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Zhao L, Xie H, Li P, Chen H, He J, Wang L, Wang Y, Ni B. CircTFF1 Promotes Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Lung Cancer Cells by Facilitating Methylation of BCL6B Promoter via miR-29c-3p/DNMT3A Axis. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 65:942-952. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pan G, Mao A, Liu J, Lu J, Ding J, Liu W. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0061825 (circ-TFF1) contributes to breast cancer progression through targeting miR-326/TFF1 signalling. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12720. [PMID: 31961997 PMCID: PMC7048212 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are RNA transcripts that belong to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), whose implication in human cancers has been recently demonstrated. However, the specific role of multiple circRNAs in breast cancer remains unidentified. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microarray analysis and bioinformatics analysis were applied to select circRNA and miRNA, respectively. The loop structure of circ-TFF1 was confirmed using RNase R treatment, divergent primer PCR and Sanger sequencing. qRT-PCR and Western blot were employed for gene expressions. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to assess the function of circ-TFF1 in biological processes in breast cancer cells. FISH and subcellular separation indicated circ-TFF1 cellular distribution. Luciferase reporter and RIP assays and Pearson's correlation analysis were performed to evaluate relationships between genes. RESULTS Circ-TFF1 and TFF1 were both upregulated and positively associated with each other in breast cancer. Knockdown of circ-TFF1 hindered breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in vitro and controlled tumour growth in vivo. Circ-TFF1 acted as a ceRNA of TFF1 by sponging miR-326, and its contribution to breast cancer progression was mediated by miR-326/TFF1 axis. CONCLUSIONS Circ-TFF1 is a facilitator in breast cancer relying on TFF1 by absorbing miR-326, providing a novel promising target for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Pan
- Minhang HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Anwei Mao
- Minhang HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiazhe Liu
- Minhang HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jingfeng Lu
- Minhang HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Junbin Ding
- Minhang HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Weiyan Liu
- Minhang HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Holding AN, Giorgi FM, Donnelly A, Cullen AE, Nagarajan S, Selth LA, Markowetz F. VULCAN integrates ChIP-seq with patient-derived co-expression networks to identify GRHL2 as a key co-regulator of ERa at enhancers in breast cancer. Genome Biol 2019; 20:91. [PMID: 31084623 PMCID: PMC6515683 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND VirtUaL ChIP-seq Analysis through Networks (VULCAN) infers regulatory interactions of transcription factors by overlaying networks generated from publicly available tumor expression data onto ChIP-seq data. We apply our method to dissect the regulation of estrogen receptor-alpha activation in breast cancer to identify potential co-regulators of the estrogen receptor's transcriptional response. RESULTS VULCAN analysis of estrogen receptor activation in breast cancer highlights the key components of the estrogen receptor complex alongside a novel interaction with GRHL2. We demonstrate that GRHL2 is recruited to a subset of estrogen receptor binding sites and regulates transcriptional output, as evidenced by changes in estrogen receptor-associated eRNA expression and stronger estrogen receptor binding at active enhancers after GRHL2 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new insight into the role of GRHL2 in regulating eRNA transcription as part of estrogen receptor signaling. These results demonstrate VULCAN, available from Bioconductor, as a powerful predictive tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Holding
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
- The Alan Turing Institute, 96 Euston Road, Kings Cross, London, NW1 2DB, UK.
| | - Federico M Giorgi
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Amanda Donnelly
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Amy E Cullen
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Sankari Nagarajan
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Florian Markowetz
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
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TFF1 and TFF3 mRNAs Are Higher in Blood from Breast Cancer Patients with Metastatic Disease than Those without. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2018; 2018:4793498. [PMID: 29977293 PMCID: PMC6011051 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4793498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer metastasis occurs when tumor cells dissociate from the primary tumor and migrate to distant organs through the peripheral bloodstream or lymphatic drainage. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) originate from primary sites or metastases and circulate in the patients' bloodstream. Molecular assays for the detection and molecular characterization of CTCs can serve as a liquid biopsy and can represent an alternative to invasive biopsies as a source of tumor tissue in the metastatic patients. Patients and Methods We analyzed the presence of CTCs in the peripheral blood of 50 breast cancer patients by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to detect trefoil factor family (TFF) 1 and 3 genes. Results We found significant difference in the level of both TFF1 and TFF3 mRNA in the blood of nonmetastatic versus metastatic breast cancer patients (p= 0.001 and p= 0.038, respectively). TFF1 mRNA was detected at higher levels in 34.6% of metastatic breast cancer patients as compared to 0% of nonmetastatic (p= 0.002). As regards TFF3 mRNA, it was detected at higher levels in 46.2% of metastatic breast cancer patients as compared to 4% of nonmetastatic (p= 0.026). Moreover, we found that the high level of both TFF1 and TFF3 mRNA was related to estrogen status of the patients. The detection of high level of TFF1 mRNA in CTCs was associated with bone metastases (77.8%), while that of TFF3 was related to lymph node involvement (75%) and lung metastases (68.8%). Conclusion The combined measurement of both TFF1 and TFF3 mRNA level for differentiation of metastatic from nonmetastatic breast cancer gave 57.69% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity.
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Tolušić Levak M, Mihalj M, Koprivčić I, Lovrić I, Novak S, Bijelić N, Baus-Lončar M, Belovari T, Kralik K, Pauzar B. Differential Expression of TFF Genes and Proteins in Breast Tumors. Acta Clin Croat 2018; 57:264-277. [PMID: 30431719 PMCID: PMC6532012 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2018.57.02.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY – The objective of this study was to determine differential expression of TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 genes and proteins in breast tumor subtypes. In addition, we investigated the correlation between TFF genes within tumor subgroups, and TFF genes with clinical and pathologic characteristics of the tumor. Study group included 122 patients with surgically removed breast tumors. Samples were investigated using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. TFF1 and TFF3 genes and proteins were expressed in breast tumors, while the levels of TFF2 gene and protein expression were very low or undetectable. TFF1 was significantly more expressed in benign tumors, while TFF3 was more expressed in malignant tumors. Gene and protein expression of both TFF1 and TFF3 was greater in lymph node-negative tumors, hormone positive tumors, tumors with moderate levels of Ki67 expression, and in grade II tumors. A strong positive correlation was found between TFF1 and TFF3 genes, and the expression of both negatively correlated with Ki67 and the level of tumor histologic differentiation. Our results suggest that TFF1 and TFF3, but not TFF2, may have a role in breast tumor pathogenesis and could be used in the assessment of tumor differentiation and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivan Koprivčić
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Surgery, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Lovrić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Sanja Novak
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nikola Bijelić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Mirela Baus-Lončar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Belovari
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Kralik
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Biljana Pauzar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Clinical Cytology, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia
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Wells JM, Ginter PS, Liu Y, Chen Z, Narula N, Shin SJ. Evaluating the utility of trefoil factor 1 as a mammary-specific immunostain compared and in conjunction with GATA-3 and mammaglobin in the distinction between carcinoma of breast and lung. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 144:444-51. [PMID: 26276775 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpc7fa3ihypepf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The distinction between metastatic breast carcinomas (BCs) and primary lung carcinomas (PLCs) can be difficult. This study tested the utility of trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) for this purpose and compared it with mammaglobin and GATA protein binding 3 (GATA-3). METHODS Tissue microarrays containing 365 BCs and 338 PLCs were stained with TFF1, mammaglobin, and GATA-3, and an H-score was calculated. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated, and logistical regression analysis was performed. RESULTS Accuracy of correctly classifying the tumor type was 81.9%, 71.3%, and 64.0% for GATA-3, mammaglobin, and TFF1, respectively. Odds ratios for selecting BCs were 25.69, 93.15, and 4.17, respectively, with P values less than .001. With a single exception, the best immunopanel included GATA-3 and mammaglobin in all comparisons. CONCLUSIONS TFF1 demonstrated breast specificity but was inferior to mammaglobin and GATA-3. Therefore, its routine clinical use may not be justified. TFF1 showed little benefit when added to an immunopanel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yifang Liu
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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May FEB, Westley BR. TFF3 is a valuable predictive biomarker of endocrine response in metastatic breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:465-79. [PMID: 25900183 PMCID: PMC4455223 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stratification of breast cancer patients for endocrine therapies by oestrogen or progesterone receptor expression is effective but imperfect. The present study aims were to validate microarray studies that demonstrate TFF3 regulation by oestrogen and its association with oestrogen receptors in breast cancer, to evaluate TFF3 as a biomarker of endocrine response, and to investigate TFF3 function. Microarray data were validated by quantitative RT-PCR and northern and western transfer analyses. TFF3 was induced by oestrogen, and its induction was inhibited by antioestrogens, tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen and fulvestrant in oestrogen-responsive breast cancer cells. The expression of TFF3 mRNA was associated with oestrogen receptor mRNA in breast tumours (Pearson's coefficient=0.762, P=0.000). Monoclonal antibodies raised against the TFF3 protein detected TFF3 by immunohistochemistry in oesophageal submucosal glands, intestinal goblet and neuroendocrine cells, Barrett's metaplasia and intestinal metaplasia. TFF3 protein expression was associated with oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and TFF1 expression in malignant breast cells. TFF3 is a specific and sensitive predictive biomarker of response to endocrine therapy, degree of response and duration of response in unstratified metastatic breast cancer patients (P=0.000, P=0.002 and P=0.002 respectively). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that TFF3 is an independent biomarker of endocrine response and degree of response, and this was confirmed in a validation cohort. TFF3 stimulated migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. In conclusion, TFF3 expression is associated with response to endocrine therapy, and outperforms oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and TFF1 as an independent biomarker, possibly because it mediates the malign effects of oestrogen on invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity E B May
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Medical Sciences, Northern Institute for Cancer Research and Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Bruce R Westley
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Medical Sciences, Northern Institute for Cancer Research and Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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May FEB. The potential of trefoil proteins as biomarkers in human cancer. Biomark Med 2012; 6:301-4. [PMID: 22731904 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Lowery JT, Byers T, Kittelson J, Hokanson JE, Mouchawar J, Lewin J, Merrick D, Hines L, Singh M. Differential expression of prognostic biomarkers between interval and screen-detected breast cancers: does age or family history matter? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 129:211-9. [PMID: 21431872 PMCID: PMC4675131 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare tumor expression of prognostic biomarkers between interval breast cancers and screen-detected breast cancers overall, and according to age at diagnosis and familial risk. Tissue micro-arrays were constructed from 98 breast cancers (47 interval and 51 screen-detected) diagnosed in women in the Cancer Genetics Network. Arrays were immuno-stained to compare protein expression of six biomarkers including estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER/PR), Her2/neu, EGFR, cytokeratin 5/6, and Ki67. Fisher's Exact test was used to compare expression between interval and screen-detected cancers. Interval cancers were larger (P = 0.04), higher stage (P < 0.001), and more likely to have lobular histology (P = 0.01) than screen-detected cancers. Overall, interval cancers more often overexpressed EGFR (P = 0.01) and were somewhat more likely to be ER- (55% vs. 43%, P = 0.3), and triple negative (ER-/PR-/Her2-) (21 vs. 12%, P = 0.26). A greater difference in the proportion of interval versus screen-detected tumors that were ER- (53 vs. 35%; P = 0.29), PR- (35 vs. 21%; P = 0.25) and EGFR+ (17 vs. 0%; P = 0.02) was evident among women over 50. There was a trend toward differential expression among women with familial risk for PR- (P = 0.005) and triple negative status (P = 0.02). This study provides new data indicating that EGFR may be important in the etiology of interval cancer and be a possible therapeutic target. Our data also suggest that biological differences between interval and screen-detected cancers are more defined in older women. Future studies to confirm this finding and to elucidate novel markers for characterizing interval cancers may be more beneficial to this subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Lowery
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA.
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Deficiency in trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) increases tumorigenicity of human breast cancer cells and mammary tumor development in TFF1-knockout mice. Oncogene 2011; 30:3261-73. [PMID: 21358676 PMCID: PMC3141110 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although trefoil factor 1 (TFF1; previously named pS2) is abnormally expressed in about 50% of human breast tumors, its physiopathological role in this disease has been poorly studied. Moreover, controversial data have been reported. TFF1 function in the mammary gland therefore needs to be clarified. In this study, using retroviral vectors, we performed TFF1 gain- or loss-of-function experiments in four human mammary epithelial cell lines: normal immortalized TFF1-negative MCF10A, malignant TFF1-negative MDA-MB-231 and malignant TFF1-positive MCF7 and ZR75.1. The expression of TFF1 stimulated the migration and invasion in the four cell lines. Forced TFF1 expression in MCF10A, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells did not modify anchorage-dependent or -independent cell proliferation. By contrast, TFF1 knockdown in MCF7 enhanced soft-agar colony formation. This increased oncogenic potential of MCF7 cells in the absence of TFF1 was confirmed in vivo in nude mice. Moreover, chemically induced tumorigenesis in TFF1-deficient (TFF1-KO) mice led to higher tumor incidence in the mammary gland and larger tumor size compared with wild-type mice. Similarly, tumor development was increased in the TFF1-KO ovary and lung. Collectively, our results clearly show that TFF1 does not exhibit oncogenic properties, but rather reduces tumor development. This beneficial function of TFF1 is in agreement with many clinical studies reporting a better outcome for patients with TFF1-positive breast primary tumors.
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Martinez-Marignac VL, Rodrigue A, Davidson D, Couillard M, Al-Moustafa AE, Abramovitz M, Foulkes WD, Masson JY, Aloyz R. The effect of a DNA repair gene on cellular invasiveness: XRCC3 over-expression in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16394. [PMID: 21283680 PMCID: PMC3025979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-expression of DNA repair genes has been associated with resistance to radiation and DNA-damage induced by chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin. More recently, based on the analysis of genome expression profiling, it was proposed that over-expression of DNA repair genes enhances the invasive behaviour of tumour cells. In this study we present experimental evidence utilizing functional assays to test this hypothesis. We assessed the effect of the DNA repair proteins known as X-ray complementing protein 3 (XRCC3) and RAD51, to the invasive behavior of the MCF-7 luminal epithelial-like and BT20 basal-like triple negative human breast cancer cell lines. We report that stable or transient over-expression of XRCC3 but not RAD51 increased invasiveness in both cell lines in vitro. Moreover, XRCC3 over-expressing MCF-7 cells also showed a higher tumorigenesis in vivo and this phenotype was associated with increased activity of the metalloproteinase MMP-9 and the expression of known modulators of cell-cell adhesion and metastasis such as CD44, ID-1, DDR1 and TFF1. Our results suggest that in addition to its' role in facilitating repair of DNA damage, XRCC3 affects invasiveness of breast cancer cell lines and the expression of genes associated with cell adhesion and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amélie Rodrigue
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec City, Canada
| | - David Davidson
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin Couillard
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ala-Eddin Al-Moustafa
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mark Abramovitz
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - William D. Foulkes
- Faculty of Medicine, Program in Cancer Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec City, Canada
| | - Raquel Aloyz
- McGill University, Lady Davis Institute & Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Program in Cancer Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Complementary approaches to assessing risk factors for interval breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 22:23-31. [PMID: 20978835 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine risk factors for interval breast cancer among women screened in a population-based mammography program. METHODS Risk for interval cancer was assessed in terms of both the incidence per 10,000 negative screens and the proportion of all breast cancers diagnosed among screened women. Interval (N = 557) and screen-detected cancers (N = 1,545) were identified among 208,667 women receiving mammography in Colorado (1994-2001). Logistic regression was used to assess independent effects of multiple factors. RESULTS Overall risk of interval cancer was 29.5/10,000 women screened. Incidence was higher in women >50 years (OR: 2.28, 1.86-2.80), with family history (OR: 2.23, 1.85-2.70), with dense breasts (OR: 3.84, 2.76-5.35), and using hormones (OR: 1.54, 1.20-1.97). Hispanics had lower incidence than Whites (OR: 0.52, 0.34-0.81). Interval cancers represented 26% of all cancers diagnosed. This proportion was higher in women <50 (OR: 1.41, 1.09-1.82) and in women with dense breasts (OR: 2.95, 1.94-4.48). CONCLUSIONS Incidence of interval cancer increases with age, breast density, hormone use, and family history. Attempts to reduce occurrence of these cancers through more sensitive and/or intensive screening should focus on these subgroups. The disproportionate number of interval cancers associated with young age and dense breasts suggests these cancers result from both rapid growth and difficulties in detection.
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Amiry N, Kong X, Muniraj N, Kannan N, Grandison PM, Lin J, Yang Y, Vouyovitch CM, Borges S, Perry JK, Mertani HC, Zhu T, Liu D, Lobie PE. Trefoil factor-1 (TFF1) enhances oncogenicity of mammary carcinoma cells. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4473-83. [PMID: 19589871 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The functional role of autocrine trefoil factor-1 (TFF1) in mammary carcinoma has not been previously elucidated. Herein, we demonstrate that forced expression of TFF1 in mammary carcinoma cells resulted in increased total cell number as a consequence of increased cell proliferation and survival. Forced expression of TFF1 enhanced anchorage-independent growth and promoted scattered cell morphology with increased cell migration and invasion. Moreover, forced expression of TFF1 increased tumor size in xenograft models. Conversely, RNA interference-mediated depletion of TFF1 in mammary carcinoma cells significantly reduced anchorage-independent growth and migration. Furthermore, neutralization of secreted TFF1 protein by polyclonal antibody decreased mammary carcinoma cell viability in vitro and resulted in regression of mammary carcinoma xenografts. We have therefore demonstrated that TFF1 possesses oncogenic functions in mammary carcinoma cells. Functional antagonism of TFF1 can therefore be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for mammary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Amiry
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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The trefoil factor interacting protein TFIZ1 binds the trefoil protein TFF1 preferentially in normal gastric mucosal cells but the co-expression of these proteins is deregulated in gastric cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 41:632-40. [PMID: 18722547 PMCID: PMC2632736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The gastric tumour suppressor trefoil protein TFF1 is present as a covalently bound heterodimer with a previously uncharacterised protein, TFIZ1, in normal human gastric mucosa. The purpose of this research was firstly to examine the molecular forms of TFIZ1 present, secondly to determine if TFIZ1 binds other proteins apart form TFF1 in vivo, thirdly to investigate if TFIZ1 and TFF1 are co-regulated in normal gastric mucosa and fourthly to determine if their co-regulation is maintained or disrupted in gastric cancer. We demonstrate that almost all human TFIZ1 is present as a heterodimer with TFF1 and that TFIZ1 is not bound to either of the other two trefoil proteins, TFF2 and TFF3. TFIZ1 and TFF1 are co-expressed by the surface mucus secretory cells throughout the stomach and the molecular forms of each protein are affected by the relative abundance of the other. TFIZ1 expression is lost consistently, early and permanently in gastric tumour cells. In contrast, TFF1 is sometimes expressed in the absence of TFIZ1 in gastric cancer cells and this expression is associated with metastasis (lymph node involvement: p = 0.007). In conclusion, formation of the heterodimer between TFIZ1 and TFF1 is a specific interaction that occurs uniquely in the mucus secretory cells of the stomach, co-expression of the two proteins is disrupted in gastric cancer and expression of TFF1 in the absence of TFIZ1 is associated with a more invasive and metastatic phenotype. This indicates that TFF1 expression in the absence of TFIZ1 expression has potentially deleterious consequences in gastric cancer.
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Corte MD, Tamargo F, Alvarez A, Rodríguez JC, Vázquez J, Sánchez R, Lamelas ML, González LO, Allende MT, García-Muñiz JL, Fueyo A, Vizoso F. Cytosolic levels of TFF1/pS2 in breast cancer: Their relationship with clinical-pathological parameters and their prognostic significance. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 96:63-72. [PMID: 16267614 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-9041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Trefoil Factor 1 (TFF1/pS2), a peptide consisting of 60 amino acids, is the most abundant estrogen-induced messenger RNA present in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The objective of this work was to evaluate the cytosolic TFF1 content in breast carcinomas, its possible relationship with different clinical-pathological parameters, and its potential prognostic significance and predictive value. METHODS Cytosolic TFF1 levels were examined by immunoradiometric assay in 1031 patients with invasive breast cancer. The median follow-up period was of 50 months. RESULTS There was a wide variability of cytosolic TFF1 levels in tumors (0.9-743.2 ng/mg protein). Statistical analysis showed that TFF1 levels were significantly higher in premenopausal patients (p = 0.001), as well as in tumors showing any of the following characteristics: good differentiation (p = 0.0001), ER and PgR positivity (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.001, respectively), diploidy (p = 0.045) and a high S-phase fraction (p = 0.001). In addition, the presence of high intratumoral TFF1 levels (cut-off: 2 ng/mg protein) was independently associated with a shorter overall survival in the group of patients as a whole (p = 0.001) as well as in the subgroup with node-negative breast cancer (p = 0.0004). Likewise, high intratumoral TFF1 levels were associated with a more prolonged overall survival in patients who received adjuvant tamoxifen (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS In breast cancer patients, intratumoral TFF1 levels are associated with a better clinical outcome, especially in those with node-negative tumors. In addition, TFF1 levels have a low but significant predictive value in regards to response to adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/therapy
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Immunoradiometric Assay
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Premenopause
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Trefoil Factor-1
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Corte
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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16
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Mikhitarian K, Gillanders WE, Almeida JS, Hebert Martin R, Varela JC, Metcalf JS, Cole DJ, Mitas M. An Innovative Microarray Strategy Identities Informative Molecular Markers for the Detection of Micrometastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:3697-704. [PMID: 15897566 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that molecular detection of micrometastatic breast cancer in the axillary lymph nodes (ALN) of breast cancer patients can improve staging. Molecular analyses of samples obtained from the Minimally Invasive Molecular Staging of Breast Cancer Trial (n = 489 patients) indicate that whereas the majority of molecular markers are informative for the detection of metastatic breast cancer (significant disease burden), only a few are sensitive for the detection of micrometastatic disease (limited disease burden). Frequency distribution and linear regression analyses reveal that relative levels of gene expression are highly correlated with apparent sensitivity for the detection of micrometastic breast cancer (P < 0.05). These data provides statistical validation of the concept that the most informative markers for detection of micrometastatic disease are those that are most highly expressed in metastatic disease. To test this hypothesis, we developed an innovative microarray strategy. RNA from a metastatic breast cancer ALN was diluted into RNA from a normal lymph node and analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays. Expression analysis indicated that only two genes [mammaglobin (mam) and trefoil factor 1 (TFF1)] were significantly overexpressed at a dilution of 1:50. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of pathology-negative ALN (n = 72) confirm that of all the markers tested, mam and TFF1 have the highest apparent sensitivity for detection of micrometastatic breast cancer. We conclude that a dilutional microarray approach is a simple and reliable method for the identification of informative molecular markers for the detection of micrometastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Mikhitarian
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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17
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Westley BR, Griffin SM, May FEB. Interaction between TFF1, a Gastric Tumor Suppressor Trefoil Protein, and TFIZ1, a Brichos Domain-Containing Protein with Homology to SP-C. Biochemistry 2005; 44:7967-75. [PMID: 15924415 DOI: 10.1021/bi047287n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TFF1 is a gastric tumor suppressor that protects gastric epithelial cells from damage but can promote invasive properties of tumor cells. Antibodies were raised against correctly folded TFF1 protein. These showed that the 6.67 kDa secreted trefoil protein is present as an approximately 25 kDa complex in normal human gastric mucosa. The TFF1 complex was immunopurified from human gastric mucosa and shown to comprise two proteins joined by a disulfide bond. Both were identified by amino-terminal sequencing and MALDI TOF mass spectrometry. The TFF1 protein partner is a previously unknown protein that we have called TFIZ1 for trefoil factor interactions(z) 1. TFIZ1 is expressed and secreted in normal gastric mucosa. TFIZ1 mRNA was cloned from gastric mucosa and sequenced. TFIZ1 is an 18.31 kDa protein and contains an approximately 100 amino acid brichos domain and homology with smart00019.10, SF_P. This is the first demonstration that a member of the trefoil factor family of proteins is bound covalently to a brichos domain-containing protein. The apparent molecular mass of the TFF1:TFIZ1 heterodimer is remarkably close to the theoretical molecular mass of 24.98 kDa. In conclusion, the heterodimer comprises one molecule each of TFF1 and TFIZ1, and the disulfide bond between TFF1 and TFIZ1 is the most important factor stabilizing the heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Westley
- Department of Pathology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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18
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Sánchez Salmón A, Argibay S, Arias JI, Ruibal A. [Cytosolic pS2 levels and cellular proliferation in ER-positive and PgR-positive infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 24:185-90. [PMID: 15847785 DOI: 10.1157/13073789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The trefoil factor 1 (TFF1/pS2) is an estrogen-induced molecule in breast tumours. We wanted to study its expression in ER+ and PgR+ infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast (IDCs), and to correlate it with other clinical-biological parameters and the outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cytosolic pS2 levels were measured using an IRMA (CIS. Biointernational. France) in 170 tumors. Likewise we determined the cytosolic levels of cathepsin D and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), as well as the concentrations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), erbB2 oncoprotein, CD44v5 and CD44v6 on cell surfaces. Also the tumour size, histological grade (HG), axillary lymph node involvement, distant metastasis, ploidy, DNA index and of cellular synthesis phase (SP) was taken in account. RESULTS The pS2-positive (> 5 ng/mg prot.) tumours showed higher concentrations of cathepsin D (p: 0.0043) and t-PA (p: 0.0089) than the pS2-negative ones. Likewise, they were less frequently HG3 (p: 0.0231), SP > 7 % (p: 0.0005) and SP > 14% (p:0.0014). During the follow-up time (r: 1-147; 50,1+/-31,7; median 37 months) the pS2-positive tumors showed a less number of recurrences (5/101 vs 6/69; p: 0.059) but not of deaths by the tumor (1/101 vs 2/69). CONCLUSIONS These results support an inverse relationship between pS2 positivity and cellular proliferation in IDCs and suggest a new role of this protein (different of the hormone dependence) in the biology of these breast carcinomas, while further studies will be required to establish the impact of this finding on their outcome.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aneuploidy
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/classification
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cathepsin D/analysis
- Cell Division
- Cytosol/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Disease-Free Survival
- ErbB Receptors/analysis
- Estrogens
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Glycoproteins/analysis
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/analysis
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/chemistry
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/mortality
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Progesterone
- Prognosis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/analysis
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Progesterone/analysis
- Tissue Plasminogen Activator/analysis
- Trefoil Factor-1
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/analysis
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sánchez Salmón
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Clínico Universitario, 15706 Santiago de Compostela
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19
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Meyer zum Büschenfelde D, Hoschützky H, Tauber R, Huber O. Molecular mechanisms involved in TFF3 peptide-mediated modulation of the E-cadherin/catenin cell adhesion complex. Peptides 2004; 25:873-83. [PMID: 15177884 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
TFF3 is a member of the TFF-domain peptide family which is constitutively expressed in mucous epithelial tissues where it acts as a motogenic factor and plays an important role during epithelial restitution after wounding and during inflammation. In contrast to these beneficial functions, TFFs were also reported to be involved in cell scattering and tumor invasion. These changes in epithelial cell morphology and motility are associated with a modulation of cell contacts. In this respect, we here investigated the E-cadherin/catenin cell adhesion complex in FLAG-hTFF3-transfected HT29/B6 and MDCK cells. In hTFF3-transfected cells the amount of E-cadherin is reduced with a concomitant reduction of alpha- and beta-catenin levels. On one hand, E-cadherin expression is lowered at the transcriptional level as shown by multiplex RT-PCR analysis. This decrease does not depend on differences in the promoter methylation status as shown by methylation-specific PCR. On the other hand, pulse-chase experiments showed a reduction in the E-cadherin half-life in hTFF3-transfected cells reflecting increased E-cadherin degradation. In summary, hTFF3 induces transcriptional and posttranslational processes resulting in a modulation of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts that may play an important role in the paradoxical benefical and pathogenic function of TFF peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Meyer zum Büschenfelde
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Chi AL, Lim S, Wang TC. Characterization of a CCAAT-enhancer element of trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) promoter in MCF-7 cells. Peptides 2004; 25:839-47. [PMID: 15177880 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factors family 2 (TFF2), also known as spasmolytic polypeptide, is primarily expressed in the mucus neck cells of gastrointestinal tracts. It has been proposed that TFF2 plays an important physiological role in protection, repair, and healing of gastrointestinal mucosa. To investigate the cis-acting regulatory element that control TFF2 tissue-specific expression, we studied the basal TFF2 promoter activity through transient transfection in several human cancer cell lines. Expression of TFF2 was found to be significantly greater in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells compared to other cancer cells. Results from TFF2 promoter luciferase reporter constructs revealed that the basal level of TFF2 promoter activity was overall more than two-fold higher in MCF-7 cells compared to that of other cell lines examined. Using EMSA assays and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified a cell line-specific transcriptional regulation element located in the TFF2 promoter 5'-flank sequence at -32/-27, and which contains a CCAAT/enhance binding proteins (C/EBPs) consensus-binding site. Mutation of this consensus site reduced the basal promoter activity by more than 50% in MCF-7 cells but had no effect in human gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, we have identified a CCAAT sequence as a cell line-specific cis-acting regulatory element that may contribute to the high level expression of TFF2 in MCF-7 cells. These results also suggest the possibility that TFF2 could play a role in mammary gland tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred L Chi
- Gastroenterology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical Centre, Worcester 01655, USA
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21
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Emami S, Rodrigues S, Rodrigue CM, Le Floch N, Rivat C, Attoub S, Bruyneel E, Gespach C. Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides and cancer progression. Peptides 2004; 25:885-98. [PMID: 15177885 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
TFF peptides are involved in mucosal maintenance and repair through motogenic and antiapoptotic activities. These peptides are overexpressed during inflammatory processes and cancer progression. They also function as scatter factors, proinvasive and angiogenic agents. Such a divergence is related to the pathophysiological state of tissues submitted to persistent aggressive situations during digestive processes in the normal gastrointestinal tract, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. In agreement with this model, TFF peptides are connected with multiple oncogenic pathways. As a consequence, the TFF signaling pathways may serve as potential targets in the control of chronic inflammation and progression of human solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Emami
- INSERM U482, Signal Transduction and Cellular Functions in Diabetes and Digestive Cancers, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France.
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22
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May FEB, Semple JI, Prest SJ, Westley BR. Expression and motogenic activity of TFF2 in human breast cancer cells. Peptides 2004; 25:865-72. [PMID: 15177883 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The expression of TFF2 in breast cancer cells and the effect of recombinant TFF2 on breast cancer cell migration were assessed. TFF2 expression was detected by PCR in estrogen receptor-negative and at lower levels in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells. TFF2 expression was detected in nine out of 10 primary breast tumors but its expression was not related to that of the estrogen receptor. Focal expression was observed in normal and tumor cells by immunohistochemistry. TFF2 stimulated the migration of estrogen-responsive MCF-7 and non-responsive MDA-MB231 cells. We conclude that TFF2 is expressed in normal and malignant breast epithelial cells and that it stimulates the migration of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity E B May
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Royal Victoria Infirmary, NE1 4LP, UK.
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23
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Prest SJ, May FEB, Westley BR. The estrogen-regulated protein, TFF1, stimulates migration of human breast cancer cells. FASEB J 2002; 16:592-4. [PMID: 11919164 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0498fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human trefoil protein TFF1 is a small cysteine-rich secreted protein that is frequently expressed in breast tumors under the control of estrogen. The function of TFF1 in breast cancer is unknown. To test the hypothesis that it promotes tumor dissemination, we produced recombinant TFF1 and assessed its ability to stimulate the movement of breast cancer cells by using in vitro wounding and migration assays. Recombinant TFF1 stimulated migration at concentrations of TFF1 found in culture medium. Migration of MCF-7 breast cancer cells, which secrete TFF1, was stimulated by lower concentrations of TFF1 than MDA MB231 cells that do not produce TFF1. Dimeric TFF1, linked by a disulfide bond, and monomeric TFF1 are produced by estrogen-responsive breast cancer cell lines. Recombinant TFF1 dimer was eightfold more potent than TFF1 monomer, implying that the interaction of TFF1 with its receptor is facilitated by dimerization. The majority of TFF1-stimulated migration resulted from chemotaxis, but dimeric TFF1 stimulated some chemokinesis. These results show that estrogens can stimulate the motility of breast cancer cells via the induction of TFF1 and suggest that one reason for the efficacy of hormonal therapies is their ability to reduce expression of TFF1 and, hence, the migration of breast tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Prest
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
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