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S Barbosa J, L C Passos M, A Korn MDG, M F S Saraiva ML. Enzymatic Reactions in a Lab-on-Valve System: Cholesterol Evaluations. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24162890. [PMID: 31395798 PMCID: PMC6719201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The micro sequential injection analysis / lab-on-valve (µSIA-LOV) system is a miniaturized SIA system resulting from the implementation of a lab-on-valve (LOV) atop of the selection valve. It integrates the detection cell and the sample processing channels into the same device, promoting the reduction of reagent consumption and waste generation, the improvement of the versatility, and the reduction of the time of analysis. All of these characteristics are really relevant to the implementation of enzymatic reactions. Additionally, the evaluation of cholesterol in serum samples is widely relevant in clinical diagnosis, since higher values of cholesterol in human blood are actually an important risk factor for cardiovascular problems. An automatic methodology was developed based on the µSIA-LOV system in order to evaluate its advantages in the implementation of enzymatic reactions performed by cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase and peroxidase. Considering these reactions, the developed methodology was also used for the evaluation of cholesterol in human serum samples, showing reliable and accurate results. The developed methodology presented detection and quantification limits of 1.36 and 4.53 mg dL−1 and a linear range up to 40 mg dL−1. This work confirmed that this µSIA-LOV system is a simple, rapid, versatile, and robust analytical tool for the automatic implementation of enzymatic reactions performed by cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, and peroxidase. It is also a useful alternative methodology for the routine determinations of cholesterol in real samples, even when compared with other automatic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jucineide S Barbosa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marieta L C Passos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - M das Graças A Korn
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- INCT de Energia e Ambiente-Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - M Lúcia M F S Saraiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Progress and recent advances in phosphate sensors: A review. Talanta 2013; 114:191-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lawal AT, Adeloju SB. Progress and recent advances in fabrication and utilization of hypoxanthine biosensors for meat and fish quality assessment: a review. Talanta 2012; 100:217-28. [PMID: 23141330 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an update on the research conducted on the fabrication and utilization of hypoxanthine (Hx) biosensors published over the past four decades. In particular, the review focuses on progress made in the development and use of Hx biosensors for the assessment of fish and meat quality which has dominated research in this area. The various fish and meat freshness indexes that have been proposed over this period are highlighted. Furthermore, recent developments and future advances in the use of screen-printed electrodes and nanomaterials for achieving improved performances for the reliable determination of Hx in fish and meat are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulazeez T Lawal
- NanoScience and Sensor Technology Research Group, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Monash University, Churchill, Vic. 3842, Australia
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Comparison of enzyme immobilisation methods for potentiometric phosphate biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:406-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Carpenter A, Purdy WC. The Determination of Total Serum Cholesterol by Flowinjection Analysis with Amperometric Detection. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719008052454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Chapter 29 Enzyme reactors and enzyme electrodes for the liquid chromatographic determination of carbohydrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Marquette CA, Ravaud S, Blum LJ. Luminol Electrochemiluminescence-Based Biosensor for Total Cholesterol Determination in Natural Samples. ANAL LETT 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710008543158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Amperometric determination of cholesterol in serum with use of a renewable surface peroxidase electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(95)00311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yao T, Satomura M, Nakahara T. Simultaneous assays of glucose, urate, and cholesterol in blood serum by amperometric flow injection analysis. ELECTROANAL 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140070209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yao T, Satomura M, Nakahara T. Amperometric flow-injection determination of glucose, urate and cholesterol and blood serum by using some immobilized enzyme reactors and a poly(1,2-diaminobenzene)-coated platinum electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)80246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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de Castro MDL. Unsegmented flow systems as interfaces between samples and electrochemical detectors. ELECTROANAL 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Krug A, Suleiman AA, Guilbault GG, Kellner R. Colorimetric determination of free and total cholesterol by flow injection analysis with a fiber optic detector. Enzyme Microb Technol 1992; 14:313-6. [PMID: 1368425 DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(92)90157-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A flow injection method for the determination of total and free cholesterol is presented. Cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase are immobilized on aminoalkyl glass beads. The beads are packed into a tubular glass reactor. The cholesterol esters traversing through the esterase reactor are cleaved to cholesterol and fatty acids. The oxidase reactor converts cholesterol to cholest-4-en-3-one and hydrogen peroxide is generated. The sample stream is merged with reagent streams consisting of a peroxidase solution and a solution of 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, and a hydrogen peroxide-dependent color reaction takes place in a short coiled reactor. The signal is monitored by means of fiber optic instrumentation. Cholesterol concentration can be related to the absorption of the oxidized dye form at a wavelength of 425 nm. The working range is 0.5-0.8 mmol l-1, and the sample throughputs are 60 and 30 h-1 for free and total cholesterol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krug
- University of Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Vienna, Austria
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MacLaurin P, Worsfold PJ. Spectrophotometric flow-injection techniques for the multicomponent monitoring of process streams. Microchem J 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0026-265x(92)90008-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kubá[ncirc] V. Simultaneous Determination of Several Components by Flow Injection Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/10408349208051646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Schmid RD, Künnecke W. Flow injection analysis (FIA) based on enzymes or antibodies — applications in the life sciences. J Biotechnol 1990; 14:3-31. [PMID: 1366525 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(90)90014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R D Schmid
- Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung, Division of Enzyme Technology and Chemistry of Natural Substances, Braunschweig, F.R.G
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Yao T, Akasaka R, Wasa T. Amperometric determination of lactose in human and cow's milk using a flow-injection system with some immobilized enzyme reactors. ELECTROANAL 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Yao T, Matsumoto Y. An electroanalytical method for estimation of fish freshness using a flow-injection system with some immobilized enzyme reactors. ELECTROANAL 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yao T, Matsumoto Y, Wasa T. Specific detection of nicotinamide coenzymes by liquid chromatography and amperometric detection with immobilized glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Anal Chim Acta 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)80290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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