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Yenigül M, Gencer
Akçok EB. Histone Deacetylase Inhibition and Autophagy Modulation Induces a Synergistic Antiproliferative Effect and Cell Death in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:21755-21768. [PMID: 37360445 PMCID: PMC10285991 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as biliary tract cancer, is an aggressive adenocarcinoma arising from epithelial cells lining the intra- and extrahepatic biliary system. The effects of autophagy modulators and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in cholangiocarcinoma are not fully known. It is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms and the effects of HDAC inhibitors in the context of cholangiocarcinoma. The antiproliferative effect of different HDAC inhibitors and autophagy modulation was investigated by the MTT cell viability assay in TFK-1 and EGI-1 cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Combination indexes were calculated using CompuSyn software. Consequently, apoptosis was detected by Annexin V/PI staining. The effect of the drugs on the cell cycle was measured by the propidium iodide staining. The HDAC inhibition was confirmed via acetylated histone protein levels by western blotting. HDAC inhibitors, MS-275 and romidepsin, showed a better synergistic effect with the nocodazole combination. The combination treatment exerted its growth inhibitory effect by cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. The cell cycle analysis of the combination treatment showed that the S phase and G2/M phase were achieved. Moreover, the necrotic and apoptotic cell population increased after single HDAC inhibitors and combination treatment. The anti-cancer effect of HDAC inhibitors is revealed by acetylation levels of histones. While acetylation levels were increased in response to HDAC inhibitors and autophagy modulator combinations, the HDAC expression decreased. This study highlights the importance of the combination of HDAC inhibition and autophagy modulators and demonstrates a synergistic effect, which could be a promising therapy and novel treatment approach for cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Münevver Yenigül
- Graduate
School of Engineering and Science, Bioengineering Department, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri 38080, Turkey
| | - Emel Başak Gencer
Akçok
- Faculty
of Life and Natural Sciences, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri 38080, Turkey
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Nikam D, Jain A. Advances in the discovery of DHPMs as Eg5 inhibitors for the management of breast cancer and glioblastoma: A review. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Suleimenov M, Bekbayev S, Ten M, Suleimenova N, Tlegenova M, Nurmagambetova A, Kauanova S, Vorobjev I. Bcl-xL activity influences outcome of the mitotic arrest. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:933112. [PMID: 36188556 PMCID: PMC9520339 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.933112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-targeting (MT) drugs taxanes and vinca alkaloids are widely used as chemotherapeutic agents against different tumors for more than 30 years because of their ability to block mitotic progression by disrupting the mitotic spindle and activating the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) for a prolonged period of time. However, responses to mitotic arrest are different—some cells die during mitotic arrest, whereas others undergo mitotic slippage and survive becoming able for proliferation. Using normal fibroblasts and several cancer cell types we determined two critical doses, T1 and T2, of mitotic inhibitors (nocodazole, Taxol, and vinorelbine). T1 is the maximal dose cells can tolerate undergoing normal division, and T2 is the minimal mitostatic dose, wherein > 90% of mitotic cells are arrested in mitosis. In all studied cell lines after treatment with mitotic inhibitors in a dose above T2 cells had entered mitosis either die or undergo mitotic slippage. We show that for all three drugs used cell death during mitotic arrest and after slippage proceeded via mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. We determined two types of cancer cells: sensitive to mitotic arrest, that is, undergoing death in mitosis (DiM) frequently, and resistant to mitotic arrest, that is, undergoing mitotic slippage followed by prolonged survival. We then determined that inhibition of Bcl-xL, but not other anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 group that regulate MOMP, make resistant cells susceptible to DiM induced by mitotic inhibitors. Combined treatment with MT drugs and highly specific Bcl-xL inhibitors A-1155643 or A-1331852 allows achieving 100% DiM in a time significantly shorter than maximal duration of mitotic arrest in all types of cultured cells tested. We further examined efficacy of sequential treatment of cultured cells using mitotic inhibitors followed by inhibitors of Bcl-xL anti-apoptotic protein and for the first time show that sensitivity to Bcl-xL inhibitors rapidly declines after mitotic slippage. Thus sequential use of mitotic inhibitors and inhibitors of Bcl-xL anti-apoptotic protein will be efficient only if the Bcl-xL inhibitor will be added before mitotic slippage occurs or soon afterward. The combined treatment proposed might be an efficient approach to anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Suleimenov
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - S. Bekbayev
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - M. Ten
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - N. Suleimenova
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - M. Tlegenova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - A. Nurmagambetova
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- School of Engineering and Digital Science, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - S. Kauanova
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - I. Vorobjev
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- *Correspondence: I. Vorobjev,
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Modi S, Giri B, Gupta VK, Lavania S, Sethi V, Sharma NS, Pandey S, Vickers S, Dudeja V, Saluja AK. Minnelide synergizes with conventional chemotherapy by targeting both cancer and associated stroma components in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 537:215591. [PMID: 35398530 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Addition of nab-paclitaxel to gemcitabine offers a survival benefit of only 6 weeks over gemcitabine alone at a cost of increased toxicity in PDAC. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of Minnelide, a water-soluble prodrug of triptolide, in combination with the standard of care regimen for chemotherapy with the added advantage of reducing the doses of these drugs to minimize toxicity. Pancreatic cancer cell lines were implanted subcutaneously or orthotopically in athymic nude or C57BL/6J mice. Subsequently, animals were randomized and received saline or minnelide or full dose chemotherapy or low dose chemotherapy or minnelide in combination with low dose chemotherapy. Our results show that a combination of low doses of Minnelide with Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel significantly inhibited tumor progression and increased the survival of tumor-bearing mice in comparison with conventional chemotherapy alone. Moreover, combination therapy significantly reduced cancer-related morbidity by decreasing ascites and metastasis and effectively targeted both cancer and the associated stroma. In vitro studies with a combination of low doses of triptolide and paclitaxel significantly decreased the cell viability, increased apoptosis and led to significantly increased M-phase cell cycle arrest in various pancreatic cancer cell lines as compared to either drug alone. Our results show that Minnelide synergizes with conventional chemotherapy leading to a significant reduction in the doses of these toxic drugs, all the while achieving better efficacy in the treatment of PDAC. This combination effectively targeted both the cancer and the associated stromal components of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrey Modi
- Department of Surgery and, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bhuwan Giri
- Department of Surgery and, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vineet K Gupta
- Department of Surgery and, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shweta Lavania
- Department of Surgery and, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vrishketan Sethi
- Department of Surgery and, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nikita S Sharma
- Department of Surgery and, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Somnath Pandey
- Department of Surgery and, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Selwyn Vickers
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vikas Dudeja
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ashok K Saluja
- Department of Surgery and, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Santibáñez-Andrade M, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Chirino YI, Morales-Bárcenas R, Quintana-Belmares R, García-Cuellar CM. Particulate matter (PM 10) destabilizes mitotic spindle through downregulation of SETD2 in A549 lung cancer cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133900. [PMID: 35134396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution represents an environmental problem, impacting negatively in human health. Particulate matter of 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10) is related to pulmonary diseases, including lung cancer. Mitotic spindle is made up by chromosome-microtubule (MT) interactions, where SETD2 plays an important role in MT stability. SETD2 binds and activates α-TUBULIN sub-unit and promotes MT polymerization. Alongside this mechanism, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) senses the adequate mitotic progression through proteins such as BUBR1, AURORA B and SURVIVIN. Alterations in MT dynamics as well as in SAC cause aneuploidy and chromosomal instability, a common phenotype in cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the effect of PM10 in the expression and protein levels of SETD2, as well as the effect in the expression and protein levels of SAC and mitotic components involved in chromosomal segregation/mitosis, using the A549 lung cancer cell line. A549 cell cultures were exposed to PM10 (10 μg/cm2) for 24 h to evaluate the expression and protein levels of SETD2 (SETD2), TUBA1A (α-TUBULIN), CCNB1 (CYCLIN B1), BUB1B (BUBR1), AURKB (AURORA B) and BIRC5 (SURVIVIN). We observed that PM10 decreases the expression and protein levels of SETD2, α-TUBULIN and BUBR1 and increases the levels of AURORA B and SURVIVIN in A549 cells, compared with non-treated cells. PM10 also caused a decrease in mitotic index and in the percentage of cells in G2/M when compared with control group. Co-localization of SETD2/α -TUB was lower in PM10-treated cells in comparison with non-treated cells. Finally, micronuclei (MN) frequency was higher in PM10-treated cells in contrast with non-treated cells, being whole chromosomes more common in PM10-treated MN than in non-treated MN. Our results suggest that PM10 causes missegregation and aneuploidy through downregulation of SETD2 and SAC components, inducing aneuploidy and predisposing to the generation of chromosomal instability in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Santibáñez-Andrade
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla CP, 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rocío Morales-Bárcenas
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Raúl Quintana-Belmares
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia M García-Cuellar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Alrazi IMD, Ogunwa TH, Kolawole AO, Elekofehinti OO, Omotuyi OI, Miyanishi T, Maruta S. Kolaflavanone, a biflavonoid derived from medicinal plant Garcinia, is an inhibitor of mitotic kinesin Eg5. J Biochem 2021; 170:611-622. [PMID: 34264310 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic kinesin Eg5 remains a validated target in antimitotic therapy because of its essential role in the formation and maintenance of bipolar mitotic spindles. Although numerous Eg5 inhibitors of synthetic origin are known, only a few inhibitors derived from natural products have been reported. In our study, we focused on identifying novel Eg5 inhibitors from medicinal plants, particularly Garcinia species. Herein, we report the inhibitory effect of kolaflavanone (KLF), a Garcinia biflavonoid, on the ATPase and microtubule-gliding activities of mitotic kinesin Eg5. Additionally, we showed the interaction mechanism between Eg5 and KLF via in vitro and in silico analyses. The results revealed that KLF inhibited both the basal and microtubule-activated ATPase activities of Eg5. The inhibitory mechanism is allosteric, without a direct competition with adenosine-5'-diphosphate for the nucleotide-binding site. KLF also suppressed the microtubule gliding of Eg5 in vitro. The Eg5-KLF model obtained from molecular docking showed that the biflavonoid exists within the α2/α3/L5 (α2: Lys111-Glu116 and Ile135-Asp149, α3: Asn206-Thr226; L5: Gly117-Gly134) pocket, with a binding pose comparable to known Eg5 inhibitors. Overall, our data suggest that KLF is a novel allosteric inhibitor of mitotic kinesin Eg5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M D Alrazi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Tomisin H Ogunwa
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Ayodele O Kolawole
- Department of Biochemistry, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, PMB 704, Nigeria
| | - Olusola O Elekofehinti
- Department of Biochemistry, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, PMB 704, Nigeria
| | - Olaposi I Omotuyi
- Centre for Biocomputing and Drug Design, Biochemistry Department, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, PMB 001, Nigeria
| | - Takayuki Miyanishi
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Maruta
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
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Han TL, Sha H, Ji J, Li YT, Wu DS, Lin H, Hu B, Jiang ZX. Depletion of Survivin suppresses docetaxel-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells by facilitating mitotic slippage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2283. [PMID: 33504817 PMCID: PMC7840972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer effects of taxanes are attributed to the induction of mitotic arrest through activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint. Cell death following extended mitotic arrest is mediated by the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Accordingly, factors that influence the robustness of mitotic arrest or disrupt the apoptotic machinery confer drug resistance. Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis protein. Its overexpression is associated with chemoresistance, and its targeting leads to drug sensitization. However, Survivin also acts specifically in the spindle assembly checkpoint response to taxanes. Hence, the failure of Survivin-depleted cells to arrest in mitosis may lead to taxane resistance. Here we show that Survivin depletion protects HeLa cells against docetaxel-induced apoptosis by facilitating mitotic slippage. However, Survivin depletion does not promote clonogenic survival of tumor cells but increases the level of cellular senescence induced by docetaxel. Moreover, lentiviral overexpression of Survivin does not provide protection against docetaxel or cisplatin treatment, in contrast to the anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL or Bcl-2. Our findings suggest that targeting Survivin may influence the cell response to docetaxel by driving the cells through aberrant mitotic progression, rather than directly sensitizing cells to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Long Han
- The 305 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China.
| | - Hang Sha
- The 305 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Jun Ji
- The 305 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Yun-Tian Li
- The 305 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Deng-Shan Wu
- The 305 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Hu Lin
- The 305 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Bin Hu
- The 305 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Jiang
- The 305 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China.
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El-Hamamsy MH, Sharafeldin NA, El-Moselhy TF, Tawfik HO. Design, synthesis, and molecular docking study of new monastrol analogues as kinesin spindle protein inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000060. [PMID: 32452567 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lung, colorectal, and breast cancers are the top three types of cancer by incidence and are responsible for one-third of the cancer incidence and mortality. A series of 18 3,4-dihydropyrimidine analogues bearing a 1,2-methylenedioxybenzene component at position 4 with diverse side chains at positions 5 and 6 was designed and synthesized as inhibitors of the Eg5 kinesin enzyme. Target compounds were screened for their anticancer activity according to the NCI-USA protocol toward a panel of 60 cancer cell lines. Compounds 12a and 12b displayed the best antiproliferation activity against many cell lines. Interestingly, compound 12a displayed lethal effects against non-small-cell lung cancer NCI-H522 cells (-42.26%) and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells (-1.10%) at a single-dose assay concentration of 10-5 M. Compounds 11c, 11d, 11g, 12a-d, 13, 15, and 18a were assayed against the kinesin enzyme, with IC50 values ranging from 1.2 to 18.71 μM, which were more potent compared with monastrol (IC50 = 20 μM). Cell cycle analysis of NCI-H522 cells treated with compound 12a showed cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Furthermore, the expression levels of active caspase-3 and -9 were measured. A molecular docking study was performed for some demonstrative compounds as well as monastrol docked into the allosteric binding site of the kinesin spindle protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat H El-Hamamsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nabaweya A Sharafeldin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Tarek F El-Moselhy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Haytham O Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Sonawane V, Mohd Siddique MU, Jadav SS, Sinha BN, Jayaprakash V, Chaudhuri B. Cink4T, a quinazolinone-based dual inhibitor of Cdk4 and tubulin polymerization, identified via ligand-based virtual screening, for efficient anticancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:115-132. [PMID: 30665142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclin dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) prevents cancer cells from entering the early G0/G1 phase of the cell division cycle whereas inhibiting tubulin polymerization blocks cancer cells' ability to undergo mitosis (M) late in the cell cycle. We had reported earlier that two non-planar and relatively non-toxic fascaplysin derivatives, an indole and a tryptoline, inhibit Cdk4 with IC50 values of 6.2 and 10 μM, respectively. Serendipitously, we had also found that they inhibited tubulin polymerization. The molecules were efficacious in mouse tumor models. We have now identified Cink4T in a 59-compound quinazolinone library, designed on the basis of ligand-based virtual screening, as a compound that inhibits Cdk4 and tubulin. Its IC50 value for Cdk4 inhibition is 0.47 μM and >50 μM for inhibition of Cdk1, Cdk2, Cdk6, Cdk9. Cink4T inhibits tubulin polymerization with an IC50 of 0.6 μM. Molecular modelling studies on Cink4T with Cdk4 and tubulin crystal structures lend support to these observations. Cancer cell cycle analyses confirm that Cink4T blocks cells at both G0/G1 and M phases as it should if it were to inhibit both Cdk4 and tubulin polymerization. Our results show, for the very first time, that virtual screening can be used to design novel inhibitors that can potently block two crucial phases of the cell division cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sonawane
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Mohd Usman Mohd Siddique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | | | - Barij Nayan Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Venkatesan Jayaprakash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India.
| | - Bhabatosh Chaudhuri
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
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Sherin L, Farwa S, Sohail A, Li Z, Bég OA. Cancer drug therapy and stochastic modeling of "nano-motors". Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6429-6440. [PMID: 30410329 PMCID: PMC6198871 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s168780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Controlled inhibition of kinesin motor proteins is highly desired in the field of oncology. Among other interventions, there exists “targeted chemotherapeutic regime/options” of selective Eg5 competitive and allosteric inhibitors, inducing cancer cell apoptosis and tumor regression with improved safety profiles. Research question Though promising, such studies are still under clinical trials, for the discovery of efficient and least harmful Eg5 inhibitors. The aim of this research was to bridge the computational modeling approach with drug design and therapy of cancer cells. Methods A computational model, interfaced with the clinical data of “Eg5 dynamics” and “inhibitors” via special functions, is presented in this article. Comparisons are made for the drug efficacy, and the threshold values are predicted through numerical simulations. Results Results are obtained to depict the dynamics induced by ispinesib, when used as an inhibitor of kinesin Eg5, on cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Sherin
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shabieh Farwa
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Sohail
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, Pakistan,
| | - Zhiwu Li
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.,School of Electro-Mechanical Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - O Anwar Bég
- Fluid Mechanics, Spray Research Group, Mechanical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, G77, University of Salford, Manchester M54WT, UK
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Belur Nagaraj A, Kovalenko O, Avelar R, Joseph P, Brown A, Surti A, Mantilla S, DiFeo A. Mitotic Exit Dysfunction through the Deregulation of APC/C Characterizes Cisplatin-Resistant State in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4588-4601. [PMID: 29653924 PMCID: PMC6139058 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Acquired resistance to cisplatin is a major barrier to success in treatment of various cancers, and understanding mitotic mechanisms unique to cisplatin-resistant cancer cells can provide the basis for developing novel mitotic targeted therapies aimed at eradicating these cells.Experimental Design: Using cisplatin-resistant models derived from primary patient epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells, we have explored the status of mitotic exit mechanisms in cisplatin-resistant cells.Results: We have uncovered an unexpected role of long-term cisplatin treatment in inducing mitotic exit vulnerability characterized by increased spindle checkpoint activity and functional dependency on Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) for mitotic exit in the presence of anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) dysfunction in a cisplatin-resistant state. Accordingly, PLK1 inhibition decreased the survival of cisplatin-resistant cells in vitro and in vivo and exacerbated spindle checkpoint response in these cells. APC/CCDC20 inhibition increased sensitivity to pharmacologic PLK1 inhibition, further confirming the existence of APC/C dysfunction in cisplatin-resistant cells. In addition, we uncovered that resistance to volasertib, PLK1 inhibitor, is due to maintenance of cells with low PLK1 expression. Accordingly, stable PLK1 downregulation in cisplatin-resistant cells induced tolerance to volasertib.Conclusions: We provide the first evidence of APC/C dysfunction in cisplatin-resistant state, suggesting that understanding APC/C functions in cisplatin-resistant state could provide a basis for developing novel mitotic exit-based therapies to eradicate cisplatin-resistant cancer cells. Our results also show that PLK1 downregulation could underlie emergence of resistance to PLK1-targeted therapies in cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 24(18); 4588-601. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Belur Nagaraj
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Olga Kovalenko
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rita Avelar
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Peronne Joseph
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Annalyn Brown
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Arshia Surti
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sandra Mantilla
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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12
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Gallery M, Zhang J, Bradley DP, Brauer P, Cvet D, Estevam J, Danaee H, Greenfield E, Li P, Manfredi M, Loke HK, Rabino C, Stringer B, Williamson M, Wyant T, Yang J, Zhu Q, Abu-Yousif A, Veiby OP. A monomethyl auristatin E-conjugated antibody to guanylyl cyclase C is cytotoxic to target-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191046. [PMID: 29370189 PMCID: PMC5784926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) is a cell-surface protein that is expressed by normal intestinal epithelial cells, more than 95% of metastatic colorectal cancers (mCRC), and the majority of gastric and pancreatic cancers. Due to strict apical localization, systemically delivered GCC-targeting agents should not reach GCC in normal intestinal tissue, while accessing antigen in tumor. We generated an investigational antibody-drug conjugate (TAK-264, formerly MLN0264) comprising a fully human anti-GCC monoclonal antibody conjugated to monomethyl auristatin E via a protease-cleavable peptide linker. TAK-264 specifically bound, was internalized by, and killed GCC-expressing cells in vitro in an antigen-density-dependent manner. In GCC-expressing xenograft models with similar GCC expression levels/patterns observed in human mCRC samples, TAK-264 induced cell death, leading to tumor regressions and long-term tumor growth inhibition. TAK-264 antitumor activity was generally antigen-density-dependent, although some GCC-expressing tumors were refractory to TAK-264-targeted high local concentrations of payload. These data support further evaluation of TAK-264 in the treatment of GCC-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gallery
- Molecular & Cellular Oncology, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Julie Zhang
- Cancer Pharmacology, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Daniel P Bradley
- Biomedical Imaging, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Pamela Brauer
- Protein Sciences, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Donna Cvet
- Biomedical Imaging, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Jose Estevam
- Biomarker Assay & Exploratory Biology, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Hadi Danaee
- Biomarker Assay & Exploratory Biology, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Edward Greenfield
- Protein Sciences, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Ping Li
- Protein Sciences, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Mark Manfredi
- Cancer Pharmacology, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Huay-Keng Loke
- Oncology Biochemistry, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Claudia Rabino
- Molecular & Cellular Oncology, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Brad Stringer
- Molecular Pathology, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Mark Williamson
- US Medical Affairs, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Tim Wyant
- Translational Medicine, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Johnny Yang
- DMPK, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Qing Zhu
- DMPK, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Adnan Abu-Yousif
- Cancer Pharmacology, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - O Petter Veiby
- Global Biotherapeutics, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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13
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Tarade D, Ma D, Pignanelli C, Mansour F, Simard D, van den Berg S, Gauld J, McNulty J, Pandey S. Structurally simplified biphenyl combretastatin A4 derivatives retain in vitro anti-cancer activity dependent on mitotic arrest. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171806. [PMID: 28253265 PMCID: PMC5333808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cis-stilbene, combretastatin A4 (CA4), is a potent microtubule targeting and vascular damaging agent. Despite promising results at the pre-clinical level and extensive clinical evaluation, CA4 has yet to be approved for therapeutic use. One impediment to the development of CA4 is an inherent conformational instability about the ethylene linker, which joins two aromatic rings. We have previously published preliminary data regarding structurally simplified biphenyl derivatives of CA4, lacking an ethylene linker, which retain anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity, albeit at higher doses. Our current study provides a more comprehensive evaluation regarding the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties of biphenyl CA4 derivatives in both 2D and 3D cancerous and non-cancerous cell models. Computational analysis has revealed that cytotoxicity of CA4 and biphenyl analogues correlates with predicted tubulin affinity. Additional mechanistic evaluation of the biphenyl derivatives found that their anti-cancer activity is dependent on prolonged mitotic arrest, in a similar manner to CA4. Lastly, we have shown that cancer cells deficient in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis experience delayed cell death following treatment with CA4 or analogues. Biphenyl derivatives of CA4 represent structurally simplified analogues of CA4, which retain a similar mechanism of action. The biphenyl analogues warrant in vivo examination to evaluate their potential as vascular damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tarade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Pignanelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fadi Mansour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Simard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean van den Berg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Gauld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - James McNulty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Siyaram Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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14
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Tan L, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Li H, Chen J, Ming F, Wang W, Yu J, Zeng T, Tian Y, Wu Y. The clinical significance of anti-mitotic spindle apparatus antibody (MSA) and anti-centromere antibody (ACA) detected in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 6:21-26. [PMID: 28337388 PMCID: PMC5344991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The project is aimed to detect anti-mitotic spindle apparatus antibody (MSA) and anti-centromere antibody (ACA) and explore the clinical value for the diagnosis of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), providing clinical evidence for molecular studies of SCLC. METHODS 93 SCLC patients, 208 patients with other cancers and 50 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. MSA antibodies were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MSA, ACA and anti nuclear antibodies (ANA) were examined by indirect immuno-fluorescence (IIF). And the results were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS ① the positivity for MSA and ACA by IIF assay was respectively 36.56% and 30.11% in SCLC group, higher than in other tumor groups (P<0.01), ② in correlative analysis, the RR (Relative Ratio) value between MSA and SCLC was as high as 12.93, 12.74, and the RR value of ACA and ANA with SCLC was respectively 4.31 and 3.48. ③ the area under ROC (Receiver operating characteristic) curve (AUC) of MSA detection for SCLC was 0.778, with medium diagnostic value. CONCLUSION MSA and ACA might serve as a new marker for SCLC because of its high detection rate. These two markers may participate in the occurrence and development of SCLC, resulting from the highly strong risk. So, the study have some application value for early detection, clinical diagnosis and potential treatments of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- 2010 Session, The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Feng Ming
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Waimei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Yongjian Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, P. R. China
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15
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Yu L, Shang ZF, Abdisalaam S, Lee KJ, Gupta A, Hsieh JT, Asaithamby A, Chen BPC, Saha D. Tumor suppressor protein DAB2IP participates in chromosomal stability maintenance through activating spindle assembly checkpoint and stabilizing kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:8842-8854. [PMID: 27568005 PMCID: PMC5062997 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachment and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) during cell division are strongly associated with chromosomal instability (CIN). CIN has been linked to carcinogenesis, metastasis, poor prognosis and resistance to cancer therapy. We previously reported that the DAB2IP is a tumor suppressor, and that loss of DAB2IP is often detected in advanced prostate cancer (PCa) and is indicative of poor prognosis. Here, we report that the loss of DAB2IP results in impaired KT-MT attachment, compromised SAC and aberrant chromosomal segregation. We discovered that DAB2IP directly interacts with Plk1 and its loss inhibits Plk1 kinase activity, thereby impairing Plk1-mediated BubR1 phosphorylation. Loss of DAB2IP decreases the localization of BubR1 at the kinetochore during mitosis progression. In addition, the reconstitution of DAB2IP enhances the sensitivity of PCa cells to microtubule stabilizing drugs (paclitaxel, docetaxel) and Plk1 inhibitor (BI2536). Our findings demonstrate a novel function of DAB2IP in the maintenance of KT-MT structure and SAC regulation during mitosis which is essential for chromosomal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zeng-Fu Shang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Salim Abdisalaam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kyung-Jong Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Arun Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
| | - Aroumougame Asaithamby
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Benjamin P C Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Debabrata Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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16
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López-Saavedra A, Ramírez-Otero M, Díaz-Chávez J, Cáceres-Gutiérrez R, Justo-Garrido M, Andonegui MA, Mendoza J, Downie-Ruíz Á, Cortés-González C, Reynoso N, Castro-Hernández C, Domínguez-Gómez G, Santibáñez M, Fabián-Morales E, Pruefer F, Luna-Maldonado F, González-Barrios R, Herrera LA. MAD2γ, a novel MAD2 isoform, reduces mitotic arrest and is associated with resistance in testicular germ cell tumors. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2066-76. [PMID: 27315568 PMCID: PMC4968973 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1198863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prolonged mitotic arrest in response to anti-cancer chemotherapeutics, such as DNA-damaging agents, induces apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe, and senescence. Disruptions in mitotic checkpoints contribute resistance to DNA-damaging agents in cancer. MAD2 has been associated with checkpoint failure and chemotherapy response. In this study, a novel splice variant of MAD2, designated MAD2γ, was identified, and its association with the DNA damage response was investigated. Methods: Endogenous expression of MAD2γ and full-length MAD2 (MAD2α) was measured using RT-PCR in cancer cell lines, normal foreskin fibroblasts, and tumor samples collected from patients with testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). A plasmid expressing MAD2γ was transfected into HCT116 cells, and its intracellular localization and checkpoint function were evaluated according to immunofluorescence and mitotic index. Results: MAD2γ was expressed in several cancer cell lines and non-cancerous fibroblasts. Ectopically expressed MAD2γ localized to the nucleus and reduced the mitotic index, suggesting checkpoint impairment. In patients with TGCTs, the overexpression of endogenous MAD2γ, but not MAD2α, was associated with resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Likewise, cisplatin induced the overexpression of endogenous MAD2γ, but not MAD2α, in HCT116 cells. Conclusions: Overexpression of MAD2γ may play a role in checkpoint disruption and is associated with resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Saavedra
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Miguel Ramírez-Otero
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - José Díaz-Chávez
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Rodrigo Cáceres-Gutiérrez
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Monserrat Justo-Garrido
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Marco A Andonegui
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Julia Mendoza
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Ángela Downie-Ruíz
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Carlo Cortés-González
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Nancy Reynoso
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Clementina Castro-Hernández
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Guadalupe Domínguez-Gómez
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Miguel Santibáñez
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Eunice Fabián-Morales
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Franz Pruefer
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Fernando Luna-Maldonado
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Rodrigo González-Barrios
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
| | - Luis A Herrera
- a Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan) - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Del. Tlalpan , Mexico D.F
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Abstract
Despite a growing interest in development of non-cytotoxic targeted agents, systemic chemotherapy is still the mainstay of treatment for both non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, chemotherapy resistance limits our ability to effectively treat advanced lung cancer. Some lung tumors are intrinsically resistant to chemotherapy, and in virtually all cases, even the initial responders rapidly develop acquired resistance. While targeting histology could result in enhanced tumor sensitivity to a particular chemotherapeutic agent, better understanding of molecular determinants of chemotherapy sensitivity/resistance would be critically important. Development of predictive biomarkers to personalize chemotherapeutic agents and combining novel agents targeting specific resistance pathways with standard chemotherapy could be some promising strategies to overcome chemotherapy resistance in lung cancer. In this chapter, we will discuss some key mechanisms of resistance for commonly used chemotherapeutic agents in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Kim
- Department of Medicine, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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18
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Corkery DP, Le Page C, Meunier L, Provencher D, Mes-Masson AM, Dellaire G. PRP4K is a HER2-regulated modifier of taxane sensitivity. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:1059-69. [PMID: 25602630 PMCID: PMC4612451 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1007775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The taxanes are used alone or in combination with anthracyclines or platinum drugs to treat breast and ovarian cancer, respectively. Taxanes target microtubules in cancer cells and modifiers of taxane sensitivity have been identified in vitro, including drug efflux and mitotic checkpoint proteins. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ERBB2) gene amplification is associated with benefit from taxane therapy in breast cancer yet high HER2 expression also correlates with poor survival in both breast and ovarian cancer. The pre-mRNA splicing factor 4 kinase PRP4K (PRPF4B), which we identified as a component of the U5 snRNP also plays a role in regulating the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) in response to microtubule-targeting drugs. In this study, we found a positive correlation between PRP4K expression and HER2 status in breast and ovarian cancer patient tumors, which we determined was a direct result of PRP4K regulation by HER2 signaling. Knock-down of PRP4K expression reduced the sensitivity of breast and ovarian cancer cell lines to taxanes, and low PRP4K levels correlated with in vitro-derived and patient acquired taxane resistance in breast and ovarian cancer. Patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer and high HER2 levels had poor overall survival; however, better survival in the low HER2 patient subgroup treated with platinum/taxane-based therapy correlated positively with PRP4K expression (HR = 0.37 [95% CI 0.15-0.88]; p = 0.03). Thus, PRP4K functions as a HER2-regulated modifier of taxane sensitivity that may have prognostic value as a marker of better overall survival in taxane-treated ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale P Corkery
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ; Dalhousie University ; Halifax , NS Canada
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19
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Sinha S, Amin H, Nayak D, Bhatnagar M, Kacker P, Chakraborty S, Kitchlu S, Vishwakarma R, Goswami A, Ghosal S. Assessment of microtubule depolymerization property of flavonoids isolated from Tanacetum gracile in breast cancer cells by biochemical and molecular docking approach. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 239:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Maia ARR, de Man J, Boon U, Janssen A, Song JY, Omerzu M, Sterrenburg JG, Prinsen MBW, Willemsen-Seegers N, de Roos JADM, van Doornmalen AM, Uitdehaag JCM, Kops GJPL, Jonkers J, Buijsman RC, Zaman GJR, Medema RH. Inhibition of the spindle assembly checkpoint kinase TTK enhances the efficacy of docetaxel in a triple-negative breast cancer model. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:2180-92. [PMID: 26153498 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are considered the most aggressive type of breast cancer, for which no targeted therapy exists at the moment. These tumors are characterized by having a high degree of chromosome instability and often overexpress the spindle assembly checkpoint kinase TTK. To explore the potential of TTK inhibition as a targeted therapy in TNBC, we developed a highly potent and selective small molecule inhibitor of TTK, NTRC 0066-0. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The compound is characterized by long residence time on the target and inhibits the proliferation of a wide variety of human cancer cell lines with potency in the same range as marketed cytotoxic agents. In cell lines and in mice, NTRC 0066-0 inhibits the phosphorylation of a TTK substrate and induces chromosome missegregation. NTRC 0066-0 inhibits tumor growth in MDA-MB-231 xenografts as a single agent after oral application. To address the effect of the inhibitor in breast cancer, we used a well-defined mouse model that spontaneously develops breast tumors that share key morphologic and molecular features with human TNBC. Our studies show that combination of NTRC 0066-0 with a therapeutic dose of docetaxel resulted in doubling of mouse survival and extended tumor remission, without toxicity. Furthermore, we observed that treatment efficacy is only achieved upon co-administration of the two compounds, which suggests a synergistic in vivo effect. Therefore, we propose TTK inhibition as a novel therapeutic target for neoadjuvant therapy in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R R Maia
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - J de Man
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss
| | - U Boon
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Centre
| | - A Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - J-Y Song
- Division of Experimental Animal Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - G J P L Kops
- Department of Medical Oncology Department of Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Centre Department of Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R C Buijsman
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss
| | - G J R Zaman
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss
| | - R H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam Department of Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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EGCG regulates the cross-talk between JWA and topoisomerase IIα in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11009. [PMID: 26046674 PMCID: PMC4457146 DOI: 10.1038/srep11009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a well-known cancer chemopreventive agent. The potential mechanisms include regulation of multiple molecules. Carcinogenesis in lung cancer is related to the imbalance of tumor suppressor and oncogene. JWA is a structurally novel microtubule-binding protein and is a potential tumor suppressor. DNA topoisomerase IIα is a nuclear enzyme that governs DNA topology and is usually highly expressed in many types of cancer. It serves as a target of anticancer drugs. In the current study, the regulation of JWA and topoisomerase IIα by EGCG, and thereafter the mutual interaction between them was investigated. The results revealed that EGCG up-regulated JWA while decreased topoisomerase IIα expression in both human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and an NSCLC xenograft mice model. There was a negative correlation between JWA and topoisomerase IIα in NSCLC as well as in human NSCLC tissue specimens. Topoisomerase IIα overexpression reduced JWA at the translational level. Meanwhile, JWA-induced topoisomerase IIα degradation was regulated both in the transcriptional and post-translational level. Interestingly, JWA and topoisomerase IIα regulated each other in the cells arrested in G2/M. Furthermore, JWA and topoisomerase IIα synergistically affected NCI-H460 cells invasion. These results may serve a novel mechanism for cancer prevention.
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Mahale S, Bharate SB, Manda S, Joshi P, Jenkins PR, Vishwakarma RA, Chaudhuri B. Antitumour potential of BPT: a dual inhibitor of cdk4 and tubulin polymerization. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1743. [PMID: 25950473 PMCID: PMC4669722 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The marine natural product fascaplysin (1) is a potent Cdk4 (cyclin-dependent kinase 4)-specific inhibitor, but is toxic to all cell types possibly because of its DNA-intercalating properties. Through the design and synthesis of numerous fascaplysin analogues, we intended to identify inhibitors of cancer cell growth with good therapeutic window with respect to normal cells. Among various non-planar tryptoline analogues prepared, N-(biphenyl-2-yl) tryptoline (BPT, 6) was identified as a potent inhibitor of cancer cell growth and free from DNA-binding properties owing to its non-planar structure. This compound was tested in over 60 protein kinase assays. It displayed inhibition of Cdk4-cyclin D1 enzyme in vitro far more potently than many other kinases including Cdk family members. Although it blocks growth of cancer cells deficient in the mitotic-spindle checkpoint at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, the block occurs primarily at the G2/M phase. BPT inhibits tubulin polymerization in vitro and acts as an enhancer of tubulin depolymerization of paclitaxel-stabilized tubulin in live cells. Western blot analyses indicated that, in p53-positive cells, BPT upregulates the expression of p53, p21 and p27 proteins, whereas it downregulates the expression of cyclin B1 and Cdk1. BPT selectively kills SV40-transformed mouse embryonic hepatic cells and human fibroblasts rather than untransformed cells. BPT inhibited the growth of several human cancer cells with an IC50<1 μM. The pharmacokinetic study in BALB/c mice indicated good plasma exposure after intravenous administration. It was found to be efficacious at 1/10th the maximum-tolerated dose (1000 mg/kg) against human tumours derived from HCT-116 (colon) and NCI-H460 (lung) cells in SCID (severe-combined immunodeficient) mice models. BPT is a relatively better anticancer agent than fascaplysin with an unusual ability to block two overlapping yet crucial phases of the cell cycle, mitosis and G0/G1. Its ability to effectively halt tumour growth in human tumour-bearing mice would suggest that BPT has the potential to be a candidate for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mahale
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - S B Bharate
- 1] Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India [2] Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - S Manda
- 1] Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India [2] Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - P Joshi
- 1] Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India [2] Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - P R Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - R A Vishwakarma
- 1] Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India [2] Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - B Chaudhuri
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
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Lauand C, Niero EL, Dias VM, Machado-Santelli GM. Cell cycle synchronization and BrdU incorporation as a tool to study the possible selective elimination of ErbB1 gene in the micronuclei in A549 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:382-91. [PMID: 25760027 PMCID: PMC4445660 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer often exhibits molecular changes, such as the overexpression of the
ErbB1 gene that encodes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).
ErbB1 amplification and mutation are associated with tumor
aggressiveness and low response to therapy. The aim of the present study was to
design a schedule to synchronize the cell cycle of A549 cell line (a non-small cell
lung cancer) and to analyze the possible association between the micronuclei (MNs)
and the extrusion of ErbB1 gene extra-copies. After double blocking,
by the process of fetal bovine serum deprivation and vincristine treatment, MNs
formation was monitored with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, which is an
S-phase marker. Statistical analyses allowed us to infer that MNs may arise both in
mitosis as well as in interphase. The MNs were able to replicate their DNA and this
process seemed to be non-synchronous with the main cell nuclei. The presence of
ErbB1 gene in the MNs was evaluated by fluorescent in
situ hybridization (FISH). ErbB1 sequences were detected
in the MNs, but a relation between the MNs formation and extrusion of amplified
ErbB1could not be established. The present study sought to
elucidate the meaning of MNs formation and its association with the elimination of
oncogenes or other amplified sequences from the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lauand
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - E L Niero
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V M Dias
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - G M Machado-Santelli
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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O'Connell BC, O'Callaghan K, Tillotson B, Douglas M, Hafeez N, West KA, Stern H, Ali JA, Changelian P, Fritz CC, Palombella VJ, McGovern K, Kutok JL. HSP90 inhibition enhances antimitotic drug-induced mitotic arrest and cell death in preclinical models of non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115228. [PMID: 25542032 PMCID: PMC4277299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP90 inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical evaluation in combination with antimitotic drugs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but little is known about the cellular effects of this novel drug combination. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanism of action of IPI-504 (retaspimycin HCl), a potent and selective inhibitor of HSP90, in combination with the microtubule targeting agent (MTA) docetaxel, in preclinical models of NSCLC. We identified a subset of NSCLC cell lines in which these drugs act in synergy to enhance cell death. Xenograft models of NSCLC demonstrated tumor growth inhibition, and in some cases, regression in response to combination treatment. Treatment with IPI-504 enhanced the antimitotic effects of docetaxel leading to the hypothesis that the mitotic checkpoint is required for the response to drug combination. Supporting this hypothesis, overriding the checkpoint with an Aurora kinase inhibitor diminished the cell death synergy of IPI-504 and docetaxel. To investigate the molecular basis of synergy, an unbiased stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) proteomic approach was employed. Several mitotic regulators, including components of the ubiquitin ligase, anaphase promoting complex (APC/C), were specifically down-regulated in response to combination treatment. Loss of APC/C by RNAi sensitized cells to docetaxel and enhanced its antimitotic effects. Treatment with a PLK1 inhibitor (BI2536) also sensitized cells to IPI-504, indicating that combination effects may be broadly applicable to other classes of mitotic inhibitors. Our data provide a preclinical rationale for testing the combination of IPI-504 and docetaxel in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda C. O'Connell
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Katie O'Callaghan
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Tillotson
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Mark Douglas
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Nafeeza Hafeez
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Kip A. West
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Howard Stern
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Janid A. Ali
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Paul Changelian
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Karen McGovern
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Jeffery L. Kutok
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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Westrate LM, Sayfie AD, Burgenske DM, MacKeigan JP. Persistent mitochondrial hyperfusion promotes G2/M accumulation and caspase-dependent cell death. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91911. [PMID: 24632851 PMCID: PMC3954829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have several hallmarks that define their neoplastic behavior. One is their unabated replicative potential that allows cells to continually proliferate, and thereby contribute to increasing tumor burden. The progression of a cell through the cell cycle is regulated by a series of checkpoints that ensures successful transmission of genetic information, as well as various cellular components, including organelles and protein complexes to the two resulting daughter cells. The mitochondrial reticulum undergoes coordinated changes in shape to correspond with specific stages of the cell cycle, the most dramatic being complete mitochondrial fragmentation prior to cytokinesis. To determine whether mitochondrial fission is a required step to ensure proper mitochondrial segregation into two daughter cells, we investigated the importance of mitochondrial dynamics to cell cycle progression. We found that mitochondrial hyperfusion promotes a defect in cell cycle progression characterized by an inability for cells to exit G2/M. Additionally, extended periods of persistent mitochondrial fusion led to robust caspase-dependent cell death. The cell death signals were coordinated through activation and cleavage of caspase-8, promoting a potent death response. These results demonstrate the importance of mitochondrial dynamics in cell cycle progression, and that inhibiting mitochondrial fission regulators may provide a therapeutic strategy to target the replicative potential of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Westrate
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aaron D. Sayfie
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Danielle M. Burgenske
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey P. MacKeigan
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Salmela AL, Kallio MJ. Mitosis as an anti-cancer drug target. Chromosoma 2013; 122:431-49. [PMID: 23775312 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-013-0419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of cell proliferation by targeting mitosis is one potential cancer intervention. A number of existing chemotherapy drugs disrupt mitosis by targeting microtubule dynamics. While efficacious, these drugs have limitations, i.e. neuropathy, unpredictability and development of resistance. In order to overcome these issues, a great deal of effort has been spent exploring novel mitotic targets including Polo-like kinase 1, Aurora kinases, Mps1, Cenp-E and KSP/Eg5. Here we summarize the latest developments in the discovery and clinical evaluation of new mitotic drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Leena Salmela
- VTT Biotechnology for Health and Wellbeing, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4C, Pharmacity Bldg, 4th Floor, P.O. Box 106, 20521, Turku, Finland
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Jiang C, You Q. Kinesin spindle protein inhibitors in cancer: a patent review (2008 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1547-60. [PMID: 23978071 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.833606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhibition of kinesin spindle protein (KSP) has emerged as a novel and validated therapeutic strategy against cancers. A lot of new KSP inhibitors have been identified in recent years and some of them have entered clinical trials. This may provide more selections in future cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED In the present review, the authors will describe the most recent classes of KSP inhibitors by reviewing about 96 literatures in which 24 patent applications were included from 2008 to now. EXPERT OPINION Many new KSP inhibitors have been discovered that act either by binding in an allosteric site of KSP or by ATP competitive inhibition. There are several ATP non-competitive KSP inhibitors entering clinical investigation. Although they were both well tolerated and showed acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles, limited clinical response was always the problem. Mutation of the binding pocket was also a hindrance in the development of these allosteric inhibitors. The appearance of ATP competitive KSP inhibitors was considered to be able to overcome mutation-mediated resistance to the allosteric inhibitors, which could be a new approach for the development of novel KSP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , Nanjing 210009 , China
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Wang X, Pan L, Mao N, Sun L, Qin X, Yin J. Cell-cycle synchronization reverses Taxol resistance of human ovarian cancer cell lines. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:77. [PMID: 23899403 PMCID: PMC3751242 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taxol is a powerful chemotherapy agent leading to mitotic arrest and cell death; however, its clinical efficacy has been hampered due to the development of drug resistance. Taxol specifically targets the cell cycle. Progress through mitosis (M stage) is an absolute requirement for drug-induced death because cell death is markedly reduced in cells blocked at the G1-S transition. The measured doubling time for ovarian cancer cells is about 27 h. As such, during treatment with Taxol most of the cells are not in the M stage of the cell cycle. Thus, the effect of cell-cycle synchronization was investigated in regard to reversing Taxol resistance in ovarian cancer cells. Methods Giemsa-Wright staining was used for assessing the morphology of the cells. The doubling time of the cells was calculated using formula as follows: Td = In2/slope. The resistant index and cell cycle were measured via MTT assays and flow cytometry. Thymidine was used to induce cell-cycle synchronization, and cell apoptosis rates following exposure to Taxol were measured using a flow cytometer. Results The growth doubling time of two Taxol-resistant cell lines were longer than that of Taxol-sensitive cells. Apoptotic rates in Taxol-sensitive and -resistant cell lines after synchronization and exposure to Taxol were all higher compared to unsynchronized controls (p <0.05). Conclusions Synchronization of the cell-cycle resulted in an increased effectiveness of Taxol toward ovarian cancer cell lines. We speculated that formation of drug resistance toward Taxol in ovarian cancer could be partly attributed to the longer doubling time of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China.
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Mo QQ, Chen PB, Jin X, Chen Q, Tang L, Wang BB, Li KZ, Wu P, Fang Y, Wang SX, Zhou JF, Ma D, Chen G. Inhibition of Hec1 expression enhances the sensitivity of human ovarian cancer cells to paclitaxel. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:541-8. [PMID: 23474708 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Hec1, a member of the Ndc80 kinetochore complex, is highly expressed in cancers. The aim of this study was to explore the role and mechanism of action of Hec1 with respect to the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in ovarian cancer. METHODS Thirty ovarian cancer samples and 6 normal ovarian samples were collected. Hec1 expression in these samples was determined with immunohistochemistry. Ovarian cancer cell lines A2780, OV2008, C13K, SKOV3, and CAOV3 and A2780/Taxol were examined. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle analysis were detected with flow cytometric technique. siRNA was used to delete Hec1 in the cells. The expression of related mRNAs and proteins was measured using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Hec1 expression was significantly higher in ovarian cancer samples than in normal ovarian samples, and was associated with paclitaxel-resistance and poor prognosis. Among the 6 ovarian cancer cell lines examined, Hec1 expression was highest in paclitaxel-resistant A2780/Taxol cells, and lowest in A2780 cells. Depleting Hec1 in A2780/Taxol cells with siRNA decreased the IC50 value of paclitaxel by more than 10-fold (from 590±26.7 to 45.6±19.4 nmol/L). Depleting Hec1 in A2780 cells had no significant effect on the paclitaxel sensitivity. In paclitaxel-treated A2780/Taxol cells, depleting Hec1 significantly increased the cleaved PARP and Bax protein levels, and decreased the Bcl-xL protein level. CONCLUSION Hec1 overexpression is associated with the progression and poor prognosis of ovarian cancer. Inhibition of Hec1 expression can sensitize ovarian cancer cells to paclitaxel.
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El-Nassan HB. Advances in the discovery of kinesin spindle protein (Eg5) inhibitors as antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:614-31. [PMID: 23434636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is considered as one of the most serious health problems. Despite the presence of many effective chemotherapeutic agents, their severe side effects together with the appearance of mutant tumors limit the use of these drugs and increase the need for new anticancer agents. Eg5 represents an attractive target for medicinal chemists since Eg5 is overexpressed in many proliferative tissues while almost no Eg5 is detected in nonproliferative tissues. Many Eg5 inhibitors displayed potent anticancer activity against some of the mutant tumors with limited side effects. The present review provides an overview about the progress in the discovery of Eg5 inhibitors especially from 2009 to 2012 as well as the clinical trials conducted on some of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Bakr El-Nassan
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 33 Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
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Yih LH, Hsu NC, Wu YC, Yen WY, Kuo HH. Inhibition of AKT enhances mitotic cell apoptosis induced by arsenic trioxide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 267:228-37. [PMID: 23352504 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has revealed a tight link between arsenic trioxide (ATO)-induced apoptosis and mitotic arrest in cancer cells. AKT, a serine/threonine kinase frequently over-activated in diverse tumors, plays critical roles in stimulating cell cycle progression, abrogating cell cycle checkpoints, suppressing apoptosis, and regulating mitotic spindle assembly. Inhibition of AKT may therefore enhance ATO cytotoxicity and thus its clinical utility. We show that AKT was activated by ATO in HeLa-S3 cells. Inhibition of AKT by inhibitors of the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway significantly enhanced cell sensitivity to ATO by elevating mitotic cell apoptosis. Ectopic expression of the constitutively active AKT1 had no effect on ATO-induced spindle abnormalities but reduced kinetochore localization of BUBR1 and MAD2 and accelerated mitosis exit, prevented mitotic cell apoptosis, and enhanced the formation of micro- or multi-nuclei in ATO-treated cells. These results indicate that AKT1 activation may prevent apoptosis of ATO-arrested mitotic cells by attenuating the function of the spindle checkpoint and therefore allowing the formation of micro- or multi-nuclei in surviving daughter cells. In addition, AKT1 activation upregulated the expression of aurora kinase B (AURKB) and survivin, and depletion of AURKB or survivin reversed the resistance of AKT1-activated cells to ATO-induced apoptosis. Thus, AKT1 activation suppresses ATO-induced mitotic cell apoptosis, despite the presence of numerous spindle abnormalities, probably by upregulating AURKB and survivin and attenuating spindle checkpoint function. Inhibition of AKT therefore effectively sensitizes cancer cells to ATO by enhancing mitotic cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Huei Yih
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC.
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Su WP, Lo YC, Yan JJ, Liao IC, Tsai PJ, Wang HC, Yeh HH, Lin CC, Chen HHW, Lai WW, Su WC. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 regulates the effects of paclitaxel on Stat3 activation and cellular survival in lung cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2065-75. [PMID: 22847181 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that Stat3 contributes to chemoresistance. However, the impact of chemotherapy on Stat3 activity is unclear. We found that paclitaxel activated Stat3 in the human lung cancer cell lines PC14PE6AS2 (AS2) and H157, whereas it reduced Stat3 activation in A549 and H460 cells. Pretreatment of AS2 and H157 cells with rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondrially produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), or carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenylhydrazone (FCCP), a mitochondrial uncoupler, suppressed the paclitaxel-induced activation of Stat3. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2), located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, can reduce ROS production in conditions of oxidative stress. UCP-2 protein expression in the four cancer cell lines was higher than that in normal lung epithelial cells (NL-20), but its expression was lower in AS2 and H157 cells relative to A549 and H460 cells. Silencing high UCP-2 expression with small interfering RNA (siRNA) in A549 and H460 cells restored paclitaxel-induced Stat3 activation. In addition, paclitaxel-induced Stat3 activation led to the upregulation of survivin and Mcl-1, which in turn facilitated cell survival. Moreover, the CL1-5 subline had lower UCP-2 expression relative to the parental CL1-0 cells. Treatment with paclitaxel activated Stat3 in CL1-5 but not in CL1-0 cells, whereas in CL1-5 cells, the overexpression of UCP-2 with complementary DNA (cDNA) blocked Stat3 activation. In lung cancer patients, low UCP-2 expression in cancer cells was a predictor of a poor response to chemotherapy. Therefore, UCP-2 modulates the ROS/Stat3 signaling pathway and response to chemotherapy treatment in lung cancer cells. Targeting UCP-2, ROS and Stat3 pathways may improve anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pin Su
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 35, Xiao-dong Rd, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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Marquis L, Tran M, Choi W, Lee IL, Huszar D, Siefker-Radtke A, Dinney C, McConkey DJ. p63 expression correlates with sensitivity to the Eg5 inhibitor ZD4877 in bladder cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:477-86. [PMID: 22361733 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.19590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimitotics such as taxanes are being considered as alternatives to conventional cisplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with bladder cancer, but the molecular determinants of sensitivity or resistance to these agents in bladder cancer cells have not been defined. Here we examined the cytotoxic effects of a novel antimitotic, the Eg5 inhibitor AZD4877, in a molecularly diverse panel of human bladder cancer cell lines. The cells displayed heterogeneous responses to the drug that correlated closely with sensitivity to docetaxel but not with sensitivity to cisplatin. Global gene expression profiling identified p63 as the top gene that was differentially expressed between sensitive and resistant cell lines. Stable knockdown of p63 inhibited cell death induced by either AZD4877 or docetaxel and was associated with decreased proliferation and decreased expression of c-myc. Furthermore, c-myc knockdown also rendered cells resistant to AZD4877 or docetaxel. Together, our results implicate p63 and its downstream target c-myc as determinants of sensitivity to anti-mitotics in bladder cancer cells. Our data also suggest that anti-mitotics and cisplatin target different subsets of bladder cancer cells, a conclusion that may have important implications for the therapy of muscle-invasive bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Marquis
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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He A, Qi W, Huang Y, Sun Y, Shen Z, Zhao H, Yang Y, Yao Y. Comparison of pirarubicin-based versus gemcitabine–docetaxel chemotherapy for relapsed and refractory osteosarcoma: a single institution experience. Int J Clin Oncol 2012; 18:498-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s10147-012-0409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ortega V, Cortés J. Potential clinical applications of halichondrins in breast cancer and other neoplasms. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2012; 4:9-19. [PMID: 24367189 PMCID: PMC3846814 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Halichondrin B is a large polyether macrolide found in a rare Japanese sponge, Halichondria okadai and has been shown to have anticancer activity. Eribulin mesylate is a completely synthetic analog of halichondrin B with a unique mechanism of action relative to other antimicrotubule agents. This new agent has demonstrated activity in preclinical studies, and it is being developed for the treatment of different tumor types. Eribulin has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency as late-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer patients previously treated with an anthracycline and a taxane. It has demonstrated superiority over other treatments in overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio: 0.81, P = 0.041), leading to its regulatory approbation for clinical practice use. Median OS for the eribulin-treated group was 13.1 months versus 10.6 months in the physician's treatment-of-choice group. Eribulin demonstrated a manageable toxicity profile. Most common adverse events associated with treatment were mild neutropenia and fatigue, mainly of grade 1 or 2. In contrast to other antimicrotubule agents, eribulin has a relatively low incidence of peripheral neuropathy and alopecia. Eribulin has been extensively studied in breast cancer and is currently being developed for treatment of other cancer types. Eribulin has demonstrated activity in Phase II trials in non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, urothelial tract cancer, and sarcomas. Further studies in these cancers are ongoing. This article reviews pharmacology, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of eribulin in breast cancer and other neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Ortega
- Department of Oncology, Vall d’Hebrón University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Cortés
- Department of Oncology, Vall d’Hebrón University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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New anti-cancer characteristics of jatrophane diterpenes from Euphorbia dendroides. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Efthimiou M, Stephanou G, Demopoulos NA, Nikolaropoulos SS. Aneugenic potential of the anticancer drugs melphalan and chlorambucil. The involvement of apoptosis and chromosome segregation regulating proteins. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 33:537-45. [PMID: 22025197 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous findings showed that the anticancer drugs p-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl) amino-l-phenylalanine (melphalan, MEL) and p-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylbutyric acid (chlorambucil, CAB) belonging to the nitrogen mustard group, in addition to their clastogenic activity, also exert aneugenic potential, nondisjunction and chromosome delay. Their aneugenic potential is mainly mediated through centrosome defects. To further investigate their aneugenicity we (a) studied whether apoptosis is a mechanism responsible for the elimination of damaged cells generated by MEL and CAB and (b) investigated if proteins that regulate chromosome segregation are involved in the modulation of their aneugenic potential. Apoptosis was studied by Annexin-V/Propidium Iodide staining and fluorescence microscopy. The involvement of apoptosis on the exclusion of cells with genetic damage and centrosome disturbances was analyzed by DAPI staining and immunofluorescence of β- and γ-tubulin in the presence of pan-caspase inhibitor. The expressions of Aurora-A, Aurora-B, survivin and γ-tubulin were studied by western blot. We found that (a) apoptosis is not the mechanism of choice for selectively eliminating cells with supernumerary centrosomes, and (b) the proteins Aurora-A, Aurora-B and survivin are involved in the modulation of MEL and CAB aneugenicity. These findings are important for the understanding of the mechanism responsible for the aneugenic activity of the anticancer drugs melphalan and chlorambucil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Efthimiou
- Division of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26 500, Patras, Greece
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Infante JR, Kurzrock R, Spratlin J, Burris HA, Eckhardt SG, Li J, Wu K, Skolnik JM, Hylander-Gans L, Osmukhina A, Huszar D, Herbst RS. A Phase I study to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of AZD4877, an intravenous Eg5 inhibitor in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 69:165-72. [PMID: 21638123 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-011-1667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibition of kinesin spindle protein or Eg5 causes the formation of monoastral mitotic spindles, which leads to cell death. AZD4877 is a specific, potent inhibitor of Eg5. METHODS This was a Phase I, open-label, two-part study to evaluate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety and tolerability of AZD4877 in patients with advanced solid malignancies. In part A, the MTD of AZD4877, administered as three weekly 1-h intravenous (iv) infusions in a 28-day schedule, was determined by evaluating dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). In part B, the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profile of AZD4877 at the MTD were evaluated. RESULTS In part A, 29 patients received at least one dose of AZD4877 (5 mg, n = 4; 7.5 mg, n = 4; 10 mg, n = 3; 15 mg, n = 3; 20 mg, n = 3; 30 mg, n = 6; 36 mg, n = 3; 45 mg, n = 3). The MTD was defined as 30 mg, with the primary DLT being neutropenia. Although exposures appeared to be similar at the AZD4877 20 and 30 mg doses, dose reductions and omissions were higher in the 30-mg cohort; therefore, an intermediate dose, 25 mg, was evaluated in part B (n = 14). In part B, neutropenia remained the most commonly reported causally related adverse event. Exposure to AZD4877 was approximately dose proportional. Severity of neutropenia was related to exposure. CONCLUSION The MTD of AZD4877 given as a 1-h iv infusion on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle was 30 mg. At the selected 25 mg dose, AZD4877 had an acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Infante
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
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Esaki T, Seto T, Ariyama H, Arita S, Fujimoto C, Tsukasa K, Kometani T, Nosaki K, Hirai F, Yagawa K. Phase I Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of AZD4877 in Japanese Patients with Solid Tumors. ARCHIVES OF DRUG INFORMATION 2011; 4:23-31. [PMID: 21765863 PMCID: PMC3130141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-5174.2011.00034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: AZD4877 is a potent Eg5 inhibitor that has been shown to have an acceptable tolerability profile in a Phase I study of Western patients with solid tumors. This study was conducted to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and efficacy of AZD4877 in a Japanese population with solid tumors. METHODS: In this Phase I, open-label, dose-escalation study, AZD4877 (10, 15, 20 or 25 mg) was administered as a 1-hour intravenous infusion on days 1, 8 and 15 of repeated 28-day cycles to Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Adverse events (AEs) were evaluated according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3.0. PK variables were assessed pre- and post dosing. The MTD of AZD4877 was determined by evaluating dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). Efficacy was evaluated by assessing best response according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors version 1.0. RESULTS: Of the 21 patients enrolled, 18 received at least one dose of AZD4877 (N = 3 in both the 10 and 15 mg cohorts, N = 6 in both the 20 and 25 mg cohorts). The most commonly reported AEs were fatigue and nausea (39% of patients each). One patient in each of the 20 and 25 mg cohorts experienced a DLT (neutropenia and febrile neutropenia). Dose escalation was halted at 25 mg and the MTD was not defined in this population. CTCAE grade ≥3 abnormal laboratory findings/vital signs were reported in 12 patients, with neutropenia (56%) and leukopenia (44%) being the most commonly reported. Exposure to AZD4877 was not fully dose proportional and AZD4877 clearance and elimination half-life appeared independent of dose. The best response to AZD4877 was stable disease in five of 16 evaluable patients. CONCLUSION: AZD4877 up to doses of 25 mg was well tolerated in Japanese patients. There was little evidence of clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taito Esaki
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Medical OncologyJapan
| | - Takashi Seto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer CenterFukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Shuji Arita
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Medical OncologyJapan
| | | | | | - Takuro Kometani
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer CenterFukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaname Nosaki
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer CenterFukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hirai
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer CenterFukuoka, Japan
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Birk M, Bürkle A, Pekari K, Maier T, Schmidt M. Cell cycle-dependent cytotoxicity and mitotic spindle checkpoint dependency of investigational and approved antimitotic agents. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:798-807. [PMID: 21387302 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic spindle checkpoint (SPC) is a highly regulated mechanism in eukaryotic cells that ensures the even distribution of the duplicated genome between daughter cells. Malfunction of the SPC or deregulated expression of SPC regulatory proteins is frequently associated with a poor response to chemotherapeutic agents. We investigated various approved and investigational mitosis-specific agents, including spindle poisons, an Eg5 kinesin inhibitor, inhibitors of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) or Aurora-B kinase, a benzamide class HDAC inhibitor and compounds identified in a chemical genetics screen for their cell cycle-dependent cytotoxicities and for their activities toward SPC deficient (HT29, Caco-2, T47D) and SPC proficient human cell lines (A2780, HCT116, SW480). Using the RKOp27 cell system that allows inducible cell cycle arrest by the tunable expression of the cdk inhibitor p27Kip1, we found an exquisite proliferation-dependent cytotoxicity for all compounds except the aurora kinase inhibitor VX-680. Cytotoxicity of the antimitotic compounds was in general higher on SPC proficient than on deficient cells. We found two exceptions, a benzamide HDAC inhibitor which was effective on SPC proficient and deficient cells and an investigational compound, BYK72767, with a yet unknown mode of action. The degree of increased mitotic index was no predictor of cytotoxicity of the compounds nor was the phosphorylation of BubR1. However, SPC deficient cell lines were able to tolerate mitotic arrest for far longer times than SPC proficient cells. We conclude that targeting of SPC deficient cancers with novel antimitotic principles remains a challenge but certain drug classes may be equally efficacious regardless of SPC status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Birk
- Nycomed GmbH, Discovery to Development Research, Byk-Gulden-Str 2, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
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Kantarjian HM, Padmanabhan S, Stock W, Tallman MS, Curt GA, Li J, Osmukhina A, Wu K, Huszar D, Borthukar G, Faderl S, Garcia-Manero G, Kadia T, Sankhala K, Odenike O, Altman JK, Minden M. Phase I/II multicenter study to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AZD4877 in patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:1107-15. [PMID: 21494838 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eg5 (kinesin spindle protein) is a microtubule motor protein, essential for centrosome separation during mitosis. This Phase I/II, open-label, multicenter, two-part study investigated AZD4877, a potent Eg5 inhibitor, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Primary objectives were to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) (part A), assess efficacy (part B) and determine the pharmacokinetic profile (parts A and B). Secondary objectives included assessment of safety and tolerability. AZD4877 was administered at a range of doses (2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 18 mg/day) as a 1-hour intravenous infusion on three consecutive days of a continuous 2-week schedule. The MTD in part A was defined as 16 mg/day based on dose-limiting stomatitis at 16 and 18 mg/day, hyperbilirubinemia at 16 mg/day and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome at 18 mg/day. Systemic exposure to AZD4877 generally increased with increasing dose whereas half-life was not dose dependent. No evaluable patients experienced a complete remission (CR) or CR with incomplete blood count recovery (CRi), demonstrating no evidence of AZD4877 efficacy in this population. Evidence of monoasters in all but the 4 mg/day dose group provided proof of mechanism for AZD4877. This study was terminated due to lack of efficacy. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00486265).
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kantarjian
- University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 428, Houston, TX 77030-1402, USA.
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Barbosa J, Nascimento AV, Faria J, Silva P, Bousbaa H. The spindle assembly checkpoint: perspectives in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-011-1122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Pan Z, Gollahon L. Taxol directly induces endoplasmic reticulum-associated calcium changes that promote apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Breast J 2010; 17:56-70. [PMID: 21073601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2010.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcium, a key regulator of cell survival, is also important in regulating apoptosis. Although the chemotherapeutic agent Taxol employs apoptosis to induce cell death, the exact mechanism of how it induces apoptosis and the role of calcium in this process remains unclear. The main intracellular calcium storehouse, the endoplasmic reticulum, was identified as a new important gateway in apoptosis, possibly providing a target for Taxol. The goal of this study was to investigate whether calcium changes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, were directly or indirectly generated by Taxol at clinically relevant doses, and related to Taxol-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Time-lapsed imaging techniques followed by an endoplasmic reticulum-targeted construct, cameleon D1ER, were used to monitor cytosol--endoplasmic reticulum calcium dynamics in MDA-MB-468 (Bcl-2 negative) and MCF 7 (Bcl-2 positive) breast carcinoma cells. Apoptosis levels were measured with Annexin V and Propidium Iodide (PI) using flow cytometry. In both cell lines, Taxol at 2.5μM (∼10(-6) M) was observed to induce significant internal calcium changes, first a rapid endoplasmic reticulum calcium release and a transient cytosolic calcium increase upon Taxol addition. After several hours of Taxol treatment, the endoplasmic reticulum calcium store was gradually depleted, and a sustained cytosolic calcium elevation was observed before significant induction of apoptosis. Inhibition of these calcium changes decreased Taxol-induced apoptosis levels. In contrast, 0.2μM Taxol (∼10(-7)M) induced only a slight cellular calcium change, not enough to regulate apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate that endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores provide a direct target for Taxol action and are important for induction of apoptosis, independent of Bcl-2 status. Furthermore, our results show for the first time, that the role of calcium in Taxol-induced endoplasmic reticulum-mediated apoptosis is dependent on Taxol dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
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Chiou CT, Chen GS, Chen ML, Li H, Shi L, Huang XH, Dai WM, Chern JW. Synthesis of anti-microtubule N-(2-Arylindol-7-yl)benzenesulfonamide derivatives and their antitumor mechanisms. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1489-97. [PMID: 20672297 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tang Chiou
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
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Stewart DJ. Tumor and host factors that may limit efficacy of chemotherapy in non-small cell and small cell lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010; 75:173-234. [PMID: 20047843 PMCID: PMC2888634 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While chemotherapy provides useful palliation, advanced lung cancer remains incurable since those tumors that are initially sensitive to therapy rapidly develop acquired resistance. Resistance may arise from impaired drug delivery, extracellular factors, decreased drug uptake into tumor cells, increased drug efflux, drug inactivation by detoxifying factors, decreased drug activation or binding to target, altered target, increased damage repair, tolerance of damage, decreased proapoptotic factors, increased antiapoptotic factors, or altered cell cycling or transcription factors. Factors for which there is now substantial clinical evidence of a link to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) resistance to chemotherapy include MRP (for platinum-based combination chemotherapy) and MDR1/P-gp (for non-platinum agents). SPECT MIBI and Tc-TF scanning appears to predict chemotherapy benefit in SCLC. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the strongest clinical evidence is for taxane resistance with elevated expression or mutation of class III beta-tubulin (and possibly alpha tubulin), platinum resistance and expression of ERCC1 or BCRP, gemcitabine resistance and RRM1 expression, and resistance to several agents and COX-2 expression (although COX-2 inhibitors have had minimal impact on drug efficacy clinically). Tumors expressing high BRCA1 may have increased resistance to platinums but increased sensitivity to taxanes. Limited early clinical data suggest that chemotherapy resistance in NSCLC may also be increased with decreased expression of cyclin B1 or of Eg5, or with increased expression of ICAM, matrilysin, osteopontin, DDH, survivin, PCDGF, caveolin-1, p21WAF1/CIP1, or 14-3-3sigma, and that IGF-1R inhibitors may increase efficacy of chemotherapy, particularly in squamous cell carcinomas. Equivocal data (with some positive studies but other negative studies) suggest that NSCLC tumors with some EGFR mutations may have increased sensitivity to chemotherapy, while K-ras mutations and expression of GST-pi, RB or p27kip1 may possibly confer resistance. While limited clinical data suggest that p53 mutations are associated with resistance to platinum-based therapies in NSCLC, data on p53 IHC positivity are equivocal. To date, resistance-modulating strategies have generally not proven clinically useful in lung cancer, although small randomized trials suggest a modest benefit of verapamil and related agents in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Stewart
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Lee J, Kim JA, Margolis RL, Fotedar R. Substrate degradation by the anaphase promoting complex occurs during mitotic slippage. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:1792-801. [PMID: 20436289 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.9.11519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule targeting drugs are successful in chemotherapy because they indefinitely activate the spindle assembly checkpoint. The spindle assembly checkpoint monitors proper attachment of all kinetochores to microtubules and tension between the kinetochores of sister chromatids to prevent premature anaphase entry. To this end, the activated spindle assembly checkpoint suppresses the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). In the continued presence of conditions that activate the spindle assembly checkpoint, cells eventually escape from mitosis by "slippage". It has not been directly tested whether APC activation accompanies slippage. Using cells blocked in mitosis with the microtubule assembly inhibitor nocodazole, we show that mitotic APC substrates are degraded upon mitotic slippage. To confirm that APC is normally activated upon mitotic slippage we have found that knockdown of Cdc20 and Cdh1, two mitotic activators of APC, prevents the degradation of APC substrates during mitotic slippage. We provide the first direct demonstration that despite conditions that activate the spindle checkpoint, APC is indeed activated upon mitotic slippage of cells to interphase cells. Activation of the spindle checkpoint by microtubule targeting drugs used in chemotherapy may not indefinitely prevent APC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Lee
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
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A novel synthetic analog of 5, 8-disubstituted quinazolines blocks mitosis and induces apoptosis of tumor cells by inhibiting microtubule polymerization. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10499. [PMID: 20463925 PMCID: PMC2864768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mitosis inhibitors are powerful anticancer drugs. Tremendous efforts have been made to identify new anti-mitosis compounds for developing more effective and less toxic anti-cancer drugs. We have identified LJK-11, a synthetic analog of 5, 8-disubstituted quinazolines, as a novel mitotic blocker. LJK-11 inhibited growth and induced apoptosis of many different types of tumor cells. It prevented mitotic spindle formation and arrested cells at early phase of mitosis. Detailed in vitro analysis demonstrated that LJK-11 inhibited microtubule polymerization. In addition, LJK-11 had synergistic effect with another microtubule inhibitor colchicine on blocking mitosis, but not with vinblastine or nocodazole. Therefore, LJK-11 represents a novel anti-microtubule structure. Understanding the function and mechanism of LJK-11 will help us to better understand the action of anti-microtubule agents and to design better anti-cancer drugs.
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Novel combretastatin A-4 derivative XN0502 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 cells. Invest New Drugs 2010; 28:493-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ingemarsdotter C, Keller D, Beard P. The DNA damage response to non-replicating adeno-associated virus: Centriole overduplication and mitotic catastrophe independent of the spindle checkpoint. Virology 2010; 400:271-86. [PMID: 20199789 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) type 2 or UV-inactivated AAV (UV-AAV2) infection provokes a DNA damage response that leads to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M border. p53-deficient cells cannot sustain the G2 arrest, enter prolonged impaired mitosis, and die. Here, we studied how non-replicating AAV2 kills p53-deficient osteosarcoma cells. We found that the virus uncouples centriole duplication from the cell cycle, inducing centrosome overamplification that is dependent on Chk1, ATR and CDK kinases, and on G2 arrest. Interference with spindle checkpoint components Mad2 and BubR1 revealed unexpectedly that mitotic catastrophe occurs independently of spindle checkpoint function. We conclude that, in the p53-deficient cells, UV-AAV2 triggers mitotic catastrophe associated with a dramatic Chk1-dependent overduplication of centrioles and the consequent formation of multiple spindle poles in mitosis. As AAV2 acts through cellular damage response pathways, the results provide information on the role of Chk1 in mitotic catastrophe after DNA damage signaling in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Ingemarsdotter
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Wu YC, Yen WY, Ho HY, Su TL, Yih LH. Glyfoline induces mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis in cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:1017-28. [PMID: 19697325 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glyfoline exhibits cytotoxic activity in vitro and antitumor activity in mice bearing murine or human solid tumors, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In our study, we found that glyfoline inhibited cell growth and induced accumulation of mitotic cells in human cancer cell lines. Glyfoline induced the appearance of spindle abnormalities, chromosome mis-segregation, multipolar cell division and multiple nuclei, all of which are indicative of mitotic catastrophe. However, glyfoline did not bind to DNA and did not inhibit or stabilize tubulin polymerization, but slightly increased the resistance of mitotic spindles to nocodazole-induced disassembly. In addition, microtubule aster formation was significantly enhanced in the extract prepared from glyfoline-arrested mitotic cells compared to that from synchronized mitotic cells. When Eg5, a mitotic kinesin that plays an essential role in establishing mitotic spindle bipolarity, was inhibited using S-trityl-cysteine in glyfoline-treated cells, formation of spindle multipolarity, multipolar cell division, and multinuclei was significantly reduced. After glyfoline-mediated arrest of cells at mitosis, considerable poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase degradation was induced and the number of annexin V-positive cells significantly increased, indicating that glyfoline ultimately induces apoptosis. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of the spindle checkpoint proteins BUBR1 and MAD2 markedly reduced induction of mitotic cell accumulation, but did not affect glyfoline-induced mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis. Thus, glyfoline induces mitotic catastrophe probably by enhancing microtubule aster formation and subsequent apoptosis in cancer cells independently of spindle checkpoint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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