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Doped PANI Coated Nano-Ag Electrode for Rapid In-Situ Detection of Bromide in Seawater. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we successfully fabricated a novel bromide ion selective electrode (Br-ISE), which was coated by bromine ion doped polyaniline as sensitive film. Using Ag wire as the substrate, a uniform and dense nano-silver layer was electroplated to enhance the specific surface area of the electrode. Subsequently, a polyaniline (PANI) film was coated onto the electrode by cyclic voltammetry in a 0.3 M aniline and 1 M HCl solution and was in-situ doped by 0.1 M KBr solution. The morphology and performance of the electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and other electrochemical analysis methods, respectively. The prepared Br-ISE exhibited a wide linear dynamic range between 1.0 × 10−1 and 1.0 × 10−7 M with a near-Nernst slope of 57.33 mV/decade. In addition, the electrode possessed extremely fast response time (<1 s) and low impedance (300 Ω), high sensitivity, and good selectivity. The electrode potential drifted within 2 mV in 8 h. The lifespan was larger than three months.
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Soltermann F, Abegglen C, Tschui M, Stahel S, von Gunten U. Options and limitations for bromate control during ozonation of wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 116:76-85. [PMID: 28314210 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important point sources for micropollutants, which are harmful to freshwater organisms. Ozonation of wastewater is a powerful option to abate micropollutants, but may result in the formation of the potentially toxic oxidation by-product bromate in bromide-containing wastewaters. This study investigates options to reduce bromate formation during wastewater ozonation by (i) reducing the bromide concentration of the wastewater, (ii) lowering the ozone dose during wastewater treatment and (iii) adding hydrogen peroxide to limit the lifetime of ozone and quench the intermediates of the bromate formation pathway. Two examples demonstrate that a high share of bromide in wastewater can originate from single point sources (e.g., municipal waste incinerators or landfills). The identification of major point sources requires laborious sampling campaigns, but may facilitate the reduction of the bromide load significantly. To reduce the bromate formation by lowering the ozone dose interferes with the aim to abate micropollutants. Therefore, an additional treatment is necessary to ensure the elimination of micropollutants. Experiments at a pilot-plant illustrate that a combined treatment (ozone/powdered activated carbon) allows to eliminate micropollutants with low bromate yields. Furthermore, the addition of hydrogen peroxide was investigated at bench-scale. The bromate yields could be reduced by ∼50% and 65% for a hydrogen peroxide dose of 5 and 10 mg L-1, respectively. In conclusion, there are options to reduce the bromate formation during wastewater ozonation, however, they are not simple with sometimes limited efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Soltermann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sandro Stahel
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Mirzaeyan E. Hexadecylpyridinium surfactant modified zeolite A as an active component of a polymeric membrane sulfite selective electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:4751-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ganjali MR, Shirvani-Arani S, Bidhendi GN, Norouzi P, Salavati-Niasari M. Highly Selective and Sensitive Triiodide PVC-Membrane Electrode Based on a New Charge-Transfer Complex of Bis(2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde)butane-2,3-Dihydrazone with Iodine. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200600033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Adegoke O, Hosten E, McCleland C, Nyokong T. CdTe quantum dots functionalized with 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxide as luminescent nanoprobe for the sensitive recognition of bromide ion. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 721:154-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Nematollahi Z. Surfactant modified zeolite carbon paste electrode (SMZ-CPE) as a nitrate selective electrode. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Application of surfactant modified zeolite membrane electrode towards potentiometric determination of perchlorate. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Mirzaeyan E. Oxalate membrane-selective electrode based on surfactant-modified zeolite. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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SHOKROLLAHI A, GHAEDI M, RAJABI HR, KIANFAR AH. Highly Selective Perchlorate Membrane Electrode Based on Cobalt(III) Schiff Base as a Neutral Carrier. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rezaei B, Meghdadi S, Bagherpour S. Perchlorate-selective polymeric membrane electrode based on bis(dibenzoylmethanato)cobalt(II) complex as a neutral carrier. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 161:641-648. [PMID: 18486336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A synthesized bis(dibenzoylmethanato)Co(II) complex (Co(DBM)(2)), has been used as a ionophore for the preparation of a new perchlorate ion-selective electrode. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian response over the perchlorate concentration range of 8.0x10(-7)-1.0x10(-1)M with a slope of 60.3+/-0.5 mV per decade of concentration. The limit of detection as determined from the intersection of the extrapolated linear segments of the calibration plot is 5.6x10(-7)M. The electrode shows good selectivity towards perchlorate with respect to many common anions. The response time of the sensor is very fast (< or = 5s), and can be used for at least 2 months in the pH range of 2.0-9.0. The electrode was used to determine perchlorate in water and human urine. The interaction of the ionophore with perchlorate ions was demonstrated by UV-vis spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Faridbod F, Norouzi P, Dinarvand R, Ganjali MR. Developments in the Field of Conducting and Non-conducting Polymer Based Potentiometric Membrane Sensors for Ions Over the Past Decade. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2008; 8:2331-2412. [PMID: 27879825 PMCID: PMC3673421 DOI: 10.3390/s8042331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Many research studies have been conducted on the use of conjugated polymers in the construction of chemical sensors including potentiometric, conductometric and amperometric sensors or biosensors over the last decade. The induction of conductivity on conjugated polymers by treating them with suitable oxidizing agents won Heeger, MacDiarmid and Shirakawa the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Common conjugated polymers are poly(acetylene)s, poly(pyrrole)s, poly(thiophene)s, poly(terthiophene)s, poly(aniline)s, poly(fluorine)s, poly(3-alkylthiophene)s, polytetrathiafulvalenes, polynapthalenes, poly(p-phenylene sulfide), poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polyparaphenylene, polyazulene, polyparaphenylene sulfide, polycarbazole and polydiaminonaphthalene. More than 60 sensors for inorganic cations and anions with different characteristics based on conducting polymers have been reported. There have also been reports on the application of non-conducting polymers (nCPs), i.e. PVC, in the construction of potentiometric membrane sensors for determination of more than 60 inorganic cations and anions. However, the leakage of ionophores from the membranes based on these polymers leads to relatively lower life times. In this article, we try to give an overview of Solid-Contact ISE (SCISE), Single-Piece ISE (SPISE), Conducting Polymer (CP)-Based, and also non-conducting polymer PVC-based ISEs for various ions which their difference is in the way of the polymer used with selective membrane. In SCISEs and SPISEs, the plasticized PVC containing the ionophore and ionic additives govern the selectivity behavior of the electrode and the conducting polymer is responsible of ion-to-electron transducer. However, in CPISEs, the conducting polymer layer is doped with a suitable ionophore which enhances the ion selectivity of the CP while its redox response has to be suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoush Faridbod
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Norouzi
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Medical Nanotechnology Research Centre, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Ganjali MR, Moghaddamb MR, Norouzi P, Shirvani‐Arani S, Daneshgar P, Adib M, Sobhi HR. Highly Selective and Sensitive Triiodide PVC‐Based Membrane Electrode Based on a New Charge Transfer Complex of 2‐(((2‐(((E)‐1‐(2‐Hydroxyphenyl) Methylidine) Amino) Phenyl) Imino) Methyl) Phenol for Nano‐Level Monitoring of Triiodide. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600610816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Application of a Zeolite-Poly(vinyl chloride) Electrode to Potentiometric Studies of Alkali Metal Ions. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11175-005-0217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Novel Triiodide PVC-Based Membrane Sensor Based on a Charge Transfer Complex of Iodine and Bis(2-hydroxyacetophenone)butane-2,3-dihydrazone. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.11.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Use of a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode for Amperometric Assay of Bromide and Iodide Ions. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10809-005-0239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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A novel chemically modified carbon paste electrode based on a new mercury(II) complex for selective potentiometric determination of bromide ion. J Solid State Electrochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-005-0692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mazloum Ardakani M, Jalayer M, Naeimi H, Zare HR, Moradi L. Perchlorate-selective membrane electrode based on a new complex of uranil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:1186-92. [PMID: 15770475 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-3011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A potentiometric ion-selective electrode based on new compound, as a carrier, has been successfully developed for detection of perchlorate anion in aqueous solution. Within the perchlorate ion concentration range 1.0x10(-6) to 1.0 mol L(-1) the electrode had a linear response with a Nernstian slope of 60.6+/-1.0 mV per decade . The limit of detection as determined from the intersection of the extrapolated linear segments of the calibration plot was 8.0x10(-7) mol L(-1). The proposed electrode has fairly a good discriminating ability towards ClO(4) (-) ion in comparison to other anions. The sensor has a response time of < or =10 s and can be used for at least 2 months without substantial divergence in potential. It was successfully applied to direct determination of perchlorate in urine and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mazloum Ardakani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
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Shamsipur M, Jalali F, Haghgoo S. Preparation of an Atenolol Ion‐Selective Electrode and its Application to Pharmaceutical Analysis. ANAL LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/al-200047762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Xu L, Yuan R, Chai YQ, Wang XL. A novel salicylate-selective electrode based on a Sn(IV) complex of salicylal-imino acid Schiff base. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:781-7. [PMID: 15668810 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrode with high selectivity toward salicylate (Sal-), based on the use of the salicylal-imino acid Schiff base dibenyl complex of Sn(IV) [Sn(IV)-SIADBen] as ionophore is described. The influence of lipophilic charged additives on the performance of the electrode was studied. The results suggested that Sn(IV)-SIADBen according to a positively-charged carrier mechanism. The influence of several other variables was investigated in order to optimize the potentiometric response and selectivity of the electrode. The electrode based on Sn(IV)-SIADBen, with 30.44 wt% PVC, 64.55 wt% plasticizer [dioctyl phthalate (DOP)], 3.81 wt% ionophore, and 1.2 wt% anionic additive exhibited a linear response for the Sal- ion over the concentration range 1.0x10(-1) to 2.5x10(-6) mol l-1, and displayed an anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence as follows: salicylate>>perchlorate>thiocyanate>benzoate>iodide>nitrate>chloride>nitrite approximately acetate>citrate>sulfate. UV-Visible absorption spectra were used to examine the specific interaction of salicylate with the ionophore. The electrode was applied to clinical medical analysis, and the results obtained were consistent with those obtained by conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, the College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest China Normal University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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Ganjali MR, Tahami M, Poursaberi T, Pazoukian AR, Javanbakht M, Shamsipur M, Baezat MR. Novel Bromide Liquid Membrane Electrode. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120017695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Poursaberi T, Hosseini M, Taghizadeh M, Pirelahi H, Shamsipur M, Ganjali MR. A selective membrane electrode for iodide ion based on a thiopyrilium ion derivative as a new ionophore. Microchem J 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0026-265x(01)00159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ganjali MR, Poursaberi T, Hosseini M, Salavati-Niasary M, Yousefi M, Shamsipur M. Highly selective iodide membrane electrode based on a cerium salen. ANAL SCI 2002; 18:289-92. [PMID: 11918187 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective PVC membrane electrode based on a cerium-salen complex was prepared. The sensor displays an anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence with a preference for iodide ion over many common organic and inorganic anions. The proposed electrode exhibits a near-Nernstian behavior over a wide concentration range (5.0 x 10(-2) - 8.0 x 10(-6) M) with a slope of 57.5 mV per decade, and a detection limit of 6.0 x 10(-6) M. The electrode has a very fast response time and can be used in the pH range of 3.0 - 1 1.0. It was applied, as an indicator electrode, in potentiometric titration of Ag+ ions.
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Shamsipur M, Jalali F, Haghgoo S. Preparation of a cimetidine ion-selective electrode and its application to pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:867-72. [PMID: 11836050 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel cimetidine ion-selective electrode is prepared, characterized and used in pharmaceutical analysis. The electrode incorporates PVC-membrane with cimetidine-phospohotungstate ion pair complex. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian response for cimetidine in the concentration range 1.0 x 10(-5)-1.0 x 10(-2) M with a slope of 58+/-1 mV per decade. The limit of detection is 5.0 x 10(-6) M. The electrode displays a good selectivity for cimetidine with respect to a number of common foreign inorganic and organic species. It can be used in the pH range 3.0-5.5. The membrane sensor was successfully applied to the determination of cimetidine in its tablets as well as its recovery from a urine sample.
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Segul MJ, Lizondo-Sabater J, Martínez-Máñez R, Sancenón F, Soto J. A perchlorate-selective membrane electrode based on a Cu(II) complex of the ligand 1,4,8,11-tetra(n-octyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane. Analyst 2002; 127:387-90. [PMID: 11996365 DOI: 10.1039/b109764b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The new cyclic polyazacycloalkane 1.4,8,11-tetra(n-octyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (L1) was synthesised and the copper(II) complex [Cu(L1)]2+ characterised. Different electrodes were prepared using the [Cu(L1)]2+ complex as ionophore, PVC as plastic matrix and o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE), bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (BEHS) or dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as plasticizers. The electrode containing DBP showed a Nernstian response over a wide pH range and a fast response time (ca. 3 s) whereas NPOE and BEHS gave near-Nernstian slopes. Selectivity coefficients for the different anions with respect to perchlorate were calculated. The response of the electrodes basically followed the Hofmeister sequence, suggesting that interaction of the ionophore with the anions is via electrostatic forces rather than due to anion coordination to the axial sites of the square-planar [Cu(L1)]2+ complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Jesús Segul
- Departamento de Químicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
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Farhadi K, Maleki R. Clotrimazole-triiodide ion association as an ion exchanger for a triiodide ion-selective electrode. ANAL SCI 2002; 18:133-6. [PMID: 11874113 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel triiodide ion-selective electrode based on a clotrimazole-triiodide ion pair as a membrane carrier was prepared. It has a linear response to triiodide from 8 x 10(-6) to 5 x 10(-3) M with a slope of -68.9 mV per decade and a detection limit of 5 x 10(-6) M. The electrode response is independent of the pH of the solution in the pH range 2-9. It has a very short response time and can be used for at least 3 months without any considerable divergence in the potentials. The proposed sensor revealed very good selectivities for I3- over a variety of other anions. It was used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of triiodide ions and in an indirect potentiometric determination of clotrimazole in pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Farhadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Iran.
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Shamsipur M, Yousefi M, Hosseini M, Ganjali MR, Sharghi H, Naeimi H. A Schiff base complex of Zn(II) as a neutral carrier for highly selective PVC membrane sensors for the sulfate ion. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2869-74. [PMID: 11467529 DOI: 10.1021/ac001449d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel polymeric membrane (PME) and coated graphite (CGE) sulfate-selective electrodes based on a recently synthesized Schiff base complex of Zn(II) were prepared. The electrodes reveal a Nernstian behavior over wide SO4(2-) ion concentration ranges (5.0 x 10(-5)-1.0 x 10(-1) M for PME and 1.0 x 10(-7)-1.0 x 10(-1) M for CGE) and very low detection limits (2.8 x 10(-5) M for PME and 8.5 x 10(-8) M for CGE). The potentiometric response is independent of the pH of the solution in the pH range 3.0-7.0. The electrodes manifest advantages of low resistance, very fast response, and, most importantly, good selectivities relative to a wide variety of other anions. In fact, the selectivity behavior of the proposed SO4(2) ion-selective electrodes shows a great improvement compared to the previously reported electrodes for sulfate ion. The electrodes can be used for at least 3 months without any appreciable divergence in potentials. The electrodes were used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of sulfate and barium ions and in the determination of iron in ferrous sulfate tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shamsipur
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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