1
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Zhu Y, Tahara SM, Tsukamoto H, Machida K. Protocol for generation of humanized HCC mouse model and cancer-driver mutations using CRISPR-Cas9. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102389. [PMID: 38103196 PMCID: PMC10751556 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We detail procedures for generating a humanized mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recapitulating genetic mutations associated with metabolic liver diseases (MLD). We humanized liver parenchymal, non-parenchymal, and hematopoietic cells. We employed CRISPR-Cas9-based ARID1A knockout and constitutively active CTNNB1 knockin combined with an alcohol Western diet to generate cancer-driver mutations commonly found in MLD-HCC patients. This HCC model facilitates the study of tumor-promoting gene-environment interactions. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Yeh et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Zhu
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stanley M Tahara
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Departments of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keigo Machida
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Mondal G, VanLith CJ, Nicolas CT, Thompson WS, Cao WS, Hillin L, Haugo BJ, Brien DRO, Kocher JP, Kaiser RA, Lillegard JB. Activation of homology-directed DNA repair plays key role in CRISPR-mediated genome correction. Gene Ther 2022; 30:386-397. [PMID: 36258038 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gene editing for the cure of inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) has been limited by inefficiency of adult hepatocyte targeting. Here, we demonstrate that in utero CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in a mouse model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 provides stable cure of the disease. Following this, we performed an extensive gene expression analysis to explore the inherent characteristics of fetal/neonatal hepatocytes that make them more susceptible to efficient gene editing than adult hepatocytes. We showed that fetal and neonatal livers are comprised of proliferative hepatocytes with abundant expression of genes involved in homology-directed repair (HDR) of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), key for efficient gene editing by CRISPR/Cas9. We demonstrated the same is true of hepatocytes after undergoing a regenerative stimulus (partial hepatectomy), where post-hepatectomy cells show a higher efficiency of HDR and correction. Specifically, we demonstrated that HDR-related genome correction is most effective in the replicative phase, or S-phase, of an actively proliferating cell. In conclusion, this study shows that taking advantage of or triggering cell proliferation, specifically DNA replication in S-phase, may serve as an important tool to improve efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in the liver and provide a curative therapy for IEMs in both children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clara T Nicolas
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Whitney S Thompson
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William S Cao
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lori Hillin
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Daniel R O' Brien
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert A Kaiser
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Midwest Fetal Care Center, Children's Hospital of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joseph B Lillegard
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Midwest Fetal Care Center, Children's Hospital of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Pediatric Surgical Associates, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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3
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Nicolas CT, VanLith CJ, Hickey RD, Du Z, Hillin LG, Guthman RM, Cao WJ, Haugo B, Lillegard A, Roy D, Bhagwate A, O'Brien D, Kocher JP, Kaiser RA, Russell SJ, Lillegard JB. In vivo lentiviral vector gene therapy to cure hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 and prevent development of precancerous and cancerous lesions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5012. [PMID: 36008405 PMCID: PMC9411607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional therapy for hereditary tyrosinemia type-1 (HT1) with 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)−1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC) delays and in some cases fails to prevent disease progression to liver fibrosis, liver failure, and activation of tumorigenic pathways. Here we demonstrate cure of HT1 by direct, in vivo administration of a therapeutic lentiviral vector targeting the expression of a human fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) transgene in the porcine model of HT1. This therapy is well tolerated and provides stable long-term expression of FAH in pigs with HT1. Genomic integration displays a benign profile, with subsequent fibrosis and tumorigenicity gene expression patterns similar to wild-type animals as compared to NTBC-treated or diseased untreated animals. Indeed, the phenotypic and genomic data following in vivo lentiviral vector administration demonstrate comparative superiority over other therapies including ex vivo cell therapy and therefore support clinical application of this approach. Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). Here, the authors show in an animal model that HT1 can be treated via in vivo portal vein administration of a lentiviral vector carrying the human FAH transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara T Nicolas
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Raymond D Hickey
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zeji Du
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lori G Hillin
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebekah M Guthman
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Medical College of Wisconsin, Wausau, WI, USA
| | - William J Cao
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Diya Roy
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aditya Bhagwate
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert A Kaiser
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Midwest Fetal Care Center, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Joseph B Lillegard
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Midwest Fetal Care Center, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Pediatric Surgical Associates, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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4
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Tang S, Bai L, Duan Z, Zheng S. Stem cells treatment for wilson disease. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 17:712-719. [PMID: 34615454 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666211006111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a copper excretion disorder, mainly caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. Pharmacological therapies and liver transplantation are currently the main treatment methods for WD, but they face problems such as drug treatment compliance, adverse reactions, and shortage of liver donors. Stem cell therapy of WD may correct abnormal copper metabolism permanently, which is the focus of current research. In this review, we summarized the latest research on stem cells treatment for WD, as well as current challenges and future expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tang
- The First Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing. China
| | - Li Bai
- The Fourth Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing. China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- The Fourth Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing. China
| | - Sujun Zheng
- The First Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing. China
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5
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Nelson ED, Larson E, Joo DJ, Mao S, Glorioso J, Abu Rmilah A, Zhou W, Jia Y, Mounajjed T, Shi M, Bois M, Wood A, Jin F, Whitworth K, Wells K, Spate A, Samuel M, Minshew A, Walters E, Rinaldo P, Lillegard J, Johnson A, Amiot B, Hickey R, Prather R, Platt JL, Nyberg SL. Limited Expansion of Human Hepatocytes in FAH/RAG2-Deficient Swine. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 28:150-160. [PMID: 34309416 PMCID: PMC8892989 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian liver's regenerative ability has led researchers to engineer animals as incubators for expansion of human hepatocytes. The expansion properties of human hepatocytes in immunodeficient mice are well known. However, little has been reported about larger animals that are more scalable and practical for clinical purposes. Therefore, we engineered immunodeficient swine to support expansion of human hepatocytes and identify barriers to their clinical application. METHODS Immunodeficient swine were engineered by knockout of recombinase activating gene 2 (RAG2) and fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). Immature human hepatocytes (ihHCs) were injected into fetal swine by intrauterine cell transplantation (IUCT) at day 40 of gestation. Human albumin was measured as a marker of engraftment. Cytotoxicity against ihHCs was measured in transplanted piglets and control swine. RESULTS Higher levels of human albumin were detected in cord blood of newborn FAH/RAG2-deficient (FR) pigs compared to immunocompetent controls (196.26 ng/dL vs 39.29 ng/dL, p = 0.008), indicating successful engraftment of ihHC after IUCT and adaptive immunity in the fetus. Although rare hepatocytes staining positively for human albumin were observed, levels of human albumin did not rise after birth but declined suggesting rejection of xenografted ihHCs. Cytotoxicity against ihHCs increased after birth 3.8% (95% CI: [2.1%, 5.4%], p < 0.001) and correlated inversely to declining levels of human albumin (p = 2.1 x 10-5, R2 = 0.17). Circulating numbers of T-cells and B-cells were negligible in FR pigs. However, circulating natural killer (NK) cells exerted cytotoxicity against ihHCs. NK cell activity was lower in immunodeficient piglets after IUCT than naive controls (30.4% vs 40.1% (p = 0.011, 95% CI for difference [2.7%, 16.7%]). CONCLUSION Immature human hepatocytes successfully engrafted in FR swine after IUCT. NK cells were a significant barrier to expansion of hepatocytes. New approaches are needed to overcome this hurdle and allow large scale expansion of human hepatocytes in immunodeficient swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erek David Nelson
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, 100 First St NW, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States, 55905-0002;
| | - Ellen Larson
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Shennen Mao
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Jaime Glorioso
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Anan Abu Rmilah
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Wei Zhou
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Yao Jia
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Taofic Mounajjed
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Min Shi
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Melanie Bois
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Adam Wood
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Fang Jin
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Immunology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Kristin Whitworth
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Kevin Wells
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Anna Spate
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Melissa Samuel
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Anna Minshew
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Eric Walters
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Piero Rinaldo
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Joeseph Lillegard
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Aaron Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Immunology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Bruce Amiot
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Raymond Hickey
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Randall Prather
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Jeffrey L Platt
- University of Michigan Michigan Medicine, 21614, Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States;
| | - Scott Lyle Nyberg
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
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6
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Wilkinson PD, Duncan AW. Differential Roles for Diploid and Polyploid Hepatocytes in Acute and Chronic Liver Injury. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:42-49. [PMID: 33764484 PMCID: PMC8056861 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the primary functional cells of the liver that perform essential roles in homeostasis, regeneration, and injury. Most mammalian somatic cells are diploid and contain pairs of each chromosome, but there are also polyploid cells containing additional sets of chromosomes. Hepatocytes are among the best described polyploid cells, with polyploids comprising more than 25 and 90% of the hepatocyte population in humans and mice, respectively. Cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate hepatic polyploidy have been uncovered, and in recent years, diploid and polyploid hepatocytes have been shown to perform specialized functions. Diploid hepatocytes accelerate liver regeneration induced by resection and may accelerate compensatory regeneration after acute injury. Polyploid hepatocytes protect the liver from tumor initiation in hepatocellular carcinoma and promote adaptation to tyrosinemia-induced chronic injury. This review describes how ploidy variations influence cellular activity and presents a model for context-specific functions for diploid and polyploid hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Wilkinson
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew W Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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7
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Tricot T, De Boeck J, Verfaillie C. Alternative Cell Sources for Liver Parenchyma Repopulation: Where Do We Stand? Cells 2020; 9:E566. [PMID: 32121068 PMCID: PMC7140465 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic liver failure is a highly prevalent medical condition with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, the therapy is orthotopic liver transplantation. However, in some instances, chiefly in the setting of metabolic diseases, transplantation of individual cells, specifically functional hepatocytes, can be an acceptable alternative. The gold standard for this therapy is the use of primary human hepatocytes, isolated from livers that are not suitable for whole organ transplantations. Unfortunately, primary human hepatocytes are scarcely available, which has led to the evaluation of alternative sources of functional hepatocytes. In this review, we will compare the ability of most of these candidate alternative cell sources to engraft and repopulate the liver of preclinical animal models with the repopulation ability found with primary human hepatocytes. We will discuss the current shortcomings of the different cell types, and some of the next steps that we believe need to be taken to create alternative hepatocyte progeny capable of regenerating the failing liver.
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8
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VanLith CJ, Guthman RM, Nicolas CT, Allen KL, Liu Y, Chilton JA, Tritz ZP, Nyberg SL, Kaiser RA, Lillegard JB, Hickey RD. Ex Vivo Hepatocyte Reprograming Promotes Homology-Directed DNA Repair to Correct Metabolic Disease in Mice After Transplantation. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:558-573. [PMID: 30976745 PMCID: PMC6442694 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in hepatocytes using homology-directed repair (HDR) is a potential alternative curative therapy to organ transplantation for metabolic liver disease. However, a major limitation of this approach in quiescent adult primary hepatocytes is that nonhomologous end-joining is the predominant DNA repair pathway for double-strand breaks (DSBs). This study explored the hypothesis that ex vivo hepatocyte culture could reprogram hepatocytes to favor HDR after CRISPR/Cas9-mediated DNA DSBs. Quantitative PCR (qPCR), RNA sequencing, and flow cytometry demonstrated that within 24 hours, primary mouse hepatocytes in ex vivo monolayer culture decreased metabolic functions and increased expression of genes related to mitosis progression and HDR. Despite the down-regulation of hepatocyte function genes, hepatocytes cultured for up to 72 hours could robustly engraft in vivo. To assess functionality long-term, primary hepatocytes from a mouse model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 bearing a single-point mutation were transduced ex vivo with two adeno-associated viral vectors to deliver the Cas9 nuclease, target guide RNAs, and a 1.2-kb homology template. Adeno-associated viral Cas9 induced robust cutting at the target locus, and, after delivery of the repair template, precise correction of the point mutation occurred by HDR. Edited hepatocytes were transplanted into recipient fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase knockout mice, resulting in engraftment, robust proliferation, and prevention of liver failure. Weight gain and biochemical assessment revealed normalization of metabolic function. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate the potential therapeutic effect of ex vivo hepatocyte-directed gene editing after reprogramming to cure metabolic disease in a preclinical model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J. VanLith
- Department of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of Molecular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Rebekah M. Guthman
- Department of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of Molecular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | | | | | - Yuanhang Liu
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and InformaticsMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | | | - Zachariah P. Tritz
- Department of ImmunologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Department of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical RegenerationMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Robert A. Kaiser
- Department of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Midwest Fetal Care CenterChildren’s Hospital and Clinics of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
| | - Joseph B. Lillegard
- Department of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Midwest Fetal Care CenterChildren’s Hospital and Clinics of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
- Pediatric Surgical AssociatesMinneapolisMN
| | - Raymond D. Hickey
- Department of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of Molecular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
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9
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Hickey RD, Nicolas CT, Allen K, Mao S, Elgilani F, Glorioso J, Amiot B, VanLith C, Guthman R, Du Z, Chen H, Harding CO, Kaiser RA, Nyberg SL, Lillegard JB. Autologous Gene and Cell Therapy Provides Safe and Long-Term Curative Therapy in A Large Pig Model of Hereditary Tyrosinemia Type 1. Cell Transplant 2018; 28:79-88. [PMID: 30477316 PMCID: PMC6322137 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718814188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation remains the only curative therapy for inborn errors of metabolism. Given the tremendous success for primary immunodeficiencies using ex-vivo gene therapy with lentiviral vectors, there is great interest in developing similar curative therapies for metabolic liver diseases. We have previously generated a pig model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1), an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). Using this model, we have demonstrated curative ex-vivo gene and cell therapy using a lentiviral vector to express FAH in autologous hepatocytes. To further evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of this therapeutic approach, we continued to monitor one of these pigs over the course of three years. The animal continued to thrive off the protective drug NTBC, gaining weight appropriately, and maintaining sexual fecundity for the course of his life. The animal was euthanized 31 months after transplantation to perform a thorough biochemical and histological analysis. Biochemically, liver enzymes and alpha-fetoprotein levels remained normal and abhorrent metabolites specific to HT1 remained corrected. Liver histology showed no evidence of tumorigenicity and Masson's trichrome staining revealed minimal fibrosis and no evidence of cirrhosis. FAH-immunohistochemistry revealed complete repopulation of the liver by transplanted FAH-positive cells. A complete histopathological report on other organs, including kidney, revealed no abnormalities. This study is the first to demonstrate long-term safety and efficacy of hepatocyte-directed gene therapy in a large animal model. We conclude that hepatocyte-directed ex-vivo gene therapy is a rational choice for further exploration as an alternative therapeutic approach to whole organ transplantation for metabolic liver disease, including HT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond D Hickey
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Kari Allen
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shennen Mao
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jaime Glorioso
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bruce Amiot
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Caitlin VanLith
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebekah Guthman
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zeji Du
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Harvey Chen
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Cary O Harding
- 3 Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert A Kaiser
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,4 Midwest Fetal Care Center, Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,5 William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph B Lillegard
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,4 Midwest Fetal Care Center, Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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10
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VanLith C, Guthman R, Nicolas CT, Allen K, Du Z, Joo DJ, Nyberg SL, Lillegard JB, Hickey RD. Curative Ex Vivo Hepatocyte-Directed Gene Editing in a Mouse Model of Hereditary Tyrosinemia Type 1. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:1315-1326. [PMID: 29764210 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). It has been previously shown that ex vivo hepatocyte-directed gene therapy using an integrating lentiviral vector to replace the defective Fah gene can cure liver disease in small- and large-animal models of HT1. This study hypothesized that ex vivo hepatocyte-directed gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 could be used to correct a mouse model of HT1, in which a single point mutation results in loss of FAH function. To achieve high transduction efficiencies of primary hepatocytes, this study utilized a lentiviral vector (LV) to deliver both the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 nuclease and target guide RNA (LV-Cas9) and an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector to deliver a 1.2 kb homology template (AAV-HT). Cells were isolated from Fah-/- mice and cultured in the presence of LV and AAV vectors. Transduction of cells with LV-Cas9 induced significant indels at the target locus, and correction of the point mutation in Fah-/- cells ex vivo using AAV-HT was completely dependent on LV-Cas9. Next, hepatocytes transduced ex vivo by LV-Cas9 and AAV-HT were transplanted into syngeneic Fah-/- mice that had undergone a two-thirds partial hepatectomy or sham hepatectomy. Mice were cycled on/off the protective drug 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC) to stimulate expansion of corrected cells. All transplanted mice became weight stable off NTBC. However, a significant improvement was observed in weight stability off NTBC in animals that received partial hepatectomy. After 6 months, mice were euthanized, and thorough biochemical and histological examinations were performed. Biochemical markers of liver injury were significantly improved over non-transplanted controls. Histological examination of mice revealed normal tissue architecture, while immunohistochemistry showed robust repopulation of recipient animals with FAH+ cells. In summary, this is the first report of ex vivo hepatocyte-directed gene repair using CRISPR/Cas9 to demonstrate curative therapy in an animal model of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin VanLith
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rebekah Guthman
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Kari Allen
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zeji Du
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,3 Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,4 Department of William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joseph B Lillegard
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,5 Midwest Fetal Care Center, Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota.,6 Pediatric Surgical Associates, Ltd., Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Raymond D Hickey
- 1 Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
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11
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Nygaard S, Barzel A, Haft A, Major A, Finegold M, Kay MA, Grompe M. A universal system to select gene-modified hepatocytes in vivo. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:342ra79. [PMID: 27280686 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad8166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many genetic and acquired liver disorders are amenable to gene and/or cell therapy. However, the efficiencies of cell engraftment and stable genetic modification are low and often subtherapeutic. In particular, targeted gene modifications from homologous recombination are rare events. These obstacles could be overcome if hepatocytes that have undergone genetic modification were to be selectively amplified or expanded. We describe a universally applicable system for in vivo selection and expansion of gene-modified hepatocytes in any genetic background. In this system, the therapeutic transgene is coexpressed with a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) that confers modified hepatocytes with resistance to drug-induced toxicity. An shRNA against the tyrosine catabolic enzyme 4-OH-phenylpyruvate dioxygenase protected hepatocytes from 4-[(2-carboxyethyl)-hydroxyphosphinyl]-3-oxobutyrate, a small-molecule inhibitor of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase. To select for specific gene targeting events, the protective shRNA was embedded in a microRNA and inserted into a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector designed to integrate site-specifically into the highly active albumin locus. After selection of the gene-targeted cells, transgene expression increased 10- to 1000-fold, reaching supraphysiological levels of human factor 9 protein (50,000 ng/ml) in mice. This drug resistance system can be used to achieve therapeutically relevant transgene levels in hepatocytes in any setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Nygaard
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Adi Barzel
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Annelise Haft
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Angela Major
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Milton Finegold
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark A Kay
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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12
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Hickey RD, Mao SA, Glorioso J, Elgilani F, Amiot B, Chen H, Rinaldo P, Marler R, Jiang H, DeGrado TR, Suksanpaisan L, O'Connor MK, Freeman BL, Ibrahim SH, Peng KW, Harding CO, Ho CS, Grompe M, Ikeda Y, Lillegard JB, Russell SJ, Nyberg SL. Curative ex vivo liver-directed gene therapy in a pig model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:349ra99. [PMID: 27464750 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf3838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that ex vivo hepatocyte gene therapy can correct the metabolic disorder in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase-deficient (Fah(-/-)) pigs, a large animal model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1). Recipient Fah(-/-) pigs underwent partial liver resection and hepatocyte isolation by collagenase digestion. Hepatocytes were transduced with one or both of the lentiviral vectors expressing the therapeutic Fah and the reporter sodium-iodide symporter (Nis) genes under control of the thyroxine-binding globulin promoter. Pigs received autologous transplants of hepatocytes by portal vein infusion. After transplantation, the protective drug 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzyol)-1,3 cyclohexanedione (NTBC) was withheld from recipient pigs to provide a selective advantage for expansion of corrected FAH(+) cells. Proliferation of transplanted cells, assessed by both immunohistochemistry and noninvasive positron emission tomography imaging of NIS-labeled cells, demonstrated near-complete liver repopulation by gene-corrected cells. Tyrosine and succinylacetone levels improved to within normal range, demonstrating complete correction of tyrosine metabolism. In addition, repopulation of the Fah(-/-) liver with transplanted cells inhibited the onset of severe fibrosis, a characteristic of nontransplanted Fah(-/-) pigs. This study demonstrates correction of disease in a pig model of metabolic liver disease by ex vivo gene therapy. To date, ex vivo gene therapy has only been successful in small animal models. We conclude that further exploration of ex vivo hepatocyte genetic correction is warranted for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond D Hickey
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Shennen A Mao
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jaime Glorioso
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Faysal Elgilani
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bruce Amiot
- Brami Biomedical Inc., Coon Rapids, MN 55433, USA
| | - Harvey Chen
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Piero Rinaldo
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ronald Marler
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Huailei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Lukkana Suksanpaisan
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | | | - Brittany L Freeman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Samar H Ibrahim
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kah Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Chak-Sum Ho
- Histocompatibility Laboratory, Gift of Life Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Joseph B Lillegard
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Midwest Fetal Care Center, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA
| | - Stephen J Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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13
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Xu X, Jiao X, Jiao Y, Wang M, Jiao C. Hedgehog signaling pathway regulates liver regeneration in the Fah -/- knockout mice model xenografted by human hepatocytes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:9837-9845. [PMID: 31966871 PMCID: PMC6966006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to evaluates the hypothesis that Hh pathway activation occurs in the Fah-/- Nod/Scid mice model and plays a role in regulating liver regeneration after functional human hepatocytes xenograft. METHODS Fah-/- Nod/Scid mice were established in Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University. Xeno-regeneration of Fah-/- Nod/Scid mice livers was then transplanted by human hepatocytes. Hh signaling pathway associated factors were detected by RT-PCR and western blot. All statistical calculations were carried out using the SPSS.16.0 software. RESULTS Fah-/- mice were healthy and reproduced normally while treated with NTBC. NTBC-OFF Fah-/- mice with HHT gradually gained weight by six weeks after human hepatocyte transplantation. NTBC-OFF Fah-/- mice causes a progressive increase in ALT, AST, GGT and AP, which were used to monitor hepatocyte inflammation. However, liver function in NTBC-OFF Fah Fah-/- mice with HHT returned to normal. Hedgehog pathway activation and Hh-target genes were enhanced follows human hepatocytes transplantation which indicated liver regeneration associated closely with Hh signaling pathway. Moreover, Hh signaling was inhibited by cyclopamine after HHT. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides novel evidence that Hedgehog signaling pathway regulation is required for optimal regeneration of NTBC OFF Fah-/- mice with HHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Xiaohu Jiao
- Department of Surgery, Baoji Hospital Affiliated to Xi’an Medical UniversityBaoji, China
| | - Yuhong Jiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan, China
| | - Chenwei Jiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan, China
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14
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Allen KJ, Cheah DMY, Lee XL, Pettigrew-Buck NE, Vadolas J, Mercer JFB, Ioannou PA, Williamson R. The Potential of Bone Marrow Stem Cells to Correct Liver Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Wilson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2017; 13:765-73. [PMID: 15690978 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783983341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic liver diseases are excellent targets for correction using novel stem cell, hepatocyte, and gene therapies. In this study, the use of bone marrow stem cell transplantation to correct liver disease in the toxic milk (tx) mouse, a murine model for Wilson's disease, was evaluated. Preconditioning with sublethal irradiation, dietary copper loading, and the influence of cell transplantation sites were assessed. Recipient tx mice were sublethally irradiated (4 Gy) prior to transplantation with bone marrow stem cells harvested from normal congenic (DL) littermates. Of 46 transplanted tx mice, 11 demonstrated genotypic repopulation in the liver. Sublethal irradiation was found to be essential for donor cell engraftment and liver repopulation. Dietary copper loading did not improve cell engraftment and repopulation results. Both intravenously and intrasplenically transplanted cells produced similar repopulation successes. Direct evidence of functionality and disease correction following liver repopulation was observed in the 11 mice where liver copper levels were significantly reduced when compared with mice with no liver repopulation. The reversal of copper loading with bone marrow cells is similar to the level of correction seen when normal congenic liver cells are used. Transplantation of bone marrow cells partially corrects the metabolic phenotype in a mouse model for Wilson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina J Allen
- Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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15
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Elgilani F, Mao SA, Glorioso JM, Yin M, Iankov ID, Singh A, Amiot B, Rinaldo P, Marler RJ, Ehman RL, Grompe M, Lillegard JB, Hickey RD, Nyberg SL. Chronic Phenotype Characterization of a Large-Animal Model of Hereditary Tyrosinemia Type 1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 187:33-41. [PMID: 27855279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by deficiency in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, the last enzyme in the tyrosine catabolic pathway. In this study, we investigated whether fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase deficient (FAH-/-) pigs, a novel large-animal model of HT1, develop fibrosis and cirrhosis characteristic of the human disease. FAH-/- pigs were treated with the protective drug 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1, 3 cyclohexandione (NTBC) at a dose of 1 mg/kg per day initially after birth. After 30 days, they were assigned to one of three groups based on dosing of NTBC. Group 1 received ≥0.2 mg/kg per day, group 2 cycled on/off NTBC (0.05 mg/kg per day × 1 week/0 mg/kg per day × 3 weeks), and group 3 received no NTBC thereafter. Pigs were monitored for features of liver disease. Animals in group 1 continued to have weight gain and biochemical analyses comparable to wild-type pigs. Animals in group 2 had significant cessation of weight gain, abnormal biochemical test results, and various grades of fibrosis and cirrhosis. No evidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was detected. Group 3 animals declined rapidly, with acute liver failure. In conclusion, the FAH-/- pig is a large-animal model of HT1 with clinical characteristics that resemble the human phenotype. Under conditions of low-dose NTBC, FAH-/- pigs developed liver fibrosis and portal hypertension, and thus may serve as a large-animal model of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faysal Elgilani
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Shennen A Mao
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Meng Yin
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ianko D Iankov
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anisha Singh
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bruce Amiot
- Brami Biomedical, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Piero Rinaldo
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ronald J Marler
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | | | - Markus Grompe
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Joseph B Lillegard
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Midwest Fetal Care Center, Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Raymond D Hickey
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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16
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Blackburn PR, Hickey RD, Nace RA, Giama NH, Kraft DL, Bordner AJ, Chaiteerakij R, McCormick JB, Radulovic M, Graham RP, Torbenson MS, Tortorelli S, Scott CR, Lindor NM, Milliner DS, Oglesbee D, Al-Qabandi W, Grompe M, Gavrilov DK, El-Youssef M, Clark KJ, Atwal PS, Roberts LR, Klee EW, Ekker SC. Silent Tyrosinemia Type I Without Elevated Tyrosine or Succinylacetone Associated with Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:1097-105. [PMID: 27397503 PMCID: PMC5108417 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinemia type I (TYRSN1, TYR I) is caused by fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) deficiency and affects approximately one in 100,000 individuals worldwide. Pathogenic variants in FAH cause TYRSN1, which induces cirrhosis and can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). TYRSN1 is characterized by the production of a pathognomonic metabolite, succinylacetone (SUAC) and is included in the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel for newborns. Treatment intervention is effective if initiated within the first month of life. Here, we describe a family with three affected children who developed HCC secondary to idiopathic hepatosplenomegaly and cirrhosis during infancy. Whole exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous missense variant in FAH (Chr15(GRCh38):g.80162305A>G; NM_000137.2:c.424A > G; NP_000128.1:p.R142G). This novel variant involves the catalytic pocket of the enzyme, but does not result in increased SUAC or tyrosine, making the diagnosis of TYRSN1 problematic. Testing this novel variant using a rapid, in vivo somatic mouse model showed that this variant could not rescue FAH deficiency. In this case of atypical TYRSN1, we show how reliance on SUAC as a primary diagnostic test can be misleading in some patients with this disease. Augmentation of current screening for TYRSN1 with targeted sequencing of FAH is warranted in cases suggestive of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond D Hickey
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rebecca A Nace
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nasra H Giama
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel L Kraft
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Roongruedee Chaiteerakij
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Pathumwan
| | | | - Maja Radulovic
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rondell P Graham
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Silvia Tortorelli
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - C Ronald Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Dawn S Milliner
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Devin Oglesbee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wafa'a Al-Qabandi
- Deptartment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kuwait, 24923 Safat, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Markus Grompe
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Science & Health University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Mounif El-Youssef
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karl J Clark
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paldeep S Atwal
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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17
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Lee SG, Moon SH, Kim HJ, Lee JY, Park SJ, Chung HM, Ha TY, Song GW, Jung DH, Park H, Kwon TW, Cho YP. Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in de novo liver regeneration in liver transplant. Liver Transpl 2015; 21:1186-94. [PMID: 25761987 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed (1) to examine the hypothesis that circulating progenitor cells play a role in the process of de novo regeneration in human liver transplants and that these cells arise from a cell population originating in, or associated with, the bone marrow and (2) to investigate whether the transplanted liver volume has an effect on the circulating recipient-derived progenitor cells that generate hepatocytes during this process. Clinical data and liver tissue characteristics were analyzed in male individuals who underwent sex-mismatched adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation using dual left lobe grafts. Dual left lobe grafts were examined at the time of transplantation and 19 to 27 days after transplantation. All recipients showed recovery of normal liver function and a significant increase in the volume of the engrafted left lobes after transplantation. Double staining for a Y-chromosome probe and the CD31 antigen showed the presence of hybrid vessels composed of recipient-derived cells and donor cells within the transplanted liver tissues. Furthermore, CD34-expressing cells were observed commingling with Y-chromosome+ cells. The ratio of recipient-derived vessels and the number of Y+ CD34+ cells tended to be higher when smaller graft volumes underwent transplantation. These findings suggest that the recruitment of circulating bone marrow-derived progenitor cells could contribute to vessel formation and de novo regeneration in human liver transplants. Moreover, graft volume may be an important determinant for the active mobilization of circulating recipient-derived progenitor cells and their contribution to liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Gyu Lee
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Chung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Ha
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Won Song
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Jung
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojong Park
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Kwon
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Pil Cho
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Porada CD, Atala AJ, Almeida-Porada G. The hematopoietic system in the context of regenerative medicine. Methods 2015; 99:44-61. [PMID: 26319943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) represent the prototype stem cell within the body. Since their discovery, HSC have been the focus of intensive research, and have proven invaluable clinically to restore hematopoiesis following inadvertent radiation exposure and following radio/chemotherapy to eliminate hematologic tumors. While they were originally discovered in the bone marrow, HSC can also be isolated from umbilical cord blood and can be "mobilized" peripheral blood, making them readily available in relatively large quantities. While their ability to repopulate the entire hematopoietic system would already guarantee HSC a valuable place in regenerative medicine, the finding that hematopoietic chimerism can induce immunological tolerance to solid organs and correct autoimmune diseases has dramatically broadened their clinical utility. The demonstration that these cells, through a variety of mechanisms, can also promote repair/regeneration of non-hematopoietic tissues as diverse as liver, heart, and brain has further increased their clinical value. The goal of this review is to provide the reader with a brief glimpse into the remarkable potential HSC possess, and to highlight their tremendous value as therapeutics in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Porada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, United States.
| | - Anthony J Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, United States.
| | - Graça Almeida-Porada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, United States.
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19
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Hickey RD, Mao SA, Amiot B, Suksanpaisan L, Miller A, Nace R, Glorioso J, Peng KW, Ikeda Y, Russell SJ, Nyberg SL. Noninvasive 3-dimensional imaging of liver regeneration in a mouse model of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 using the sodium iodide symporter gene. Liver Transpl 2015; 21:442-53. [PMID: 25482651 PMCID: PMC5957080 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a potential treatment for the many liver disorders that are currently only curable by organ transplantation. However, one of the major limitations of hepatocyte (HC) transplantation is an inability to monitor cells longitudinally after injection. We hypothesized that the thyroidal sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene could be used to visualize transplanted HCs in a rodent model of inherited liver disease: hereditary tyrosinemia type 1. Wild-type C57Bl/6J mouse HCs were transduced ex vivo with a lentiviral vector containing the mouse Slc5a5 (NIS) gene controlled by the thyroxine-binding globulin promoter. NIS-transduced cells could robustly concentrate radiolabeled iodine in vitro, with lentiviral transduction efficiencies greater than 80% achieved in the presence of dexamethasone. Next, NIS-transduced HCs were transplanted into congenic fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase knockout mice, and this resulted in the prevention of liver failure. NIS-transduced HCs were readily imaged in vivo by single-photon emission computed tomography, and this demonstrated for the first time noninvasive 3-dimensional imaging of regenerating tissue in individual animals over time. We also tested the efficacy of primary HC spheroids engrafted in the liver. With the NIS reporter, robust spheroid engraftment and survival could be detected longitudinally after direct parenchymal injection, and this thereby demonstrated a novel strategy for HC transplantation. This work is the first to demonstrate the efficacy of NIS imaging in the field of HC transplantation. We anticipate that NIS labeling will allow noninvasive and longitudinal identification of HCs and stem cells in future studies related to liver regeneration in small and large preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond D. Hickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Bruce Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Amber Miller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca Nace
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Kah Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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20
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Li D, Fan J, He X, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zeng Z, Ruan M, Cai L. Therapeutic effect comparison of hepatocyte-like cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in acute liver failure of rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:11-24. [PMID: 25755689 PMCID: PMC4348921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
GOALS To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) induced into hepatocyte-like cells and of un-induced BMSCs in acute liver failure rats. METHODS BMSCs in highly homogenous passage 3 were cultured using the whole bone marrow adherent culture method. Hepatic-related characters were confirmed with morphology, RT-PCR analysis, glycogen staining and albumin (ALB) immunofluorescence assay. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was injected intraperitoneally to establish an acute rat liver failure model. Hepatocyte-like cells or un-induced BMSCs were respectively injected into the models to examine rats' appearance, liver function assay and liver tissue pathology. RESULTS Hepatocyte-like morphology, higher expression of cytokeratin 18 (CK18) mRNA and ALB protein, and glycogen accumulation were confirmed in the induced BMSCs. The transplanted DAPI-labeled BMSCs were localized in the liver tissue 3-14 days after transplantation. The levels of liver function indicators (AST, ALT, ALP, and TBIL) from transplanted rats were significant decreased and pathology was improved, indicating the recovery of liver function. However, the differences were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION Both hepatocyte-like cells and un-induced BMSCs had a similarly positively therapeutic efficacy on liver regeneration in rat liver failure model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command156 Xi Er Huan Road, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Jingjing Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University12 Chang Qing Road, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Xiuhua He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command156 Xi Er Huan Road, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command156 Xi Er Huan Road, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command156 Xi Er Huan Road, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Zhiyu Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command156 Xi Er Huan Road, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Mei Ruan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command156 Xi Er Huan Road, Fujian 350025, China
| | - Lirong Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command156 Xi Er Huan Road, Fujian 350025, China
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Chen S, Shao C, Dong T, Chai H, Xiong X, Sun D, Zhang L, Yu Y, Wang P, Cheng F. Transplantation of ATP7B-transduced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells decreases copper overload in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111425. [PMID: 25375371 PMCID: PMC4222898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that transplantation of ATP7B-transduced hepatocytes ameliorates disease progression in LEC (Long-Evans Cinnamon) rats, a model of Wilson's disease (WD). However, the inability of transplanted cells to proliferate in a normal liver hampers long-term treatment. In the current study, we investigated whether transplantation of ATP7B-transduced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) could decrease copper overload in LEC rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The livers of LEC rats were preconditioned with radiation (RT) and/or ischemia-reperfusion (IRP) before portal vein infusion of ATP7B-transduced MSCs (MSCsATP7B). The volumes of MSCsATP7B or saline injected as controls were identical. The expression of ATP7B was analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at 4, 12 and 24 weeks post-transplantation. MSCATP7B repopulation, liver copper concentrations, serum ceruloplasmin levels, and alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were also analyzed at each time-point post-transplantation. RESULTS IRP-plus-RT preconditioning was the most effective strategy for enhancing the engraftment and repopulation of transplanted MSCsATP7B. This strategy resulted in higher ATP7B expression and serum ceruloplasmin, and lower copper concentration in this doubly preconditioned group compared with the saline control group, the IRP group, and the RT group at all three time-points post-transplantation (p<0.05 for all). Moreover, 24 weeks post-transplantation, the levels of ALT and AST in the IRP group, the RT group, and the IRP-plus-RT group were all significantly decreased compared to those of the saline group (p<0.05 compared with the IRP group and RT group, p<0.01 compared with IRP-plus-RT group); ALT and AST levels were significantly lower in the IRP-plus-RT group compared to either the IRP group or the RT group (p<0.01 and p<0.05. respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that transplantation of MSCsATP7B into IRP-plus-RT preconditioned LEC rats decreased copper overload and was associated with an increase in MSC engraftment and repopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Ward of General Surgery, The Affiliated Wuhu No. 2 People's Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Cunhua Shao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tianfu Dong
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Chai
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinkui Xiong
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Daoyi Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Tarlow BD, Pelz C, Naugler WE, Wakefield L, Wilson EM, Finegold MJ, Grompe M. Bipotential adult liver progenitors are derived from chronically injured mature hepatocytes. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:605-18. [PMID: 25312494 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adult liver progenitor cells are biliary-like epithelial cells that emerge only under injury conditions in the periportal region of the liver. They exhibit phenotypes of both hepatocytes and bile ducts. However, their origin and their significance to injury repair remain unclear. Here, we used a chimeric lineage tracing system to demonstrate that hepatocytes contribute to the progenitor pool. RNA-sequencing, ultrastructural analysis, and in vitro progenitor assays revealed that hepatocyte-derived progenitors were distinct from their biliary-derived counterparts. In vivo lineage tracing and serial transplantation assays showed that hepatocyte-derived proliferative ducts retained a memory of their origin and differentiated back into hepatocytes upon cessation of injury. Similarly, human hepatocytes in chimeric mice also gave rise to biliary progenitors in vivo. We conclude that human and mouse hepatocytes can undergo reversible ductal metaplasia in response to injury, expand as ducts, and subsequently contribute to restoration of the hepatocyte mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden D Tarlow
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Carl Pelz
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Willscott E Naugler
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Leslie Wakefield
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Milton J Finegold
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Doorschodt B, Teubner A, Kobayashi E, Tolba R. Promising future for the transgenic rat in transplantation research. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2014; 28:155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase deficient pigs are a novel large animal model of metabolic liver disease. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:144-53. [PMID: 24879068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary tyrosinemia type I (HT1) is caused by deficiency in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH), an enzyme that catalyzes the last step of tyrosine metabolism. The most severe form of the disease presents acutely during infancy, and is characterized by severe liver involvement, most commonly resulting in death if untreated. Generation of FAH(+/-) pigs was previously accomplished by adeno-associated virus-mediated gene knockout in fibroblasts and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Subsequently, these animals were outbred and crossed to produce the first FAH(-/-) pigs. FAH-deficiency produced a lethal defect in utero that was corrected by administration of 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3 cyclohexanedione (NTBC) throughout pregnancy. Animals on NTBC were phenotypically normal at birth; however, the animals were euthanized approximately four weeks after withdrawal of NTBC due to clinical decline and physical examination findings of severe liver injury and encephalopathy consistent with acute liver failure. Biochemical and histological analyses, characterized by diffuse and severe hepatocellular damage, confirmed the diagnosis of severe liver injury. FAH(-/-) pigs provide the first genetically engineered large animal model of a metabolic liver disorder. Future applications of FAH(-/-) pigs include discovery research as a large animal model of HT1 and spontaneous acute liver failure, and preclinical testing of the efficacy of liver cell therapies, including transplantation of hepatocytes, liver stem cells, and pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes.
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Abstract
Stem cells constitute a population of "primitive cells" with the ability to divide indefinitely and give rise to specialized cells under special conditions. Because of these two characteristics they have received particular attention in recent decades. These cells are the primarily responsible factors for the regeneration of tissues and organs and for the healing of lesions, a feature that makes them a central key in the development of cell-based medicine, called Regenerative Medicine. The idea of wound and organ repair and body regeneration is as old as the mankind, reflecting the human desire for inhibiting aging and immortality and it is first described in the ancient Greek myth of Prometheus. It is of interest that the myth refers to liver, an organ with remarkable regenerative ability after loss of mass and function caused by liver injury or surgical resection. Over the last decade there has been an important progress in understanding liver physiology and the mechanisms underlying hepatic development and regeneration. As liver transplantation, despite its difficulties, remains the only effective therapy for advanced liver disease so far, scientific interest has nowadays been orientated towards Regenerative Medicine and the use of stem cells to repair damaged liver. This review is focused on the available literature concerning the role of stem cells in liver regeneration. It summarizes the results of studies concerning endogenous liver regeneration and stem cell experimental protocols. Moreover, this review discusses the clinical studies that have been conducted in humans so far.
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Barone M, Scavo MP, Maiorano E, Di Leo A, Francavilla A. Bone marrow-derived stem cells and hepatocarcinogenesis in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46:243-50. [PMID: 24286758 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated that cancer can develop with the contribution of bone marrow-derived cancer stem cells. We evaluated the possible involvement of bone marrow-derived stem cells in hepatocarcinogenesis in a hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mouse model. METHODS Bone marrow cells from wild type male mice were transplanted into sublethally irradiated, female, HBV transgenic mice with hepatocarcinoma nodules. Four months later, liver tissue was examined to localize neoplastic nodules/foci and characterize cells by evaluating the Y-chromosome and the hepatocyte lineage marker hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 (HNF1), as well as the HBsAg encoding gene (HBs-Eg) and HBsAg protein (HBs-Pr) (present only in cells of female origin). RESULTS Hepatocytes were HBs-Eg/HBs-Pr-positive in "normal" tissue, while resulted only HBs-Eg-positive in regenerative areas. Neoplastic foci/nodules were both HBs-Eg/HBs-Pr-negative. In the liver, 19 ± 5% of cells were Y-chromosome-positive and about one fifth were HNF1-positive. Y-chromosome and HBs-Eg colocalized in HNF1-positive cells. Y-chromosome-positive cells never localized in neoplastic foci/nodules (HBs-Pr/HBs-Eg-negative). CONCLUSIONS Bone marrow-derived stem cells participate in the hepatic regenerative process but not in neoplastic growth. Simultaneous detection of both Y-chromosome and HBs-Eg in the nucleus of an HNF1-positive cell (hepatocyte) demonstrates a phenomenon of cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Barone
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Principia Scavo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eugenio Maiorano
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Pathological Anatomy and Genetics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Mouse liver repopulation with hepatocytes generated from human fibroblasts. Nature 2014; 508:93-7. [PMID: 24572354 PMCID: PMC4161230 DOI: 10.1038/nature13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the capability of revolutionizing research and therapy of liver diseases by providing a source of hepatocytes for autologous cell therapy and disease modelling. However, despite progress in advancing the differentiation of iPSCs into hepatocytes (iPSC-Heps) in vitro, cells that replicate the ability of human primary adult hepatocytes (aHeps) to proliferate extensively in vivo have not been reported. This deficiency has hampered efforts to recreate human liver diseases in mice, and has cast doubt on the potential of iPSC-Heps for liver cell therapy. The reason is that extensive post-transplant expansion is needed to establish and sustain a therapeutically effective liver cell mass in patients, a lesson learned from clinical trials of aHep transplantation. Here, as a solution to this problem, we report the generation of human fibroblast-derived hepatocytes that can repopulate mouse livers. Unlike current protocols for deriving hepatocytes from human fibroblasts, ours did not generate iPSCs but cut short reprogramming to pluripotency to generate an induced multipotent progenitor cell (iMPC) state from which endoderm progenitor cells and subsequently hepatocytes (iMPC-Heps) could be efficiently differentiated. For this purpose we identified small molecules that aided endoderm and hepatocyte differentiation without compromising proliferation. After transplantation into an immune-deficient mouse model of human liver failure, iMPC-Heps proliferated extensively and acquired levels of hepatocyte function similar to those of aHeps. Unfractionated iMPC-Heps did not form tumours, most probably because they never entered a pluripotent state. Our results establish the feasibility of significant liver repopulation of mice with human hepatocytes generated in vitro, which removes a long-standing roadblock on the path to autologous liver cell therapy.
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28
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Abstract
Liver regeneration is perhaps the most studied example of compensatory growth aimed to replace loss of tissue in an organ. Hepatocytes, the main functional cells of the liver, manage to proliferate to restore mass and to simultaneously deliver all functions hepatic functions necessary to maintain body homeostasis. They are the first cells to respond to regenerative stimuli triggered by mitogenic growth factor receptors MET (the hepatocyte growth factor receptor] and epidermal growth factor receptor and complemented by auxiliary mitogenic signals induced by other cytokines. Termination of liver regeneration is a complex process affected by integrin mediated signaling and it restores the organ to its original mass as determined by the needs of the body (hepatostat function). When hepatocytes cannot proliferate, progenitor cells derived from the biliary epithelium transdifferentiate to restore the hepatocyte compartment. In a reverse situation, hepatocytes can also transdifferentiate to restore the biliary compartment. Several hormones and xenobiotics alter the hepatostat directly and induce an increase in liver to body weight ratio (augmentative hepatomegaly). The complex challenges of the liver toward body homeostasis are thus always preserved by complex but unfailing responses involving orchestrated signaling and affecting growth and differentiation of all hepatic cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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29
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Esrefoglu M. Role of stem cells in repair of liver injury: Experimental and clinical benefit of transferred stem cells on liver failure. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:6757-6773. [PMID: 24187451 PMCID: PMC3812475 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the liver has a high regenerative capacity, as a result of massive hepatocyte death, liver failure occurs. In addition to liver failure, for acute, chronic and hereditary diseases of the liver, cell transplantation therapies can stimulate regeneration or at least ensure sufficient function until liver transplantation can be performed. The lack of donor organs and the risks of rejection have prompted extensive experimental and clinical research in the field of cellular transplantation. Transplantation of cell lineages involved in liver regeneration, including mature hepatocytes, fetal hepatocytes, fetal liver progenitor cells, fetal stem cells, hepatic progenitor cells, hepatic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood stem cells, have been found to be beneficial in the treatment of liver failure. In this article, the results of experimental and clinical cell transplantation trials for liver failure are reviewed, with an emphasis on regeneration.
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30
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Duncan AW. Aneuploidy, polyploidy and ploidy reversal in the liver. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:347-56. [PMID: 23333793 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidy has been described in the liver for over 100 years. The frequency of polyploid hepatocytes varies by age and species, but up to 90% of mouse hepatocytes and approximately 50% of human hepatocytes are polyploid. In addition to alterations in the entire complement of chromosomes, variations in chromosome copy number have been recently described. Aneuploidy in the liver is pervasive, affecting 60% of hepatocytes in mice and 30-90% of hepatocytes in humans. Polyploidy and aneuploidy in the liver are closely linked, and the ploidy conveyor model describes this relationship. Diploid hepatocytes undergo failed cytokinesis to generate polyploid cells. Proliferating polyploid hepatocytes, which form multipolar spindles during cell division, generate reduced ploidy progeny (e.g., diploid hepatocytes from tetraploids or octaploids) and/or aneuploid daughters. New evidence suggests that random hepatic aneuploidy can promote adaptation to liver injury. For instance, in response to chronic liver damage, subsets of aneuploid hepatocytes that are differentially resistant to the injury remain healthy, regenerate the liver and restore function. Future work is required to elucidate the mechanisms regulating dynamic chromosome changes in the liver and to understand how these processes impact normal and abnormal liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States.
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31
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Aini W, Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Ozeki M, Tsuruyama T, Tamaki K, Uemoto S, Haga H. Frequent hepatocyte chimerism in long-term human liver allografts independent of graft outcome. Transpl Immunol 2012; 28:100-5. [PMID: 23268137 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microchimerism after liver transplantation is considered to promote graft tolerance or tissue repair, but its significance is controversial. By using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of short tandem repeat (STR) loci after laser capture microdissection of hepatocyte nuclei, we compared the proportions of recipient-derived hepatocytes in long-term stable liver allografts and late dysfunctional allografts caused by chronic rejection or idiopathic post-transplantation hepatitis. Through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we also analyzed the presence of recipient-derived Y-positive hepatocytes in the biopsies of livers transplanted from female donors to male recipients. The study population comprised 24 pediatric liver transplant recipients who survived with the initial graft, whose 10-year protocol biopsy records were available, and who had normal liver function (stable graft, SG; n=13) or a late dysfunctional graft (LDG; n=11) with similar follow-up periods (mean 10.8years in the SG group and 11.2years in the LDG group). STR analysis revealed that hepatocyte chimerism occurred in 7 of 13 (54%) SGs and 5 of 11 (45%) LDGs (p=0.68). The proportion of hepatocyte chimerism was low, with a mean of 3% seen in 2 of 3 female-to-male transplanted livers (one each of SG and LDG). In conclusion, hepatocyte chimerism was a constant event. The extent of engraftment of recipient-derived hepatocytes does not seem to correlate with the degree of hepatic injury in long-term liver allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulamujiang Aini
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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Marra E, Turrini P, Tripodi M, Ciliberto G, Padron J, Aurisicchio L. Intrablastocyst injection with human CD34+/CD133+ cells increase survival of immunocompetent fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase knockout mice. Lab Anim 2012; 46:280-6. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2012.012038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mice harbouring a humanized liver represent a powerful tool for translating preclinical studies of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics into humans, as well as the exploitation of basic studies on liver pathophysiology including hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Human adult stem cells injected into immunocompetent mice at preimmune stages of development, generate chimeric animals harbouring a liver with relatively discrete foci of human hepatocyte-like cells. In this study, we have evaluated whether similar protocol of xenotransplantation in the presence of selective pressure might lead to a higher human-into-mouse liver repopulation, leading to a relevant improvement of liver function. Human CD34+/CD133+ cells were microinjected into blastocysts from genetically-modified mice committed to develop a lethal hepatopathy, due to the absence of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). Following xenotransplantation, mouse survival was followed over time and histochemical evidence of liver chimerism was assessed. The survival expectancy of seven out of 21 intrablastocyst xenotransplanted FAH knockout ( Fah−/−) mice was significantly higher as compared with non-xenotransplanted mice. Several nodules of human hepatocyte-like cells were revealed by immunohistochemistry in the liver of rescued mice. Our data positively support the hypothesis that preimmune xenotransplantation of human stem cells into immunocompetent mice harbouring a lethal hepatic disease might lead to a functionally relevant human-mouse liver chimerism and marks a significant advancement towards the establishment of a novel translational preclinical model for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Marra
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Biogem IRGS, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, Italy
- Takis, Via di Castel Romano 100, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Tripodi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University ‘La Sapienza’, Piazzale Aldo Moro 9, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- University of Catanzaro, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Viale Europa, Località Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Aurisicchio
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Biogem IRGS, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, Italy
- Takis, Via di Castel Romano 100, Rome, Italy
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Wang Z, Lisowski L, Finegold MJ, Nakai H, Kay MA, Grompe M. AAV vectors containing rDNA homology display increased chromosomal integration and transgene persistence. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1902-11. [PMID: 22990673 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors are promising tools for gene therapy of genetic disorders, they remain mostly episomal and hence are lost during cell replication. For this reason, rAAV vectors capable of chromosomal integration would be desirable. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeat sequences are overrepresented during random integration of rAAV. We therefore sought to enhance AAV integration frequency by including 28S rDNA homology arms into our vector design. A vector containing ~1 kb of homology on each side of a cDNA expression cassette for human fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) was constructed. rAAV of serotypes 2 and 8 were injected into Fah-deficient mice, a model for human tyrosinemia type 1. Integrated FAH transgenes are positively selected in this model and rDNA-containing AAV vectors had a ~30× higher integration frequency than controls. Integration by homologous recombination (HR) into the 28S rDNA locus was seen in multiple tissues. Furthermore, rDNA-containing AAV vectors for human factor IX (hFIX) demonstrated increased transgene persistence after liver regeneration. We conclude that rDNA containing AAV vectors may be superior to conventional vector design for the treatment of genetic diseases, especially those associated with increased hepatocyte replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongya Wang
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
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Paulk NK, Loza LM, Finegold MJ, Grompe M. AAV-mediated gene targeting is significantly enhanced by transient inhibition of nonhomologous end joining or the proteasome in vivo. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:658-65. [PMID: 22486314 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors have clear potential for use in gene targeting but low correction efficiencies remain the primary drawback. One approach to enhancing efficiency is a block of undesired repair pathways like nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) to promote the use of homologous recombination. The natural product vanillin acts as a potent inhibitor of NHEJ by inhibiting DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Using a homology containing rAAV vector, we previously demonstrated in vivo gene repair frequencies of up to 0.1% in a model of liver disease hereditary tyrosinemia type I. To increase targeting frequencies, we administered vanillin in combination with rAAV. Gene targeting frequencies increased up to 10-fold over AAV alone, approaching 1%. Fah(-/-)Ku70(-/-) double knockout mice also had increased gene repair frequencies, genetically confirming the beneficial effects of blocking NHEJ. A second strategy, transient proteasomal inhibition, also increased gene-targeting frequencies but was not additive to NHEJ inhibition. This study establishes the benefit of transient NHEJ inhibition with vanillin, or proteasome blockage with bortezomib, for increasing hepatic gene targeting with rAAV. Functional metabolic correction of a clinically relevant disease model was demonstrated and provided evidence for the feasibility of gene targeting as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Paulk
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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35
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Schwerfeld-Bohr J, Chi H, Worm K, Dahmen U. Influence of Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes on Liver Regeneration after Sex-Mismatched Liver Transplantation in Humans. J INVEST SURG 2012; 25:220-6. [DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2011.627088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chistiakov DA. Liver regenerative medicine: advances and challenges. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:291-312. [PMID: 22572238 DOI: 10.1159/000335697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the standard care for many end-stage liver diseases. However, donor organs are scarce and some people succumb to liver failure before a donor is found. Liver regenerative medicine is a special interdisciplinary field of medicine focused on the development of new therapies incorporating stem cells, gene therapy and engineered tissues in order to repair or replace the damaged organ. In this review we consider the emerging progress achieved in the hepatic regenerative medicine within the last decade. The review starts with the characterization of liver organogenesis, fetal and adult stem/progenitor cells. Then, applications of primary hepatocytes, embryonic and adult (mesenchymal, hematopoietic and induced pluripotent) stem cells in cell therapy of liver diseases are considered. Current advances and challenges in producing mature hepatocytes from stem/progenitor cells are discussed. A section about hepatic tissue engineering includes consideration of synthetic and natural biomaterials in engineering scaffolds, strategies and achievements in the development of 3D bioactive matrices and 3D hepatocyte cultures, liver microengineering, generating bioartificial liver and prospects for fabrication of the bioengineered liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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Christ B, Brückner S. Rodent animal models for surrogate analysis of cell therapy in acute liver failure. Front Physiol 2012; 3:78. [PMID: 22485094 PMCID: PMC3317270 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Without therapeutic intervention acute liver failure (ALF) is the consequence of a progredient destruction of the liver parenchyma due to metabolic exhaustion of the hepatocytes. Perivenous hepatocytes are responsible for the detoxification of noxious compounds via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Liver transplantation is the only remaining therapeutic option in the end-stage of the disease. Assuming that metabolic capacity could be provided by healthy hepatocytes and thus substitute for the genuine parenchymal cells hepatocyte transplantation since quite some time is considered to be an alternative to whole liver transplantation. While this hypothesis achieved proof-of-concept in animal trials clinical breakthrough is still awaiting success, the reasons of which are ongoing matter of debate. In recent times mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) came into focus as a transplantable cell source to treat ALF. Interestingly, as demonstrated in various rodent animal models their mode of action is rather based on trophic support of hepatocytes remaining in the damaged host parenchyma rather than substitution of tissue loss. Mechanistically, either direct or indirect paracrine effects from the transplanted cells acting pro-proliferative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory seem to trigger the regenerative response of the residual healthy hepatocytes in the otherwise lethally injured liver parenchyma. Thus, allogeneic MSC may be the best choice for the treatment of ALF taking advantage of their short-term benefit to sustain the critical phase of the acute insult avoiding long-term immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Christ
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
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Murine embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocytes correct metabolic liver disease after serial liver repopulation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:648-58. [PMID: 22249028 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived hepatocytes have the capacity for liver engraftment and repopulation, their in vivo hepatic function has not been analyzed yet. We aimed to determine the metabolic function and therapeutic action of ES cell-derived hepatocytes after serial liver repopulations in fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase knockout (Fah(-/-)) mice. Albumin expressing (Alb(+)) cells were obtained by hepatic differentiation of ES cells using two frequently reported methods. After transplantation, variable levels of liver repopulation were found in Fah(-/-) mice recipients. FAH expressing (FAH(+)) hepatocytes were found either as single cells or as nodules with multiple hepatocytes. After serial transplantation, the proportion of the liver that was repopulated by the re-transplanted FAH(+) hepatocytes increased significantly. ES cell-derived FAH(+) hepatocytes were found in homogenous nodules and corrected the liver metabolic disorder of Fah(-/-) recipients and rescued them from death. ES cell-derived hepatocytes had normal karyotype, hepatocytic morphology and metabolic function both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, ES cell-derived hepatocytes were capable of liver repopulation and correction of metabolic defects after serial transplantation. Our results are an important piece of evidence to support future clinical applications of ES cell-derived hepatocytes in treating liver diseases.
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Treatment of newborn G6pc(-/-) mice with bone marrow-derived myelomonocytes induces liver repair. J Hepatol 2011; 55:1263-71. [PMID: 21703205 PMCID: PMC6541203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Several studies have shown that bone marrow-derived committed myelomonocytic cells can repopulate diseased livers by fusing with host hepatocytes and can restore normal liver function. These data suggest that myelomonocyte transplantation could be a promising approach for targeted and well-tolerated cell therapy aimed at liver regeneration. We sought to determine whether bone marrow-derived myelomonocytic cells could be effective for liver reconstitution in newborn mice knock-out for glucose-6-phosphatase-α. METHODS Bone marrow-derived myelomonocytic cells obtained from adult wild type mice were transplanted in newborn knock-out mice. Tissues of control and treated mice were frozen for histochemical analysis, or paraffin-embedded and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examination or analyzed by immunohistochemistry or fluorescent in situ hybridization. RESULTS Histological sections of livers of treated knock-out mice revealed areas of regenerating tissue consisting of hepatocytes of normal appearance and partial recovery of normal architecture as early as 1 week after myelomonocytic cells transplant. FISH analysis with X and Y chromosome paints indicated fusion between infused cells and host hepatocytes. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity was detected in treated mice with improved profiles of liver functional parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that bone marrow-derived myelomonocytic cell transplant may represent an effective way to achieve liver reconstitution of highly degenerated livers in newborn animals.
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Walsh S, Nygren J, Pontén A, Jovinge S. Myogenic reprogramming of bone marrow derived cells in a W⁴¹Dmd(mdx) deficient mouse model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27500. [PMID: 22140444 PMCID: PMC3225365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of expression of dystrophin leads to degeneration of muscle fibers and infiltration of connective and adipose tissue. Cell transplantation therapy has been proposed as a treatment for intractable muscle degenerative disorders. Several reports have demonstrated the ability of bone-marrow derived cells (BMDC) to contribute to non-haematopoietic tissues including epithelium, heart, liver, skeletal muscle and brain following transplantation by means of fusion and reprogramming. A key issue is the extent to which fusion and reprogramming can occur in vivo, particularly under conditions of myogenic deterioration.To investigate the therapeutic potential of bone marrow transplantation in monogenetic myopathy, green fluorescent protein-positive (GFP+) bone marrow cells were transplanted into non-irradiated c-kit receptor-deficient (W⁴¹) mdx mice. This model allows BMDC reconstitution in the absence of irradiation induced myeloablation. We provide the first report of BMDC fusion in a W⁴¹Dmd(mdx) deficient mouse model.In the absence of irradiation induced injury, few GFP+ cardiomyocytes and muscle fibres were detected 24 weeks post BMT. It was expected that the frequency of fusion in the hearts of W⁴¹Dmd(mdx) mice would be similar to frequencies observed in infarcted mice. Although, it is clear from this study that individual cardiomyocytes with monogenetic deficiencies can be rescued by fusion, it is as clear that in the absence of irradiation, the formation of stable and reprogrammed fusion hybrids occurs, with the current techniques, at very low levels in non-irradiated recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Walsh
- Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Nygren
- Immunology Unit, Institution for Experimental Medical Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center of Research on Welfare Health and Sport, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Annica Pontén
- Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Jovinge
- Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Burra P, Bizzaro D, Ciccocioppo R, Marra F, Piscaglia AC, Porretti L, Gasbarrini A, Russo FP. Therapeutic application of stem cells in gastroenterology: An up-date. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:3870-80. [PMID: 22025875 PMCID: PMC3198016 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i34.3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells represent the self-renewing progenitors of numerous body tissues, and they are currently classified according to their origin and differentiation ability. In recent years, the research on stem cells has expanded enormously and holds therapeutic promises for many patients suffering from currently disabling diseases. This paper focuses on the possible use of stem cells in the two main clinical settings in gastroenterology, i.e., hepatic and intestinal diseases, which have a strong impact on public health worldwide. Despite encouraging results obtained in both regenerative medicine and immune-mediated conditions, further studies are needed to fully understand the biology of stem cells and carefully assess their putative oncogenic properties. Moreover, the research on stem cells arouses fervent ethical, social and political debate. The Italian Society of Gastroenterology sponsored a workshop on stem cells held in Verona during the XVI Congress of the Federation of Italian Societies of Digestive Diseases (March 6-9, 2010). Here, we report on the issues discussed, including liver and intestinal diseases that may benefit from stem cell therapy, the biology of hepatic and intestinal tissue repair, and stem cell usage in clinical trials.
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Abstract
The capacity of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to contribute to their own maintenance has long been recognized. More recently, studies have indicated the presence of both intra-hepatic and extra-hepatic stem/progenitor cell populations. The intraorgan compartment probably derives primarily from the biliary tree, most particularly the most proximal branches, i.e. the canals of Hering and smallest ductules. The extra-organ compartment is at least in part derived from diverse populations of cells from the bone marrow. These three tiers of liver cell regeneration serve to maintain the normal organ and to regenerate damaged parenchyma in response to a variety of insults. The nature and extent of the insult determines the balance between these stem/progenitor compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Theise
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, U.S.A. (E-mail,
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Chen X, Xing S, Feng Y, Chen S, Pei Z, Wang C, Liang X. Early stage transplantation of bone marrow cells markedly ameliorates copper metabolism and restores liver function in a mouse model of Wilson disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2011; 11:75. [PMID: 21676234 PMCID: PMC3141753 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-11-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have demonstrated that normal bone marrow (BM) cells transplantation can correct liver injury in a mouse model of Wilson disease (WD). However, it still remains unknown when BM cells transplantation should be administered. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of normal BM cells transplantation at different stages of WD to correct liver injury in toxic milk (tx) mice. Methods Recipient tx mice were sublethally irradiated (5 Gy) prior to transplantation. The congenic wild-type (DL) BM cells labeled with CM-DiI were transplanted via caudal vein injection into tx mice at the early (2 months of age) or late stage (5 months of age) of WD. The same volume of saline or tx BM cells were injected as controls. The DL donor cell population, copper concentration, serum ceruloplasmin oxidase activity and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the various groups were evaluated at 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks post-transplant, respectively. Results The DL BM cells population was observed from 1 to 12 weeks and peaked by the 4th week in the recipient liver after transplantation. DL BM cells transplantation during the early stage significantly corrected copper accumulation, AST across the observed time points and serum ceruloplasmin oxidase activity through 8 to 12 weeks in tx mice compared with those treated with saline or tx BM cells (all P < 0.05). In contrast, BM cells transplantation during the late stage only corrected AST levels from 4 to 12 weeks post-transplant and copper accumulation at 12 weeks post-transplant (all P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the saline and tx BM cells transplantation groups across the observed time points (P > 0.05). Conclusions Early stage transplantation of normal BM cells is better than late stage transplantation in correcting liver function and copper metabolism in a mouse model of WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
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Sheng Y, Han GQ. Possibility of differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into liver cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:925-929. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i9.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells have the potential to undergo multilineage differentiation. Recent studies have shown that, in a given microenvironment, hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into liver cells. However, some researchers hold a dissenting view. This review discusses the possibility of differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into liver cells.
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Xeno-repopulation of Fah -/- Nod/Scid mice livers by human hepatocytes. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:227-34. [PMID: 21416322 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional human hepatocytes xenografted into the liver of mice can be used as a model system to study pharmacokinetics, infection of hepatitis viruses, and the efficacy of hepatitis vaccines. Significant levels of liver xeno-repopulation have been reported in Fah (-/-) Rag2 (-/-) Il2rg (-/-) mice. However, A new model, termed Fah (-/-) Nod/Scid mice, which combines the advantages of liver repopulation in Fah (-/-) mice with the ease of xenotransplantation in Nod/Scid mice was obtained by gradual cross-breeding. Fah (-/-) Nod/Scid mice were easily maintained in breeding colonies and in adult animal care facilities. FK506 treatment combined with gradual withdrawal of NTBC before cell transplantation ensured that Fah (-/-) Nod/Scid mice were susceptible to liver xeno-repopulation by human hepatocytes; the proportion of engrafted human hepatocytes reached 33.6%. The function of the expanded human hepatocytes within the chimeric liver was confirmed by weight curve analysis, the expression of characteristic proteins, and the biochemical analysis of liver function. These results show that Fah (-/-) Nod/Scid mice are an ideal humanized liver mouse model with many useful applications.
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Mannheimer EG, Quintanilha LF, Carvalho AB, Paredes BD, Gonçalves de Carvalho F, Takyia CM, Resende CMC, Ferreira da Motta Rezende G, Campos de Carvalho AC, Schanaider A, dos Santos Goldenberg RC. Bone marrow cells obtained from cirrhotic rats do not improve function or reduce fibrosis in a chronic liver disease model. Clin Transplant 2011; 25:54-60. [PMID: 20047614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2009.01191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of bone marrow cells (BMCs) obtained from cirrhotic donors in a model of chronic liver disease. METHODS Chronic liver injury was induced in female Wistar rats by the association of an alcoholic diet with intraperitoneal injections of carbon tetrachloride. BMCs obtained from cirrhotic donors or placebo were injected through the portal vein. Blood analysis of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and albumin levels, ultrasound assessment including the measurement of the portal vein diameter (PVD) and liver echogenicity, histologic evaluation with hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining, and quantification of collagen deposition were performed. RESULTS ALT and albumin blood levels showed no significant differences between the experimental groups two months after injection. Additionally, no significant variation in PVD and liver echogenicity was found. Histological analysis also showed no significant variation in collagen deposition two months after placebo or BMC injection. CONCLUSION This study suggests that, even though BMC therapy using cells from healthy donors has previously shown to be effective, this is not the case when BMCs are obtained from cirrhotic animals. This result has major clinical implications when considering the use of autologous BMCs from patients with chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elida Gripp Mannheimer
- Centro de Cirurgia Experimental e Programa de Pós-Graduação, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Li F, Liu P, Liu C, Xiang D, Deng L, Li W, Wangensteen K, Song J, Ma Y, Hui L, Wei L, Li L, Ding X, Hu Y, He Z, Wang X. Hepatoblast-like progenitor cells derived from embryonic stem cells can repopulate livers of mice. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:2158-2169.e8. [PMID: 20801124 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocyte-like cells can be derived from pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem (ES) cells, but ES cell-derived hepatic cells with extensive capacity to repopulate liver have not been identified. We aimed to identify and purify ES cell-derived hepatoblast-like progenitor cells and to explore their capacity for liver repopulation in mice after in vitro expansion. METHODS Unmanipulated mouse ES cells were cultured under defined conditions and allowed to undergo stepwise hepatic differentiation. The derived hepatic cells were examined by morphologic, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, gene expression, and clonal expansion analyses. The capacities of ES cell-derived hepatic progenitor cells to repopulate liver were investigated in mice that were deficient in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) (a model of liver injury). RESULTS Mouse ES cells were induced to differentiate into a population that contained hepatic progenitor cells; this population included cells that expressed epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) but did not express c-Kit. Clonal hepatic progenitors that arose from single c-Kit(-)EpCAM(+) cells could undergo long-term expansion and maintain hepatoblast-like characteristics. Enriched c-Kit(-)EpCAM(+) cells and clonally expanded hepatic progenitor cells repopulated the livers of Fah-deficient mice without inducing tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS ES cell-derived c-Kit(-)EpCAM(+) cells contain a population of hepatoblast-like progenitor cells that can repopulate livers of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Wang W, Jin P, Wang L, Yang Z, Hu S, Gao B, Zhang H. Impact of Escaped Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Extracardiac Organs after Intramyocardial Implantation in a Rat Myocardial Infarction Model. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:1599-607. [PMID: 20719070 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x513982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell escape occurs after intramyocardial injection for treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) and then the migrated cells might be entrapped by extracardiac organs. We investigated the fate of migrated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their impact on lung, liver, and spleen. MI model was created by coronary artery ligation in female Lewis rats. Three weeks after the ligation, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled male MSCs were directly injected into the infarcted area in the cell transplantation group ( n = 22). The same volume of phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) was injected in the control group ( n = 21). In the sham group ( n = 10) intramyocardial injection of the same volume of PBS was performed in healthy rats. Four weeks later, echocardiography was performed and the cell retention was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry study was performed to identify the migrated cells. Heart function was improved after the cell injection. qRT-PCR results showed the percentage of retained cells in heart, spleen, liver, and lung ranked 3.63 ± 0.48%, 0.77 ± 0.13%, 0.68 ± 0.10%, 0.62 ± 0.11%, respectively, after cell transplantation. The implanted MSCs that escaped to liver, spleen, and lung did not differentiate into fibroblast, myofibroblast, or alveolar epithelial cells. However, the migrated MSCs in liver expressed functional hepatocyte marker. In conclusion, cell migration after intramyocardial injection did not result in deterioration of lung, liver, and spleen function. Our study might pave the way for new safety investigation of emerging cell resources and their impact on target and untargeted organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Hospital Of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Surgery and Research Center for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peifeng Jin
- Department of Surgery and Research Center for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department Of Thoracic And Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital Of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Surgery and Research Center for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China
| | - Zhikai Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Hospital Of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Surgery and Research Center for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shengshou Hu
- Department of Surgery and Research Center for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bingren Gao
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Hospital Of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Research Center for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Espejel S, Roll GR, McLaughlin KJ, Lee AY, Zhang JY, Laird DJ, Okita K, Yamanaka S, Willenbring H. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes have the functional and proliferative capabilities needed for liver regeneration in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:3120-6. [PMID: 20739754 DOI: 10.1172/jci43267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to generate induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from a patient's somatic cells has provided a foundation for organ regeneration without the need for immune suppression. However, it has not been established that the differentiated progeny of iPS cells can effectively reverse failure of a vital organ. Here, we examined whether iPS cell-derived hepatocytes have both the functional and proliferative capabilities needed for liver regeneration in mice with fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase deficiency. To avoid biases resulting from random genomic integration, we used iPS cells generated without viruses. To exclude compensation by hepatocytes not derived from iPS cells, we generated chimeric mice in which all hepatocytes were iPS cell derived. In vivo analyses showed that iPS cells were intrinsically able to differentiate into fully mature hepatocytes that provided full liver function. The iPS cell-derived hepatocytes also replicated the unique proliferative capabilities of normal hepatocytes and were able to regenerate the liver after transplantation and two-thirds partial hepatectomy. Thus, our results establish the feasibility of using iPS cells generated in a clinically acceptable fashion for rapid and stable liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Espejel
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Abstract
So far there has been no report of any clinical or preclinical evidence for chromosomal vector integration following adenovirus (Ad) vector-mediated gene transfer in vivo. We used liver gene transfer with high-capacity Ad vectors in the FAH(Deltaexon5) mouse model to analyze homologous and heterologous recombination events between vector and chromosomal DNA. Intravenous injection of Ad vectors either expressing a fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) cDNA or carrying part of the FAH genomic locus resulted in liver nodules of FAH-expressing hepatocytes, demonstrating chromosomal vector integration. Analysis of junctions between vector and chromosomal DNA following heterologous recombination indicated integration of the vector genome through its termini. Heterologous recombination occurred with a median frequency of 6.72 x 10(-5) per transduced hepatocyte, while homologous recombination occurred more rarely with a median frequency of 3.88 x 10(-7). This study has established quantitative and qualitative data on recombination of adenoviral vector DNA with genomic DNA in vivo, contributing to a risk-benefit assessment of the biosafety of Ad vector-mediated gene transfer.
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