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Noh JJ, Cho YJ, Ryu JY, Choi JJ, Hwang JR, Choi JY, Lee JW. Anti-cancer activity of the combination of cabozantinib and temozolomide in uterine sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:3850-3861. [PMID: 35727598 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the anti-cancer effects of cabozantinib, temozolomide, and their combination in uterine sarcoma cell lines and mouse xenograft models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Human uterine sarcoma cell lines (SK-LMS-1, SK-UT-1, MES-SA, and SKN) were used to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of cabozantinib, temozolomide, and their combination. The optimal dose of each drug was determined by MTT assay. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed 48 hours and 72 hours after the drug treatments. The tumor weights were measured in an SK-LMS-1 xenograft mouse model and a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of leiomyosarcoma treated with cabozantinib, temozolomide, or both. RESULTS Given individually, cabozantinib and temozolomide each significantly decreased the growth and viability of cells. This inhibitory effect was more pronounced when cabozantinib (0.50 µM) and temozolomide (0.25 mM or 0.50 mM) were co-administered (p-value < 0.05). The combination of the drugs also significantly increased apoptosis in all cells. Moreover, this effect was consistently observed in patient-derived leiomyosarcoma cells. In vivo studies with SK-LMS-1 cell xenografts and the PDX model with leiomyosarcoma demonstrated that combined treatment with cabozantinib (5 mg/kg/day, per os administration) and temozolomide (5 mg/kg/day, per os administration) synergistically decreased tumor growth (both p-values < 0.05). CONCLUSION The addition of cabozantinib to temozolomide offers synergistic anti-cancer effects in uterine sarcoma cell lines and xenograft mouse models, including PDX. These results warrant further investigation in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Noh
- Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (South), Republic of
| | - Young-Jae Cho
- Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Seoul, Korea (South), Republic of
| | - Ji-Yoon Ryu
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (South), Republic of
| | - Jung-Joo Choi
- Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (South), Republic of
| | - Jae Ryoung Hwang
- Sungkyunkwan Univeristy School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (South), Republic of
| | - Ju-Yeon Choi
- Samsung Medical Center, Korea (South), Republic of
| | - Jeong-Won Lee
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (South), Republic of
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O'Sullivan Coyne G, Kummar S, Hu J, Ganjoo K, Chow WA, Do KT, Zlott J, Bruns A, Rubinstein L, Foster JC, Juwara L, Meehan R, Piekarz R, Streicher H, Sharon E, Takebe N, Voth AR, Bottaro D, Costello R, Wright JJ, Doroshow JH, Chen AP. Clinical Activity of Single-Agent Cabozantinib (XL184), a Multi-receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, in Patients with Refractory Soft-Tissue Sarcomas. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:279-288. [PMID: 34716194 PMCID: PMC8776602 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) are a rare, heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors. For decades the mainstay of treatment for advanced, unresectable STS has been palliative chemotherapy. High levels of activated MET receptor have been reported in various sarcoma cell lines, together with elevated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in patients with STS, suggesting that dual targeting of the VEGF and MET pathways with the multi-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor cabozantinib would result in clinical benefit in this population. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed an open-label, multi-institution, single-arm phase II trial of single-agent cabozantinib in adult patients with advanced STS and progressive disease after at least 1 standard line of systemic therapy. Patients received 60 mg oral cabozantinib once daily in 28-day cycles, and dual primary endpoints of overall response rate and 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed. Changes in several circulating biomarkers were assessed as secondary endpoints. RESULTS Six (11.1%; 95% CI, 4.2%-22.6%) of the 54 evaluable patients enrolled experienced objective responses (all partial responses). Six-month PFS was 49.3% (95% CI, 36.2%-67.3%), with a median time on study of 4 cycles (range, 1-99). The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were hypertension (7.4%) and neutropenia (16.7%). Patients' levels of circulating hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), soluble MET, and VEGF-A generally increased after a cycle of therapy, while soluble VEGFR2 levels decreased, regardless of clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Cabozantinib single-agent antitumor activity was observed in patients with selected STS histologic subtypes (alveolar soft-part sarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma) highlighting the biomolecular diversity of STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine O'Sullivan Coyne
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James Hu
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kristen Ganjoo
- Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | | | - Khanh T Do
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Zlott
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ashley Bruns
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lawrence Rubinstein
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jared C Foster
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lamin Juwara
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert Meehan
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard Piekarz
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Howard Streicher
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elad Sharon
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Naoko Takebe
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrea Regier Voth
- Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Donald Bottaro
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rene Costello
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John J Wright
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James H Doroshow
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alice P Chen
- Early Clinical Trials Development Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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High Prevalence of 5T4/Trophoblast Glycoprotein in Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194841. [PMID: 34638324 PMCID: PMC8508483 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of 5T4/trophoblast glycoprotein was evaluated in several histological subtypes of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) to determine whether the prevalence and level of expression of this membrane-associated glycoprotein is sufficient for use in targeted therapies. Tumor tissue microarrays containing cores from different histological subtypes of STS were stained using a standardized immunohistochemical staining method to detect 5T4; the level of staining was assessed using a semi-quantitative scoring method. No 5T4 staining was seen in the angiosarcomas and liposarcomas investigated in this study. 5T4 staining in the other STS subtypes was seen in more than 50% of cases, warranting further investigation into whether this antigen could evoke an anti-tumor immune response or can be used as target for the delivery of more potent toxins through antibody drug conjugates.
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Atypical clear cell sarcoma of the pleura presenting as large pleural effusion with 22q12 abnormality: A challenging case with twists and turns. HUMAN PATHOLOGY: CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehpc.2021.200489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Huang KK, Huang J, Wu JKL, Lee M, Tay ST, Kumar V, Ramnarayanan K, Padmanabhan N, Xu C, Tan ALK, Chan C, Kappei D, Göke J, Tan P. Long-read transcriptome sequencing reveals abundant promoter diversity in distinct molecular subtypes of gastric cancer. Genome Biol 2021; 22:44. [PMID: 33482911 PMCID: PMC7821541 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deregulated gene expression is a hallmark of cancer; however, most studies to date have analyzed short-read RNA sequencing data with inherent limitations. Here, we combine PacBio long-read isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) and Illumina paired-end short-read RNA sequencing to comprehensively survey the transcriptome of gastric cancer (GC), a leading cause of global cancer mortality. RESULTS We performed full-length transcriptome analysis across 10 GC cell lines covering four major GC molecular subtypes (chromosomal unstable, Epstein-Barr positive, genome stable and microsatellite unstable). We identify 60,239 non-redundant full-length transcripts, of which > 66% are novel compared to current transcriptome databases. Novel isoforms are more likely to be cell line and subtype specific, expressed at lower levels with larger number of exons, with longer isoform/coding sequence lengths. Most novel isoforms utilize an alternate first exon, and compared to other alternative splicing categories, are expressed at higher levels and exhibit higher variability. Collectively, we observe alternate promoter usage in 25% of detected genes, with the majority (84.2%) of known/novel promoter pairs exhibiting potential changes in their coding sequences. Mapping these alternate promoters to TCGA GC samples, we identify several cancer-associated isoforms, including novel variants of oncogenes. Tumor-specific transcript isoforms tend to alter protein coding sequences to a larger extent than other isoforms. Analysis of outcome data suggests that novel isoforms may impart additional prognostic information. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a rich resource of full-length transcriptome data for deeper studies of GC and other gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kie Kyon Huang
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Jiawen Huang
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Jeanie Kar Leng Wu
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Minghui Lee
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Su Ting Tay
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Vikrant Kumar
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Kalpana Ramnarayanan
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Nisha Padmanabhan
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Chang Xu
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Angie Lay Keng Tan
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Charlene Chan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Dennis Kappei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596 Singapore
| | - Jonathan Göke
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 138672 Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 138672 Singapore
- SingHealth/Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169609 Singapore
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sarcomas are a diverse group of rare solid tumors with limited treatment options for patients with advanced, inoperable disease. Cabozantinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor currently approved for advanced renal cell, hepatocellular, and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cabozantinib has potent activity against a variety of kinases, including MET, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and AXL, that are associated with sarcoma growth and development. Here we review the preclinical findings and clinical development of cabozantinib in the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), osteosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma. RECENT FINDINGS In vitro, cabozantinib has shown relevant activity in inhibiting the growth and viability of soft tissue sarcoma, GIST, osteosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma tumor cell lines. Cabozantinib also promoted the regression of GIST in various murine xenografts, including imatinib-resistant models. More than 10 prospective trials with cabozantinib that included patients with sarcomas have been completed or are currently ongoing. Clinical activity with cabozantinib has been recently reported in phase 2 clinical trials for patients with GIST and for patients with osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma. SUMMARY Cabozantinib has shown promising activity for the treatment of various sarcomas, supporting further evaluation in this setting.
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Verhaar ER, Woodham AW, Ploegh HL. Nanobodies in cancer. Semin Immunol 2020; 52:101425. [PMID: 33272897 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For treatment and diagnosis of cancer, antibodies have proven their value and now serve as a first line of therapy for certain cancers. A unique class of antibody fragments called nanobodies, derived from camelid heavy chain-only antibodies, are gaining increasing acceptance as diagnostic tools and are considered also as building blocks for chimeric antigen receptors as well as for targeted drug delivery. The small size of nanobodies (∼15 kDa), their stability, ease of manufacture and modification for diverse formats, short circulatory half-life, and high tissue penetration, coupled with excellent specificity and affinity, account for their attractiveness. Here we review applications of nanobodies in the sphere of tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha R Verhaar
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Andrew W Woodham
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Sala-Jarque J, Mesquida-Veny F, Badiola-Mateos M, Samitier J, Hervera A, del Río JA. Neuromuscular Activity Induces Paracrine Signaling and Triggers Axonal Regrowth after Injury in Microfluidic Lab-On-Chip Devices. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020302. [PMID: 32012727 PMCID: PMC7072511 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries, including motor neuron axonal injury, often lead to functional impairments. Current therapies are mostly limited to surgical intervention after lesion, yet these interventions have limited success in restoring functionality. Current activity-based therapies after axonal injuries are based on trial-error approaches in which the details of the underlying cellular and molecular processes are largely unknown. Here we show the effects of the modulation of both neuronal and muscular activity with optogenetic approaches to assess the regenerative capacity of cultured motor neuron (MN) after lesion in a compartmentalized microfluidic-assisted axotomy device. With increased neuronal activity, we observed an increase in the ratio of regrowing axons after injury in our peripheral-injury model. Moreover, increasing muscular activity induces the liberation of leukemia inhibitory factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in a paracrine fashion that in turn triggers axonal regrowth of lesioned MN in our 3D hydrogel cultures. The relevance of our findings as well as the novel approaches used in this study could be useful not only after axotomy events but also in diseases affecting MN survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sala-Jarque
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francina Mesquida-Veny
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maider Badiola-Mateos
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (J.A.d.R.)
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (J.A.d.R.)
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The PTEN Tumor Suppressor Gene in Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081169. [PMID: 31416195 PMCID: PMC6721622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a rare malignancy of mesenchymal origin classified into more than 50 different subtypes with distinct clinical and pathologic features. Despite the poor prognosis in the majority of patients, only modest improvements in treatment strategies have been achieved, largely due to the rarity and heterogeneity of these tumors. Therefore, the discovery of new prognostic and predictive biomarkers, together with new therapeutic targets, is of enormous interest. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a well-known tumor suppressor that commonly loses its function via mutation, deletion, transcriptional silencing, or protein instability, and is frequently downregulated in distinct sarcoma subtypes. The loss of PTEN function has consequent alterations in important pathways implicated in cell proliferation, survival, migration, and genomic stability. PTEN can also interact with other tumor suppressors and oncogenic signaling pathways that have important implications for the pathogenesis in certain STSs. The aim of the present review is to summarize the biological significance of PTEN in STS and its potential role in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Hwang BW, Kim YE, Kim M, Han S, Bok S, Park KM, Shrinidhi A, Kim KS, Ahn GO, Hahn SK. Supramolecular hydrogels encapsulating bioengineered mesenchymal stem cells for ischemic therapy. RSC Adv 2018; 8:18771-18775. [PMID: 35539688 PMCID: PMC9080606 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed supramolecular hyaluronate (HA) hydrogels to encapsulate genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of limb ischemia. In vivo angiogenic factors could be produced stably by the bioengineered MSCs (BMSCs) within the supramolecular hydrogels showing effective vascular repair and enhanced blood perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Woo Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Mungu Kim
- PHI BIOMED Co. 175 Yeoksam-ro, Gangnam-gu Seoul 06247 Korea
| | - Seulgi Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Kyeng Min Park
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Annadka Shrinidhi
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Su Kim
- PHI BIOMED Co. 175 Yeoksam-ro, Gangnam-gu Seoul 06247 Korea
- Department of Organic Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Gumjeong-gu Busan 46241 Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro Pohang 37673 Korea
- PHI BIOMED Co. 175 Yeoksam-ro, Gangnam-gu Seoul 06247 Korea
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Catenacci DVT, Ang A, Liao WL, Shen J, O'Day E, Loberg RD, Cecchi F, Hembrough T, Ruzzo A, Graziano F. MET tyrosine kinase receptor expression and amplification as prognostic biomarkers of survival in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2016; 123:1061-1070. [PMID: 27926778 PMCID: PMC5339041 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MET gene amplification and Met protein overexpression may be associated with a poor prognosis. The MET/Met status is typically determined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Targeted proteomics uses mass spectrometry–based selected reaction monitoring (SRM) to accurately quantitate Met expression. FISH, IHC, and SRM analyses were compared to characterize the prognostic value of MET/Met in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEC). METHODS Samples from 447 GEC patients were analyzed for MET gene amplification (FISH) and Met protein expression (IHC and SRM). Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan‐Meier estimates were applied to explore relations between Met, overall survival (OS), and clinical/pathological characteristics. Spearman's rank coefficient was used to assess the correlation between parameters. RESULTS Patients with MET‐amplified tumors had worse OS when: the MET/centromere enumeration probe for chromosome 7 FISH ratio was ≥ 2 (hazard ratio [HR], 3.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.84‐5.33), the MET gene copy number was ≥5 (HR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.45‐4.34), or ≥ 10% of the cells had ≥15 copies (HR, 4.28; 95% CI, 2.18‐8.39). Similar observations were made with Met protein overexpression by IHC (≥1 + intensity in ≥ 25% of the tumor cell membrane: HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.04‐1.86) or SRM (≥400 amol/μg: HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.06‐2.90). A significant correlation was observed between MET FISH/Met IHC, MET FISH/Met SRM, and Met IHC/Met SRM; only MET FISH and Met SRM were independent negative prognostic biomarkers in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS MET amplification and overexpression, assessed by multiple methods, were associated with a worse prognosis in univariate analyses. However, only MET amplification by FISH and Met expression by SRM were independent prognostic biomarkers. Compared with IHC, SRM may provide an added benefit for informed decisions about Met‐targeted therapy. Cancer 2017;123:1061–70. © 2016 American Cancer Society. In a large study, MET gene amplification, Met protein overexpression, or both, as assessed by various assays, are associated with a poor prognosis in univariate analyses. However, only MET amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization and Met expression by selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry are independent prognostic biomarkers; compared with immunohistochemistry, selected reaction monitoring may provide an added benefit for informed decisions about Met‐targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V T Catenacci
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Agnes Ang
- Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, California
| | | | - Jing Shen
- Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Emily O'Day
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - Annamaria Ruzzo
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesco Graziano
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Azienda Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy
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Harwood JL, Alexander JH, Mayerson JL, Scharschmidt TJ. Targeted Chemotherapy in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcoma. Orthop Clin North Am 2015; 46:587-608. [PMID: 26410647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Historically surgical intervention has been the mainstay of therapy for bone and soft-tissue sarcomas, augmented with adjuvant radiation for local control. Although cytotoxic chemotherapy revolutionized the treatment of many sarcomas, classic treatment regimens are fraught with side effects while outcomes have plateaued. However, since the approval of imatinib in 2002, research into targeted chemotherapy has increased exponentially. With targeted therapies comes the potential for decreased side effects and more potent, personalized treatment options. This article reviews the evolution of medical knowledge regarding sarcoma, the basic science of sarcomatogenesis, and the major targets and pathways now being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared L Harwood
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, 725 Prior Hall, 376 West 10 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John H Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, 725 Prior Hall, 376 West 10 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joel L Mayerson
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, 725 Prior Hall, 376 West 10 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Thomas J Scharschmidt
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, 725 Prior Hall, 376 West 10 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Schmitz K, Koeppen H, Binot E, Fassunke J, Künstlinger H, Ihle MA, Heydt C, Wardelmann E, Büttner R, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Rüschoff J, Schildhaus HU. MET gene copy number alterations and expression of MET and hepatocyte growth factor are potential biomarkers in angiosarcomas and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120079. [PMID: 25844809 PMCID: PMC4386816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors with many different subtypes. In 2014 an estimated 12,020 newly diagnosed cases and 4,740 soft tissue sarcoma related deaths can be expected in the United States. Many soft tissue sarcomas are associated with poor prognosis and therapeutic options are often limited. The evolution of precision medicine has not yet fully reached the clinical treatment of sarcomas since therapeutically tractable genetic changes have not been comprehensively studied so far. We analyzed a total of 484 adult-type malignant mesenchymal tumors by MET fluorescence in situ hybridization and MET and hepatocyte growth factor immunohistochemistry. Eleven different entities were included, among them the most common and clinically relevant subtypes and tumors with specific translocations or complex genetic changes. MET protein expression was observed in 2.6% of the cases, all of which were either undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas or angiosarcomas, showing positivity rates of 14% and 17%, respectively. 6% of the tumors showed hepatocyte growth factor overexpression, mainly seen in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas and angiosarcomas, but also in clear cell sarcomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, leiomyosarcomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. MET and hepatocyte growth factor overexpression were significantly correlated and may suggest an autocrine activation in these tumors. MET FISH amplification and copy number gain were present in 4% of the tumors (15/413). Two samples, both undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas, fulfilled the criteria for high level amplification of MET, one undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma reached an intermediate level copy number gain, and 12 samples of different subtypes were categorized as low level copy number gains for MET. Our findings indicate that angiosarcomas and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas rather than other frequent adult-type sarcomas should be enrolled in screening programs for clinical trials with MET inhibitors. The screening methods should include both in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elke Binot
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jana Fassunke
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Helen Künstlinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michaela A. Ihle
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carina Heydt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Wardelmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Gerhard Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Hans-Ulrich Schildhaus
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ahmed FJ, Junior GMR, Shinohara AL, De Souza Melo CG, Buchaim RL, Andreo JC, De Castro Rodrigues A. Comparison of results obtained with standard and inside out vein graft techniques and their implication on neurotrophin expression in repair of nerve defect: an experimental study. Microsurgery 2015; 35:227-234. [PMID: 25445241 DOI: 10.1002/micr.22355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Standard vein graft (SVG) and inside out vein graft (IOVG) techniques to promote peripheral nerve regeneration have been widely studied since last two decades. In this experimental study, we attempted to compare these two techniques and analyze the differences in the expression of the neurotrophins during peripheral nerve regeneration. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were used in this sciatic nerve transection model and were divided into two experimental groups (SVG and IOVG) and one sham operated control group. An overall defect of 10 mm was made in the sciatic nerve of the animals in the experimental groups. Each group consisted of two time intervals of 6 and 12 weeks (n = 6). After each experimental interval, sciatic functional index (SFI) along with area and diameter of the axons and fibers of each group were calculated. Muscle mass measurements were also evaluated to see any functional recovery in the groups. Expression of neurotrophins in the graft and distal stump were analyzed with the help of RT-PCR. SFI obtained from walking track analysis showed poor motor recovery in the experimental groups during both time intervals. No significant differences in the histological, morphometric (P > 0.05), and muscle mass measurements (P > 0.05) between the two experimental groups were observed. Analysis of RT-PCR data exhibited an increase in the expression of NT-3 with time in both the grafts (6 weeks 0.428 ± 0.392, 12 weeks 1.089 ± 0.455, P < 0.05) and distal stump (6 weeks 0.411 ± 0.306, 12 weeks 0.807 ± 0.303, P < 0.05) of the SVG group. The study concludes that there is no substantial difference in the nerve regeneration ability between both the techniques. Also, the difference in the level of NT-3 between SVG and IOVG suggests a distinct regulation of NT-3 in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooque Jamaluddin Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Anatomy, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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15
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Prat M, Oltolina F, Basilico C. Monoclonal Antibodies against the MET/HGF Receptor and Its Ligand: Multitask Tools with Applications from Basic Research to Therapy. Biomedicines 2014; 2:359-383. [PMID: 28548076 PMCID: PMC5344273 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies can be seen as valuable tools for many aspects of basic as well as applied sciences. In the case of MET/HGFR, they allowed the identification of truncated isoforms of the receptor, as well as the dissection of different epitopes, establishing structure-function relationships. Antibodies directed against MET extracellular domain were found to be full or partial receptor agonists or antagonists. The agonists can mimic the effects of the different isoforms of the natural ligand, but with the advantage of being more stable than the latter. Thus, some agonist antibodies promote all the biological responses triggered by MET activation, including motility, proliferation, morphogenesis, and protection from apoptosis, while others can induce only a migratory response. On the other hand, antagonists can inhibit MET-driven biological functions either by competing with the ligand or by removing the receptor from the cell surface. Since MET/HGFR is often over-expressed and/or aberrantly activated in tumors, monoclonal antibodies can be used as probes for MET detection or as "bullets" to target MET-expressing tumor cells, thus pointing to their use in diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prat
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Francesca Oltolina
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Cristina Basilico
- Laboratory of Exploratory Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Str. Prov. 142, 10060 Candiolo, Italy.
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16
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Gene expression profiling of giant cell tumor of bone reveals downregulation of extracellular matrix components decorin and lumican associated with lung metastasis. Virchows Arch 2014; 465:703-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Parikh RA, Wang P, Beumer JH, Chu E, Appleman LJ. The potential roles of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-MET pathway inhibitors in cancer treatment. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:969-83. [PMID: 24959084 PMCID: PMC4061161 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s40241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MET is located on chromosome 7q31 and is a proto-oncogene that encodes for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. HGF, also known as scatter factor (SF), is the only known ligand for MET. MET is a master regulator of cell growth and division (mitogenesis), mobility (motogenesis), and differentiation (morphogenesis); it plays an important role in normal development and tissue regeneration. The HGF-MET axis is frequently dysregulated in cancer by MET gene amplification, translocation, and mutation, or by MET or HGF protein overexpression. MET dysregulation is associated with an increased propensity for metastatic disease and poor overall prognosis across multiple tumor types. Targeting the dysregulated HGF-MET pathway is an area of active research; a number of monoclonal antibodies to HGF and MET, as well as small molecule inhibitors of MET, are under development. This review summarizes the key biological features of the HGF-MET axis, its dysregulation in cancer, and the therapeutic agents targeting the HGF-MET axis, which are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A Parikh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jan H Beumer
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward Chu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leonard J Appleman
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Madison RD, Robinson GA. Accuracy of regenerating motor neurons: influence of diffusion in denervated nerve. Neuroscience 2014; 273:128-40. [PMID: 24846614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Following injury to a peripheral nerve the denervated distal nerve segment undergoes remarkable changes including loss of the blood-nerve barrier, Schwann cell proliferation, macrophage invasion, and the production of many cytokines and neurotrophic factors. The aggregate consequence of such changes is that the denervated nerve becomes a permissive and even preferred target for regenerating axons from the proximal nerve segment. The possible role that an original end-organ target (e.g. muscle) may play in this phenomenon during the regeneration period is largely unexplored. We used the rat femoral nerve as an in vivo model to begin to address this question. We also examined the effects of disrupting communication with muscle in terms of accuracy of regenerating motor neurons as judged by their ability to correctly project to their original terminal nerve branch. Our results demonstrate that the accuracy of regenerating motor neurons is dependent upon the denervated nerve segment remaining in uninterrupted continuity with muscle. We hypothesized that this influence of muscle on the denervated nerve might be via diffusion-driven movement of biomolecules or the active axonal transport that continues in severed axons for several days in the rat, so we devised experiments to separate these two possibilities. Our data show that disrupting ongoing diffusion-driven movement in a denervated nerve significantly reduces the accuracy of regenerating motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Madison
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Biological Laboratory Research and Development Service of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, United States.
| | - G A Robinson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
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Madison RD, McGee C, Rawson R, Robinson GA. Extracellular vesicles from a muscle cell line (C2C12) enhance cell survival and neurite outgrowth of a motor neuron cell line (NSC-34). J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:22865. [PMID: 24563732 PMCID: PMC3930942 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.22865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is renewed interest in extracellular vesicles over the past decade or 2 after initially being thought of as simple cellular garbage cans to rid cells of unwanted components. Although there has been intense research into the role of extracellular vesicles in the fields of tumour and stem cell biology, the possible role of extracellular vesicles in nerve regeneration is just in its infancy. Background When a peripheral nerve is damaged, the communication between spinal cord motor neurons and their target muscles is disrupted and the result can be the loss of coordinated muscle movement. Despite state-of-the-art surgical procedures only approximately 10% of adults will recover full function after peripheral nerve repair. To improve upon such results will require a better understanding of the basic mechanisms that influence axon outgrowth and the interplay between the parent motor neuron and the distal end organ of muscle. It has previously been shown that extracellular vesicles are immunologically tolerated, display targeting ligands on their surface, and can be delivered in vivo to selected cell populations. All of these characteristics suggest that extracellular vesicles could play a significant role in nerve regeneration. Methods We have carried out studies using 2 very well characterized cell lines, the C2C12 muscle cell line and the motor neuron cell line NSC-34 to ask the question: Do extracellular vesicles from muscle influence cell survival and/or neurite outgrowth of motor neurons? Conclusion Our results show striking effects of extracellular vesicles derived from the muscle cell line on the motor neuron cell line in terms of neurite outgrowth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Madison
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA ; Research Service of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher McGee
- Research Service of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Renee Rawson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Grant A Robinson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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20
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Aoki M, Nabeshima K, Hayashi H, Hamasaki M, Iwasaki H. Identification of APN/CD13 as the target antigen of FU3, a human monoclonal antibody that recognizes malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:57-62. [PMID: 23677132 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), a high-grade, undifferentiated sarcoma, is highly aggressive, resistant to radiochemotherapy and associated with poor prognosis. There are no specific immunohistochemical markers for its diagnosis. The MFH cell line SFT7913 served as and immunogen for the generation of the FU3 monoclonal antibody in our laboratory. FU3 reacted strongly with MFH cells and with perivascular mesenchymal cells. In this study, we demonstrated that the antigen recognized by FU3 was identical to aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13) using FU3 immunoaffinity chromatography and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Frequent (80%) and high-grade (>50% of cells) expression of APN/CD13 was observed in MFH, although low-grade expression was seen in some other sarcomas. Moreover, small interfering RNA (siRNA) that specifically targets APN/CD13 significantly suppressed MFH cell invasion in vitro. The newly developed monoclonal antibody FU3 specifically recognizes CD13 on MFH cells. Decreased expression of CD13, mediated by siRNA-mediated knockdown, attenuated the invasive capacity of MFH cells. Thus, results indicate that APN/CD13 could be an important diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for MFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine and Hospital, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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21
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Dani N, Olivero M, Mareschi K, van Duist MM, Miretti S, Cuvertino S, Patané S, Calogero R, Ferracini R, Scotlandi K, Fagioli F, Di Renzo MF. The MET oncogene transforms human primary bone-derived cells into osteosarcomas by targeting committed osteo-progenitors. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1322-34. [PMID: 22367914 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The MET oncogene is aberrantly overexpressed in human osteosarcomas. We have previously converted primary cultures of human bone-derived cells into osteosarcoma cells by overexpressing MET. To determine whether MET transforms mesenchymal stem cells or committed progenitor cells, here we characterize distinct MET overexpressing osteosarcoma (MET-OS) clones using genome-wide expression profiling, cytometric analysis, and functional assays. All the MET-OS clones consistently display mesenchymal and stemness markers, but not most of the mesenchymal–stem cell-specific markers. Conversely, the MET-OS clones express genes characteristic of early osteoblastic differentiation phases, but not those of late phases. Profiling of mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate along osteoblast, adipocyte, and chondrocyte lineages confirms that MET-OS cells are similar to cells at an initial phase of osteoblastic differentiation. Accordingly, MET-OS cells cannot differentiate into adipocytes or chondrocytes, but can partially differentiate into osteogenic-matrix-producing cells. Moreover, in vitro MET-OS cells form self-renewing spheres enriched in cells that can initiate tumors in vivo. MET kinase inhibition abrogates the self-renewal capacity of MET-OS cells and allows them to progress toward osteoblastic differentiation. These data show that MET initiates the transformation of a cell population that has features of osteo-progenitors and suggest that MET regulates self-renewal and lineage differentiation of osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Dani
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Oncological Sciences University of Torino School of Medicine, Turin, Italy
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22
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Lahat G, Zhang P, Zhu QS, Torres K, Ghadimi M, Smith KD, Wang WL, Lazar AJ, Lev D. The expression of c-Met pathway components in unclassified pleomorphic sarcoma/malignant fibrous histiocytoma (UPS/MFH): a tissue microarray study. Histopathology 2012; 59:556-61. [PMID: 22034893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Subclassification of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma/malignant fibrous histiocytoma (UPS/MFH) into distinct biological cohorts based on the expression patterns of molecular markers can identify patient subsets with especially unfavourable clinical outcomes. Identification of molecular prognosticators amenable for drug targeting can facilitate rational development of UPS/MFH tailored therapies. The aim was to evaluate expression of c-Met pathway components in a large cohort of UPS/MFH samples. METHODS AND RESULTS An immunohistochemical analysis for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), c-Met, phospho-c-Met (pc-Met), phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (p-MEK) and phospho-protein kinase B (p-AKT) was performed on a clinically annotated tissue microarray of 158 UPS/MFH samples. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted to evaluate the correlation of molecular variables with UPS/MFH disease specific survival. All evaluated markers were expressed in UPS/MFH to varying levels. Most importantly, strong HGF, pc-Met, p-MEK and p-AKT expression correlated significantly with dismal patient outcome on univariable statistical analysis. Expression of p-MEK and p-AKT remained statistically significant independent prognosticators on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS c-Met pathway components and especially p-MEK and p-AKT are potential prognostic biomarkers for UPS/MFH; their inclusion in future molecular-based staging systems should be evaluated. Furthermore, novel approaches targeting HGF, c-Met, MEK/extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and/or AKT should be considered for a subset of UPS/MFH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Lahat
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
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Kuschel A, Simon P, Tug S. Functional regulation of HIF-1α under normoxia--is there more than post-translational regulation? J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:514-24. [PMID: 21503885 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is an oxygen-regulated transcriptional activator playing a pivotal role in mammalian physiology and disease pathogenesis, e.g., HIF-1 is indispensable in a broad range of developmental stages in different tumors. Its post-translational regulation via PHDs under the influence of hypoxia is widely investigated and accepted. Different non-hypoxic stimuli such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), thrombin, and angiotensin II (Ang II), have been proven to enhance HIF-1 levels through activation of regulative mechanisms distinct from protein stabilization. Some of these stimuli specifically regulate HIF-1α at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, or translational level, whereas others additionally influence post-translational modifications. Thus, it is difficult for the investigators to discern the impact of the different mechanisms leading to functional HIF-1 protein. Nevertheless, profound knowledge of additional regulatory networks appears to depict new therapeutic opportunities and thus is an interesting and important field for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuschel
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
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24
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Zhu J, Jiang Z, Gao F, Hu X, Zhou L, Chen J, Luo H, Sun J, Wu S, Han Y, Yin G, Chen M, Han Z, Li X, Huang Y, Zhang W, Zhou F, Chen T, Fa P, Wang Y, Sun L, Leng H, Sun F, Liu Y, Ye M, Yang H, Cai Z, Gui Y, Zhang X. A systematic analysis on DNA methylation and the expression of both mRNA and microRNA in bladder cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28223. [PMID: 22140553 PMCID: PMC3227661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation aberration and microRNA (miRNA) deregulation have been observed in many types of cancers. A systematic study of methylome and transcriptome in bladder urothelial carcinoma has never been reported. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The DNA methylation was profiled by modified methylation-specific digital karyotyping (MMSDK) and the expression of mRNAs and miRNAs was analyzed by digital gene expression (DGE) sequencing in tumors and matched normal adjacent tissues obtained from 9 bladder urothelial carcinoma patients. We found that a set of significantly enriched pathways disrupted in bladder urothelial carcinoma primarily related to "neurogenesis" and "cell differentiation" by integrated analysis of -omics data. Furthermore, we identified an intriguing collection of cancer-related genes that were deregulated at the levels of DNA methylation and mRNA expression, and we validated several of these genes (HIC1, SLIT2, RASAL1, and KRT17) by Bisulfite Sequencing PCR and Reverse Transcription qPCR in a panel of 33 bladder cancer samples. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We characterized the profiles between methylome and transcriptome in bladder urothelial carcinoma, identified a set of significantly enriched key pathways, and screened four aberrantly methylated and expressed genes. Conclusively, our findings shed light on a new avenue for basic bladder cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialou Zhu
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhimao Jiang
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueda Hu
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huijuan Luo
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jihua Sun
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Song Wu
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonghua Han
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Maoshan Chen
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zujing Han
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianxin Li
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weixing Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fangjian Zhou
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pingping Fa
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huimin Leng
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fenghao Sun
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingzhi Ye
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaoting Gui
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (YG)
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (YG)
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in treating soft tissue sarcomas: sunitinib in non-GIST sarcomas. Clin Transl Oncol 2010; 12:468-72. [PMID: 20615823 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-010-0539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are uncommon malignancies that represent more than 50 different tumor types. Surgery remains the mainstay of treating localised disease. Anthracycline and ifosfamide-based chemotherapy is an option for advanced disease; however, effective treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma remains a challenge. Advances in understanding the genetic nature of cancer have led to the development of new treatment options for sarcoma. Sunitinib malate is an oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antiangiogenic properties and promising activity in the treatment of GIST refractory to imatinib, however in either soft tissue sarcoma, experience with sunitinib is under development in different clinical trials. In this review we offer the experience with this small molecular target in non-GIST sarcomas.
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Lee JC, Li CF, Fang FM, Wang JW, Jeng YM, Yu SC, Lin YT, Wu JM, Tsai JW, Li SH, Huang HY. Prognostic implication of MET overexpression in myxofibrosarcomas: an integrative array comparative genomic hybridization, real-time quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1379-92. [PMID: 20639860 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It remains obscure in myxofibrosarcoma about the basis of tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. Chromosome 7 gains are common in some sarcomas, including myxofibrosarcoma, whereas the specific oncogenes are yet to be characterized. We performed an integrative study of MET gene at 7q31.2 to elucidate its implication in myxofibrosarcoma. Focused on candidate oncogenes on chromosome 7, 385K array comparative genomic hybridization was used to profile DNA copy number alterations of 12 samples. MET transcript was successfully quantified by real-time RT-PCR for 16 laser-microdissected tumors and two myxofibrosarcoma cell lines (NMFH-1, OH931). MET immunoexpression was assessable in 86 primary localized tumors with follow-up. To analyze endogenous MET expression and activation, NMFH-1 and OH931 cells, both with wild-type MET gene, were subjected to Western blotting and hepatocyte growth factor-treated NMFH-1 cells were evaluated for the kinetics of MET tyrosine phosphorylation. Non-random large-scale gains on 7q were detected in five cases, delineating three recurrent amplicons, 7q21.11-7q21.3, 7q22.1-22.3, and 7q31.1-7q32.3, in which the locus of MET displayed increased copy number, among others. MET mRNA was upregulated in OH931, NMFH-1, and nine tumors (56%), whereas neither gene dosage nor mRNA expression of MET was associated with clinicopathological factors. In contrast, MET protein overexpression, present in 67% of cases, was highly related to deep location (P=0.004), higher grades (P=0.001), and more advanced stages (P<0.001). Importantly, MET overexpression independently portended inferior metastasis-free survival (P=0.004) and overall survival (P=0.0221). Expressing activating phospho-MET at Tyr(1234)/Tyr(1235), OH931 cells had more abundant total MET than NMFH-1 cells, whereas the latter became promptly phosphorylated on stimulation of hepatocyte growth factor. In primary myxofibrosarcomas, MET overexpression, as a frequent event, is likely driven by 7q gains with mRNA upregulation, associated with important prognosticators, and independently predictive of worse outcomes, highlighting its possible causative function in tumor aggressiveness and potentiality as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Medical College, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Previdi S, Maroni P, Matteucci E, Broggini M, Bendinelli P, Desiderio MA. Interaction between human-breast cancer metastasis and bone microenvironment through activated hepatocyte growth factor/Met and β-catenin/Wnt pathways. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1679-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wolff EM, Byun HM, Han HF, Sharma S, Nichols PW, Siegmund KD, Yang AS, Jones PA, Liang G. Hypomethylation of a LINE-1 promoter activates an alternate transcript of the MET oncogene in bladders with cancer. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000917. [PMID: 20421991 PMCID: PMC2858672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently shown that a large portion of the human transcriptome can originate from within repetitive elements, leading to ectopic expression of protein-coding genes. However the mechanism of transcriptional activation of repetitive elements has not been definitively elucidated. For the first time, we directly demonstrate that hypomethylation of retrotransposons can cause altered gene expression in humans. We also reveal that active LINE-1s switch from a tetranucleosome to dinucleosome structure, acquiring H2A.Z- and nucleosome-free regions upstream of TSSs, previously shown only at active single-copy genes. Hypomethylation of a specific LINE-1 promoter was also found to induce an alternate transcript of the MET oncogene in bladder tumors and across the entire urothelium of tumor-bearing bladders. These data show that, in addition to contributing to chromosomal instability, hypomethylation of LINE-1s can alter the functional transcriptome and plays a role not only in human disease but also in disease predisposition. A surprisingly large portion of our transcriptome originates within repetitive elements, most commonly LINE-1s. However, the mechanism of activation has not been definitively shown. We directly demonstrate for the first time the causal relationship between DNA hypomethylation and transcriptional activation of LINE-1 promoters. Hypomethylation of specific LINE-1 promoters can alter the transcriptome, including activating an alternate transcript of the MET oncogene, not only in primary bladder tumors but also in premalignant urothelium across entire bladders with tumors. Our study has important implications for tumor biology, cancer detection, and treatment, and it also answers the long-standing question of whether hypomethylation of retrotransposons induces ectopic gene expression and influences disease susceptibility in humans, a phenomenon first described in agouti mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M. Wolff
- Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hyang-Min Byun
- Department of Hematology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Han F. Han
- Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shikhar Sharma
- Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Nichols
- Department of Pathology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly D. Siegmund
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Allen S. Yang
- Department of Hematology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Jones
- Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gangning Liang
- Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Grabellus F, Konik MJ, Worm K, Sheu SY, van de Nes JAP, Bauer S, Paulus W, Egensperger R, Schmid KW. MET overexpressing chordomas frequently exhibit polysomy of chromosome 7 but no MET activation through sarcoma-specific gene fusions. Tumour Biol 2010; 31:157-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Verweij J, Baker LH. Future treatment of soft tissue sarcomas will be driven by histological subtype and molecular abberations. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:863-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Davis IJ, McFadden AW, Zhang Y, Coxon A, Burgess TL, Wagner AJ, Fisher DE. Identification of the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor, as therapeutic targets in clear cell sarcoma. Cancer Res 2010; 70:639-45. [PMID: 20068147 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma (CCS), a childhood tumor of the tendons and aponeuroses, is uniformly fatal once it has metastasized because of its profound therapeutic resistance. CCS is characterized by production of a chimeric transcription factor, EWS-ATF1, which is formed as the result of a disease-specific chromosomal translocation. EWS-ATF1 activates the melanocyte transcription factor MITF, which in turn activates transcription of c-Met, an oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase recently shown to be activated in CCS. Based on this connection, we hypothesized that c-Met inhibition may offer a strategy to treat CCS, as an indirect tactic to defeat a transforming pathway downstream of EWS-ATF1. Here, we show that primary CCS and CCS-derived cell lines express c-Met, which is activated in an autocrine fashion by its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/scatter factor in some CCS cell lines. c-Met expression is critical for CCS invasion, chemotaxis, and survival. Blocking c-Met activity with a small-molecule inhibitor (SU11274) or a neutralizing antibody to its ligand HGF (AMG 102) significantly reduced CCS cell growth in culture. Similarly, AMG 102 significantly suppressed in vivo tumor growth in an autocrine xenograft model of CCS. Collectively, these findings suggest the HGF:c-Met signaling axis as a candidate therapeutic target to improve clinical management of CCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Davis
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Saghizadeh M, Kramerov AA, Yu FSX, Castro MG, Ljubimov AV. Normalization of wound healing and diabetic markers in organ cultured human diabetic corneas by adenoviral delivery of c-Met gene. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:1970-80. [PMID: 19933191 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Diabetic corneas display altered basement membrane and integrin markers, increased expression of proteinases, decreased hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, c-met proto-oncogene, and impaired wound healing. Recombinant adenovirus (rAV)-driven c-met overexpression in human organ-cultured corneas was tested for correction of diabetic abnormalities. Methods. Forty-six human corneas obtained postmortem from 23 donors with long-term diabetes (5 with diabetic retinopathy) were organ cultured and transduced with rAV-expressing c-met gene (rAV-cmet) under the cytomegalovirus promoter at approximately 10(8) plaque-forming units per cornea for 48 hours. Each control fellow cornea received control rAV (rAV expressing the beta-galactosidase gene or vector alone). After an additional 4 to 5 days of incubation, 5-mm epithelial wounds were created with n-heptanol, and healing was monitored. The corneas were analyzed afterward by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Signaling molecule expression and role was examined by immunostaining, phosphokinase antibody arrays, Western blot analysis, and inhibitor analysis. Results. rAV-cmet transduction led to increased epithelial staining for c-met (total, extracellular, and phosphorylated) and normalization of the patterns of select diabetic markers compared with rAV-vector-transduced control fellow corneas. Epithelial wound healing time in c-met-transduced diabetic corneas decreased twofold compared with rAV-vector-transduced corneas and became similar to normal. c-Met action apparently involved increased activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. c-Met transduction did not change tight junction protein patterns, suggesting unaltered epithelial barrier function. Conclusions. rAV-driven c-met transduction into diabetic corneas appears to restore HGF signaling, normalize diabetic marker patterns, and accelerate wound healing. c-Met gene therapy could be useful for correcting human diabetic corneal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Saghizadeh
- Ophthalmology Research Laboratories, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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De Maria R, Miretti S, Iussich S, Olivero M, Morello E, Bertotti A, Christensen JG, Biolatti B, Levine RA, Buracco P, Di Renzo MF. met oncogene activation qualifies spontaneous canine osteosarcoma as a suitable pre-clinical model of human osteosarcoma. J Pathol 2009; 218:399-408. [PMID: 19402129 DOI: 10.1002/path.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is aberrantly expressed in human osteosarcoma and is an attractive molecular target for cancer therapy. We studied spontaneous canine osteosarcoma (OSA) as a potential pre-clinical model for evaluation of Met-targeted therapies. The canine MET oncogene exhibits 90% homology compared with human MET, indicating that cross-species functional studies are a viable strategy. Expression and activation of the canine Met receptor were studied utilizing immunohistochemical techniques in 39 samples of canine osteosarcoma, including 35 primary tumours and four metastases. Although the Met RTK is barely detectable in primary culture of canine osteoblasts, high expression of Met protein was observed in 80% of canine osteosarcoma samples acquired from various breeds. Met protein overexpression was also concordant with its activation as indicated by phosphorylation of critical tyrosine residues. In addition, Met was expressed and constitutively activated in canine osteosarcoma cell lines. OSA cells expressing high levels of Met demonstrated activation of downstream transducers, elevated spontaneous motility, and invasiveness which were impaired by both a small molecule inhibitor of Met catalytic activity (PHA-665752) and met-specific, stable RNA interference obtained by means of lentiviral vector. Similar to observations in human OSA, these data suggest that Met is commonly overexpressed and activated in canine OSA and that inhibition of Met impairs the invasive and motogenic properties of canine OSA cells. These data implicate Met as a potentially important factor for canine OSA progression and indicate that it represents a viable model to study Met-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella De Maria
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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Fieten H, Spee B, Ijzer J, Kik MJ, Penning LC, Kirpensteijn J. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and the proto-oncogenic receptor c-Met in canine osteosarcoma. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:869-77. [PMID: 19429984 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0155-f-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the proto-oncogenic receptor c-Met are implicated in growth, invasion, and metastasis in human cancer. Little information is available on the expression and role of both gene products in canine osteosarcoma. We hypothesized that the expression of c-Met is associated with malignant histologic characteristics, a short survival time, and a reduced disease-free interval in canine osteosarcoma. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of both HGF and c-Met in 59 canine osteosarcoma samples. The relationship between HGF and c-Met expression, patient outcome, and histologic characteristics of the tumor were studied. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the presence of active HGF protein. The expression pattern of c-Met in 16 slides of canine osteosarcoma was identified by immunohistochemistry. Coexpression of HGF and c-Met mRNA in all canine osteosarcoma samples suggested autocrine or paracrine receptor activation. A significant, moderately positive correlation was found between c-Met and HGF mRNA expression. c-Met mRNA expression was not associated with survival time or disease-free interval. Expression of c-Met was significantly associated with metastasis via the lymphogenic route. Immunolabeling with c-Met revealed a cytoplasmic staining pattern in all osteosarcoma cell types. In this study, c-Met mRNA expression in canine osteosarcoma was found to be of no influence on survival time and disease-free interval. Further studies are necessary to confirm the involvement of the c-Met pathway in the lymphogenic route of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fieten
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kondoh T, Kobayashi D, Tsuji N, Kuribayashi K, Watanabe N. Overexpression of serine threonine tyrosine kinase 1/novel oncogene with kinase domain mRNA in patients with acute leukemia. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:824-30. [PMID: 19409952 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in gene expression levels or mutations of previously reported tyrosine kinases are detected in only limited numbers of patients with acute leukemia. In this study, we examined whether serine threonine tyrosine kinase 1 (STYK1)/novel oncogene with kinase domain (NOK) is overexpressed in patients with acute leukemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS In peripheral blood cells from nonleukemic group and acute leukemic patients, STYK1/NOK messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was analyzed by quantitaive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The effect of inhibition of STYK1/NOK mRNA on the leukemic cells was also examined. RESULTS When appropriate, cutoff was set using the values in nonleukemic individuals, positive STYK1/NOK expression was detected in 80.0% of leukemic patients. STYK1/NOK mRNA was highly expressed in the patients with trisomy/tetrasomy 21. mRNA expression began to decrease after chemotherapy with various drugs; this resulted in a decrease in the number of leukemic blasts in the patients' peripheral blood samples. Such changes in the gene expression were also noted in promyelocytic leukemia (M3) patients treated with all-trans retinoic acid. In addition, transfection of small inhibitory RNA against the STYK1/NOK gene into K562 cells inhibited their growth in proportion to the decrease in the mRNA expression. CONCLUSION These results indicate that STYK1/NOK mRNA is widely expressed in the patients with acute leukemia and suggest that inhibition of this molecule could potentially serve as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kondoh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Merlin S, Pietronave S, Locarno D, Valente G, Follenzi A, Prat M. Deletion of the ectodomain unleashes the transforming, invasive, and tumorigenic potential of the MET oncogene. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:633-8. [PMID: 19175607 PMCID: PMC11158143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-MET proto-oncogene, encoding the p190 hepatocyte growth factor tyrosine kinase receptor, can acquire oncogenic potential by multiple mechanisms, such as gene rearrangement, amplification and overexpression, point mutation, and ectopic expression, all resulting in its constitutive activation. Hepatocyte growth factor receptor truncated forms are generated by post-translational cleavage: p140 and p130 lack the kinase domain and are inactive. Their C-terminal remnant fragments are generally undetectable in normal cells, but a membrane-associated truncated form is recognized by anti-C-terminus antibodies in some human tumors, suggesting that a hepatocyte growth factor receptor lacking the ectodomain, but retaining the transmembrane and intracellular domains (Met-EC-), could acquire oncogenic properties. Herein we show that NIH-3T3 cells transduced with MET-EC- expressed a membrane-associated constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated 60-kDa protein and, similarly to NIH-3T3 cells expressing the cytosolic oncoprotein Tpr-Met, showed activated extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt downstream transducers. Compared to control NIH-3T3 cells, NIH-3T3-Met-EC- cells grew faster and showed anchorage-independent growth and invasive properties in all aspects similar to cells expressing the transforming TPR-MET. Nude female mice injected subcutaneously with NIH-3T3-Met-EC- cells developed visible tumors, displaying the typical morphology of carcinomas with polygonal cells, in contrast to sarcomas with spindle-shaped cells induced by the injection of NIH-3T3-Tpr-Met cells. It is suggested that the different subcellular localization of the oncoproteins, more than differences in signal transduction, could be responsible for the tumor phenotype. All together, these data show that deletion of the ectodomain activates the hepatocyte growth factor receptor and its downstream signaling pathways, unleashing its transforming, invasive, and tumorigenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Merlin
- Laboratory of Histology, Department of Medical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogardro, Novara, Italy
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Harduf H, Goldman S, Shalev E. Progesterone receptor A and c-Met mediates spheroids-endometrium attachment. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:14. [PMID: 19220894 PMCID: PMC2649138 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implantation in humans involves cross talk between an active blastocyst and receptive endometrium. The role of the endometrial receptors in this complex embryo-maternal interaction is still unclear. We tested gene and protein expression of endometrial receptors (Progesterone receptor (PR) and c-Met) and the effect of theses receptors in endometrial receptivity. METHODS Two endometrial cell lines were used: HEC-1A and RL95-2 considered as being of low and high receptivity, respectively. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis were utilized to study the receptor expression profile.The role of endometrial receptors in endometrial receptivity was studied by attachment and invasion assays of JAR spheroids (made of a trophoblast cell line) on endometrial cells. Different manipulations of inhibition and stimulation of the endometrial receptors were used including: inhibition by specific antibodies against the receptors, or antagonist of the receptors, as well as transfection with antisense for the endometrial receptors, stimulation by specific ligands for the receptors and transfection with the gene for endometrial receptors. RESULTS Different protein expression patterns of endometrial receptors were observed between the tested endometrial cell lines. The expression levels of PRA ratio to PRB, and the 50 kDa c-MET isoform were significantly lower in HEC-1A as compared with RL95-2. Attachment rates and growth of JAR spheroids into HEC-1A were significantly lower as compared with RL95-2. Stimulation of PR with progesterone altered attachment rates to HEC-1A. Inhibition of PR with RU-486 mildly increased attachment rate to HEC-1A whereas it slightly decreased attachment rate to RL95-2. c-Met inhibition decreased attachment rates only to HEC-1A cells that expressing high levels of Plexin-B1 (PB1). Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that c-Met and PB1 associate in complexes in the endometrial cell lines. CONCLUSION Differential endometrial receptor profiles are expressed during the receptivity period. The attachment and invasion processes are separately regulated. We suggest a biologically functional role for PRA in endometrial receptivity and in the attachment process. c-Met contribution is minor and related with creation of a complex with PB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haggar Harduf
- Laboratory for Research in Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shlomit Goldman
- Laboratory for Research in Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Eliezer Shalev
- Laboratory for Research in Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A human sacral chordoma cell line, CCL3, was established and in vitro characterization of c-Met oncoprotein in chordoma cells was performed. OBJECTIVE Determination of whether c-Met plays an important role in chordoma's malignancy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Chordomas are malignant life-threatening tumors that arise from the remnants of the notochord. c-Met is an oncoprotein that is expressed by a variety of solid tumors, including chordomas, and HGF is its high affinity ligand. In the present study, we investigated c-Met and HGF expression, localization, and function in human chordoma cells. METHODS SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, immunofluorescence techniques, and cell migration functional assays were used to asses c-Met and HGF expression, localization, and functional activity. RESULTS Intracellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation was enhanced on HGF binding, and an increase in the amount of 50 kDa alpha-chain of c-Met was detected in HGF-stimulated cells. Immunostaining of c-Met and HGF revealed membrane/cytoplasmic localization in nonstimulated cells, and perinuclear colocalization in HGF-stimulated cells. Positive chemotactic and migration activity in response to HGF was also demonstrated. CONCLUSION Our data supports our hypothesis that the c-Met oncoprotein plays a leading role in the metastatic process in chordomas, and that a c-Met-HGF pair is involved in chordoma malignancy. Taking into consideration the very limited treatment options and an extremely poor prognosis for the chordoma patients, our results are a valuable and promising addition to the current situation in managing chordomas.
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Cipriani NA, Abidoye OO, Vokes E, Salgia R. MET as a target for treatment of chest tumors. Lung Cancer 2008; 63:169-79. [PMID: 18672314 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase MET has been studied of a large variety of human cancers, including lung and mesothelioma. The MET receptor and its ligand HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) play important roles in cell growth, survival and migration, and dysregulation of the HGF-MET pathway leads to oncogenic changes including tumor proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. In small cell lung cancer (SCLC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), MET is dysregulated via overexpression, constitutive activation, gene amplification, ligand-dependent activation, mutation or epigenetic mechanisms. New drugs targeted against MET and HGF are currently being investigated in vitro and in vivo, with promising results. These drugs function at a variety of steps within the HGF-MET pathway, including MET expression at the RNA or protein level, the ligand-receptor interaction, and tyrosine kinase function. This paper will review the structure, function, mechanisms of tumorigenesis, and potential for therapeutic inhibition of the MET receptor in lung cancer and mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Cipriani
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Riggi N, Cironi L, Suvà ML, Stamenkovic I. Sarcomas: genetics, signalling, and cellular origins. Part 1: The fellowship of TET. J Pathol 2007; 213:4-20. [PMID: 17691072 DOI: 10.1002/path.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas comprise some of the most aggressive solid tumours that, for the most part, respond poorly to chemo- and radiation therapy and are associated with a sombre prognosis when surgical removal cannot be performed or is incomplete. Partly because of their lower frequency, sarcomas have not been studied as intensively as carcinomas and haematopoietic malignancies, and the molecular mechanisms that underlie their pathogenesis are only beginning to be understood. Even more enigmatic is the identity of the primary cells from which these tumours originate. Over the past 25 years, however, several non-random chromosomal translocations have been found to be associated with defined sarcomas. Each of these translocations generates a fusion gene believed to be directly related to the pathogenesis of the sarcoma in which it is expressed. The corresponding fusion proteins provide a unique tool not only to study the process of sarcoma development, but also to identify cells that are permissive for their putative oncogenic properties. This is the first of two reviews that cover the mechanisms whereby specific fusion/mutant gene products participate in sarcoma development and the cellular context that may provide the necessary permissiveness for their expression and oncogenicity. Part 1 of the review focuses on sarcomas that express fusion genes containing TET gene family products, including EWSR1, TLS/FUS, and TAFII68. Part 2 (J Pathol 2007; DOI: 10.1002/path.2008) summarizes our current understanding of the genetic and cellular origins of sarcomas expressing fusion genes exclusive of TET family members; it also covers soft tissue malignancies harbouring specific mutations in RTK-encoding genes, the prototype of which are gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Riggi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lerdrup M, Bruun S, Grandal MV, Roepstorff K, Kristensen MM, Hommelgaard AM, van Deurs B. Endocytic down-regulation of ErbB2 is stimulated by cleavage of its C-terminus. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:3656-66. [PMID: 17626164 PMCID: PMC1951740 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-01-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High ErbB2 levels are associated with cancer, and impaired endocytosis of ErbB2 could contribute to its overexpression. Therefore, knowledge about the mechanisms underlying endocytic down-regulation of ErbB2 is warranted. The C-terminus of ErbB2 can be cleaved after various stimuli, and after inhibition of HSP90 with geldanamycin this cleavage is accompanied by proteasome-dependent endocytosis of ErbB2. However, it is unknown whether C-terminal cleavage is linked to endocytosis. To study ErbB2 cleavage and endocytic trafficking, we fused yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) to the N- and C-terminus of ErbB2, respectively (YFP-ErbB2-CFP). After geldanamycin stimulation YFP-ErbB2-CFP became cleaved in nonapoptotic cells in a proteasome-dependent manner, and a markedly larger relative amount of cleaved YFP-ErbB2-CFP was observed in early endosomes than in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, cleavage took place at the plasma membrane, and cleaved ErbB2 was internalized and degraded far more efficiently than full-length ErbB2. Concordantly, a C-terminally truncated ErbB2 was also readily endocytosed and degraded in lysosomes compared with full-length ErbB2. Altogether, we suggest that geldanamycin leads to C-terminal cleavage of ErbB2, which releases the receptor from a retention mechanism and causes endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of ErbB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Lerdrup
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Silas Bruun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Michael V. Grandal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Roepstorff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Malene M. Kristensen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anette M. Hommelgaard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Bo van Deurs
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Mallikarjuna K, Pushparaj V, Biswas J, Krishnakumar S. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, ezrin, hepatocyte growth factor, and c-Met in uveal melanoma: an immunohistochemical study. Curr Eye Res 2007; 32:281-90. [PMID: 17453948 DOI: 10.1080/02713680601161220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunoreactivity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ezrin, hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGF), and c-Met was studied in 60 uveal melanomas and was correlated with clinicopathologic parameters. Metastases were diagnosed in the patients with uveal melanoma between 5 years and 8 years (median, 6.5 years) after enucleation. Using Kaplan-Meier statistical analysis, we found a significant association between high c-Met expression and death due to uveal melanoma (p < 0.03). EGFR was expressed in 18 of 60 (30%) tumors; ezrin was expressed in 30 of 60 (50%) tumors. Tumors with liver metastasis (n = 6) showed higher expression of c-Met (p = 0.0009) compared with the tumors with no extension/extrascleral extension without liver metastasis (groups A-45 and B-9). HGF was negative in all the six tumors that had liver metastasis. Further studies are required to understand the possible mechanism of ligand-independent c-Met activation in patients with uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandalam Mallikarjuna
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Medical and Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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Athauda G, Giubellino A, Coleman JA, Horak C, Steeg PS, Lee MJ, Trepel J, Wimberly J, Sun J, Coxon A, Burgess TL, Bottaro DP. c-Met ectodomain shedding rate correlates with malignant potential. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:4154-62. [PMID: 16857786 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many proteins are proteolytically released from the cell surface by a process known as ectodomain shedding. Shedding occurs under normal physiologic conditions and can be increased in certain pathologies. Among the many receptors for which ectodomain shedding has been shown is c-Met, the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor tyrosine kinase. HGF stimulates mitogenesis, motogenesis, and morphogenesis in a variety of cellular targets during development, homeostasis, and tissue regeneration. Inappropriate HGF signaling resulting in unregulated cell proliferation, motility, and invasion occurs in several human malignancies. This can occur through paracrine signaling, autocrine loop formation, receptor mutation, gene amplification, or gene rearrangement, accompanied frequently with overexpression of ligand and/or receptor proteins. We hypothesized that c-Met overexpression in cancer might result in increased ectodomain shedding, and that its measure could be a useful biomarker of tumor progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed a sensitive electrochemiluminescent immunoassay to quantitate c-Met protein in cell lysates, culture supernatants, and biological samples. RESULTS A survey of cultured cell models of oncogenic transformation revealed significant direct correlations (P < 0.001, t test or ANOVA) between malignant potential and the rate of c-Met ectodomain shedding that was independent of steady-state receptor expression level. Moreover, weekly plasma and urine samples from mice harboring s.c. human tumor xenografts (n = 4 per group) displayed soluble human c-Met levels that were measurable before tumors became palpable and that correlated directly with tumor volume (R2 > 0.92, linear regression). CONCLUSIONS For a variety of human cancers, c-Met ectodomain shedding may provide a reliable and practical indicator of malignant potential and overall tumor burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagani Athauda
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, and Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1107, USA
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Towner RA, Smith N, Tesiram YA, Abbott A, Saunders D, Blindauer R, Herlea O, Silasi-Mansat R, Lupu F. In Vivo Detection of c-MET Expression in a Rat Hepatocarcinogenesis Model Using Molecularly Targeted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Mol Imaging 2007. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2006.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rheal A. Towner
- From the Small Animal MRI Core Facility, Free Radical Biology and Aging, and Cardiovascular Biology Research Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Nataliya Smith
- From the Small Animal MRI Core Facility, Free Radical Biology and Aging, and Cardiovascular Biology Research Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Yasvir A. Tesiram
- From the Small Animal MRI Core Facility, Free Radical Biology and Aging, and Cardiovascular Biology Research Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Andrew Abbott
- From the Small Animal MRI Core Facility, Free Radical Biology and Aging, and Cardiovascular Biology Research Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Debbie Saunders
- From the Small Animal MRI Core Facility, Free Radical Biology and Aging, and Cardiovascular Biology Research Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Rebecca Blindauer
- From the Small Animal MRI Core Facility, Free Radical Biology and Aging, and Cardiovascular Biology Research Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Oana Herlea
- From the Small Animal MRI Core Facility, Free Radical Biology and Aging, and Cardiovascular Biology Research Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Robert Silasi-Mansat
- From the Small Animal MRI Core Facility, Free Radical Biology and Aging, and Cardiovascular Biology Research Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Florea Lupu
- From the Small Animal MRI Core Facility, Free Radical Biology and Aging, and Cardiovascular Biology Research Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
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Riggi N, Cironi L, Provero P, Suvà ML, Stehle JC, Baumer K, Guillou L, Stamenkovic I. Expression of the FUS-CHOP fusion protein in primary mesenchymal progenitor cells gives rise to a model of myxoid liposarcoma. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7016-23. [PMID: 16849546 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A subset of sarcomas is associated with specific chromosomal translocations that give rise to fusion genes believed to participate in transformation and oncogenesis. Identification of the primary cell environment that provides permissiveness for the oncogenic potential of these fusion genes is essential to understand sarcoma pathogenesis. We have recently shown that expression of the EWS-FLI-1 fusion protein in primary mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) suffices to develop Ewing's sarcoma-like tumors in mice. Because most sarcomas bearing unique chromosomal translocations are believed to originate from common progenitor cells, and because MPCs populate most organs, we expressed the sarcoma-associated fusion proteins FUS/TLS-CHOP, EWS-ATF1, and SYT-SSX1 in MPCs and tested the tumorigenic potential of these cells in vivo. Whereas expression of EWS-ATF1 and SYT-SSX1 failed to transform MPCs, FUS-CHOP-expressing cells formed tumors resembling human myxoid liposarcoma. Transcription profile analysis of these tumors revealed induction of transcripts known to be associated with myxoid liposarcoma and novel candidate genes, including PDGFA, whose expression was confirmed in human tumor samples. MPC(FUS-CHOP) and the previously described MPC(EWS-FLI-1) tumors displayed distinct transcription profiles, consistent with the different target gene repertoires of their respective fusion proteins. Unexpectedly, a set of genes implicated in cell survival and adhesion displayed similar behavior in the two tumors, suggesting events that may be common to primary MPC transformation. Taken together, our observations suggest that expression of FUS-CHOP may be the initiating event in myxoid liposarcoma pathogenesis, and that MPCs may constitute one cell type from which these tumors originate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Bone Marrow Cells/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Humans
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/genetics
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/metabolism
- Liposarcoma, Myxoid/pathology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/pathology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- RNA-Binding Protein FUS/biosynthesis
- RNA-Binding Protein FUS/genetics
- Transcription Factor CHOP/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factor CHOP/genetics
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Riggi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Patanè S, Avnet S, Coltella N, Costa B, Sponza S, Olivero M, Vigna E, Naldini L, Baldini N, Ferracini R, Corso S, Giordano S, Comoglio PM, Di Renzo MF. MET Overexpression Turns Human Primary Osteoblasts into Osteosarcomas. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4750-7. [PMID: 16651428 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The MET oncogene was causally involved in the pathogenesis of a rare tumor, i.e., the papillary renal cell carcinoma, in which activating mutations, either germline or somatic, were identified. MET activating mutations are rarely found in other human tumors, whereas at higher frequencies, MET is amplified and/or overexpressed in sporadic tumors of specific histotypes, including osteosarcoma. In this work, we provide experimental evidence that overexpression of the MET oncogene causes and sustains the full-blown transformation of osteoblasts. Overexpression of MET, obtained by lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer, resulted in the conversion of primary human osteoblasts into osteosarcoma cells, displaying the transformed phenotype in vitro and the distinguishing features of human osteosarcomas in vivo. These included atypical nuclei, aberrant mitoses, production of alkaline phosphatase, secretion of osteoid extracellular matrix, and striking neovascularization. Although with a lower tumorigenicity, this phenotype was superimposable to that observed after transfer of the MET gene activated by mutation. Both transformation and tumorigenesis were fully abrogated when MET expression was quenched by short-hairpin RNA or when signaling was impaired by a dominant-negative MET receptor. These data show that MET overexpression is oncogenic and that it is essential for the maintenance of the cancer phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Patanè
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, University of Turin School of Medicine, Candiolo (Turin), Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Krause
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Lou Z, O'Reilly S, Liang H, Maher VM, Sleight SD, McCormick JJ. Down-Regulation of Overexpressed Sp1 Protein in Human Fibrosarcoma Cell Lines Inhibits Tumor Formation. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.1007.65.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sp1 is a transcription factor for many genes, including genes involved in tumorigenesis. We found that human fibroblast cells malignantly transformed in culture by a carcinogen or by stable transfection of an oncogene express Sp1 at 8-fold to 18-fold higher levels than their parental cells. These cell lines form fibrosarcomas in athymic mice with a very short latency, and the cells from the tumors express the same high levels of Sp1. Similar high levels of Sp1 were found in the patient-derived fibrosarcoma cell lines tested, and in the tumors formed in athymic mice by these cell lines. To investigate the role of overexpression of Sp1 in malignant transformation of human fibroblasts, we transfected an Sp1 U1snRNA/Ribozyme into two human cell lines, malignantly transformed in culture by a carcinogen or overexpression of an oncogene, and into a patient-derived fibrosarcoma cell line. The level of expression of Sp1 in these transfected cell lines was reduced to near normal. The cells regained the spindle-shaped morphology and exhibited increased apoptosis and decreased expression of several genes linked to cancer, i.e., epithelial growth factor receptor, urokinase plasminogen activator, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. When injected into athymic mice, these cell lines with near normal levels of Sp1 failed to form tumors or did so only at a greatly reduced frequency and with a much longer latency. These data indicate that overexpression of Sp1 plays a causal role in malignant transformation of human fibroblasts and suggest that for cancers in which it is overexpressed, Sp1 constitutes a target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Lou
- Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sandra O'Reilly
- Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Hongyan Liang
- Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Veronica M. Maher
- Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Stuart D. Sleight
- Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - J. Justin McCormick
- Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Christensen JG, Burrows J, Salgia R. c-Met as a target for human cancer and characterization of inhibitors for therapeutic intervention. Cancer Lett 2004; 225:1-26. [PMID: 15922853 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) targeted agents such as trastuzumab, imatinib, bevacizumab, and gefitinib inhibitors have illustrated the utility of targeting this protein class for treatment of selected cancers. A unique member of the RTK family, c-Met, also represents an intriguing target for cancer therapy that is yet to be explored in a clinical setting. The proto-oncogene, c-Met, encodes the high-affinity receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or scatter factor (SF). c-Met and HGF are each required for normal mammalian development and have been shown to be particularly important in cell migration, morphogenic differentiation, and organization of three-dimensional tubular structures (e.g. renal tubular cells, gland formation, etc.) as well as cell growth and angiogenesis. Both c-Met and HGF have been shown to be deregulated in and to correlate with poor prognosis in a number of major human cancers. New data describing the constitutive phosphorylation of c-Met in a number of human tumors is presented here along with a variety of mechanisms by which c-Met can become activated, including mutation and gene amplification. In support of the clinical data implicating c-Met activation in the pathogenesis of human cancers, introduction of c-Met and HGF (or mutant c-Met) into cells conferred the properties of motility, invasiveness, and tumorgenicity to the transformed cells. Conversely, the inhibition of c-Met with a variety of receptor antagonists inhibited the motility, invasiveness, and tumorgenicity of human tumor cell lines. Consistent with this observation, small-molecule inhibitors of c-Met were developed that antagonized c-Met/HGF-dependent phenotypes and tumor growth in mouse models. This review will address the potential for development of c-Met inhibitors for treatment of human cancers with particular emphasis on recent findings with small-molecule inhibitors.
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Sandberg AA. Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: liposarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 155:1-24. [PMID: 15527898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Revised: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avery A Sandberg
- Department of DNA Diagnostics, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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