging was achieved with the handheld system in infant eyes despite tunica vasculosa lentis and vitreous bands. Imaging was not possible in eyes with notable vitreous hemorrhage. Analysis of SD OCT images revealed preretinal structures (ranging from 409 to 2700 microm in width and 212 to 440 microm in height), retinoschisis, and retinal detachment in the posterior pole of patients with advanced ROP. Both the retinoschisis and the preretinal structures were not identified on conventional examination or imaging by expert pediatric ophthalmologists. The preretinal structures varied in location and size, and may represent preretinal fibrovascular proliferation. Some were found in close proximity to blood vessels, whereas others were near the optic nerve. CONCLUSIONS Handheld SD OCT imaging can be performed on the sedated or nonsedated neonate and provides valuable subclinical anatomic information. This novel imaging modality can reveal the location and extent of posterior ROP pathology not evident on standard examination. This could affect future clinical decision-making if studies validate a management strategy based on findings from this imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai H Chavala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Kay CN, Gendy MG, Lujan BJ, Punjabi OS, Gregori G, Flynn HW. Composite spectral domain optical coherence tomography images of diabetic tractional retinal detachment. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2008; 39:S99-103. [PMID: 18777880 DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20080715-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings in three patients with diabetic tractional retinal detachment. Three patients underwent fundus photography and SD-OCT imaging before and after pars plana vitrectomy, endola-ser, and membrane peel. On SD-OCT, all three patients exhibited significant improvement or resolution of subretinal fluid after the surgical release of traction. In this case series, a clinically useful method of visualizing SD-OCT images is demonstrated. Composite images were manually constructed with commercially available software by merging high-density B-scans from the macula and optic nerve. The composite image allowed simultaneous visualization of the effects of proliferative diabetic retinopathy on the macula and optic nerve and is particularly helpful in evaluating tractional macular detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N Kay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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McLeod D. A chronic grey matter penumbra, lateral microvascular intussusception and venous peduncular avulsion underlie diabetic vitreous haemorrhage. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91:677-89. [PMID: 17446507 PMCID: PMC1954739 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2006.109199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The landmark publications that gave such impetus to our understanding of proliferative diabetic retinopathy are reviewed in the light of more recent reports. Briefly, confluence of small areas of capillary closure in the midperipheral and peripheral retina results in arteriovenous shunting and abnormal oxygen partial pressure gradients. These gradients embrace a chronic ischaemic penumbra that stimulates neuroglial secretion of angiogenic growth factors and upregulation of their receptors in the retinal venous endothelium and adventitia. The blood shunting produces biomechanical stresses within the veins and induces microvascular intussusception near arteriovenous crossings, giving way to neovascular outgrowths and/or segmental venous lesions (such as omega loops and coils) that penetrate the inner limiting lamina. The lamellar collagenous matrix of the vitreous cortex is then exploited for integrin-dependent rete expansion along chemotactic gradients. During posterior vitreous detachment, haemorrhaging takes place from the arterialised veins as venous neovascular peduncles are avulsed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McLeod
- Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WH, UK.
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Oh KT, Hartnett ME, Landers MB. Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Retinal Detachment. Retina 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02598-0.50122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a modified laser technique for identification of bullous retinoschisis. DESIGN Retrospective interventional case series collected over 10 years. METHODS Forty-one eyes with presumed bullous retinoschisis and breaks in the inner layers underwent a low-energy argon green laser application at the same energy as a control spot in adjacent retina. A gray response in the outer layers equal to the control spot was diagnostic of retinoschisis. RESULTS The laser test was positive for retinoschisis in 40 of 41 eyes. In none of the 40 eyes did the elevation progress. CONCLUSIONS A low-energy argon green laser application through a break in the inner layers of presumed retinoschisis eliminates the attenuation of the beam and can confirm retinoschisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Lincoff
- Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Imai M, Iijima H, Hanada N. Optical coherence tomography of tractional macular elevations in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 132:458-61. [PMID: 11530091 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To document the findings of optical coherence tomography in eyes with tractional macular elevation associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, paying special attention to differentiating between tractional retinal detachment and retinoschisis. DESIGN Observational case series. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed images of optical coherence tomography obtained from 17 consecutive eyes (17 patients) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without vitreous opacity and showing tractional macular elevation with or without foveal involvement. RESULTS Tractional retinal detachment and retinoschisis could be differentiated in the cross-sectional images of optical coherence tomography. Retinoschisis with or without associated retinal detachment was observed in 16 of 17 eyes (94%), whereas retinal detachment was observed in only six of 17 eyes (35%). Five eyes showed both findings of retinal detachment and retinoschisis. CONCLUSIONS Optical coherence tomography is useful for distinguishing tractional retinoschisis from retinal detachment in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular elevation. Tractional retinoschisis with or without retinal detachment is the most frequent pattern of tractional macular elevation in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Imai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Tamaho, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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Imai M, Iijima H, Hanada N. Optical coherence tomography of tractional macular elevations in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 132:81-4. [PMID: 11438058 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(01)00910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To document the findings of optical coherence tomography in eyes with tractional macular elevation associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, paying special attention to differentiating between tractional retinal detachment and retinoschisis. DESIGN Observational case series. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed images of optical coherence tomography obtained from 17 consecutive eyes (17 patients) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy without vitreous opacity and showing tractional macular elevation with or without foveal involvement. RESULTS Tractional retinal detachment and retinoschisis could be differentiated in the cross-sectional images of optical coherence tomography. Retinoschisis with or without associated retinal detachment was observed in 16 of 17 eyes (94%), whereas retinal detachment was observed in only six of 17 eyes (35%). Five eyes showed both findings of retinal detachment and retinoschisis. CONCLUSIONS Optical coherence tomography is useful for distinguishing tractional retinoschisis from retinal detachment in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular elevation. Tractional retinoschisis with or without retinal detachment is the most frequent pattern of tractional macular elevation in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Imai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamanashi Medical University, Tamaho, Yamanashi, Japan.
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Wahab S. Traction retinal detachment. XLIX Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol 1994; 117:413. [PMID: 8166864 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)73162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kreissig I, Lincoff H, Partsch M. Akute „Glaskörper“-Blutung bei diabetischer Retinopathie: Ein nicht-chirurgisches Behandlungsvorgehen. SPEKTRUM DER AUGENHEILKUNDE 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03163929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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