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Poole CF. Assessment of liquid-liquid partition for the assignment of descriptors for the solvation parameter model. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464850. [PMID: 38564932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The solvation parameter model uses five system independent descriptors to characterize compound properties defined as excess molar refraction, E, dipolarity/polarizability, S, hydrogen-bond acidity, A, hydrogen-bond basicity, B, and McGowan's characteristic volume, V, to model transfer properties between condensed phases. The V descriptor is assigned from structure. For compounds liquid at 20 °C the E descriptor can be assigned from the characteristic volume and its refractive index. The E descriptor for compounds solid at 20 °C and the S, A, and B descriptors are experimental properties traditionally assigned from chromatographic, liquid-liquid partition, and solubility measurements. In this report liquid-liquid partition constants in totally organic and aqueous biphasic systems are evaluated as a standalone technique for descriptor assignments. Using six totally organic biphasic systems the S, A, and B descriptors were assigned with an average absolute deviation (AAD) of about 0.04, 0.03, and 0.04, respectively, compared with the best estimate of the true descriptor values for 65 compounds. The E descriptor for compounds solid at 20 °C can only be estimated with an AAD of approximately 0.1. For six aqueous biphasic systems the B descriptor is assigned with a lower AAD of 0.028 and higher AAD of 0.08 and 0.05 for the S and A descriptors, respectively, than for the totally organic biphasic systems for compounds with a reliable value for the E descriptor. The preferred system for descriptor assignments utilizes both totally organic biphasic systems (heptane-1,1,1-trifluoroethanol, isopentyl ether-propylene carbonate, isopentyl ether-ethanolamine, heptane-ethylene glycol, heptane-formamide, and 1,2-dichloroethane-ethylene glycol) and aqueous biphasic systems (octanol-water, cyclohexane-water) with the possible substitution of some systems with alternative systems of similar selectivity. For 55 varied compounds this combination of eight organic and aqueous biphasic systems resulted in an AAD of approximately 0.03, 0.02, and 0.02 for the S, A, and B descriptors compared to the best estimate of the true descriptor value. For 30 compounds solid at 20 °C the AAD for the E descriptor of 0.11 is poorly assigned. The relative average absolute deviation in percent (RAAD) corresponds to 9.7 %, 3.1 %. 4.0 % and 8.3 % for E, S, A, and B, respectively, for the eight biphasic systems. Liquid-liquid partition is compared to reversed-phase liquid and gas chromatography as a standalone technique for descriptor assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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2
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Poole CF. Sample preparation for planar chromatography. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300071. [PMID: 36965178 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
High-performance thin-layer chromatography has favorable properties for high-throughput separations with a high matrix tolerance. Sample preparation, however, is sometimes required to control specific matrix interferences and to enhance the detectability of target compounds. Trends in contemporary applications have shifted from absorbance and fluorescence detection to methods employing bioassays and mass spectrometry. Traditional methods (shake-flask, heat at reflux, Soxhlet, and hydrodistillation) are being challenged by automated instrumental approaches (ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted solvent extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction) and the quick, easy cheap, efficient, rugged, and safe extraction method for faster and streamlined sample processing. Liquid-liquid extraction remains the most widely used approach for sample clean-up with increasing competition from solid-phase extraction. On-layer sample, clean-up by planar solid-phase extraction is increasingly used for complex samples and in combination with heart-cut multimodal systems. The automated spray-on sample applicator, the elution head interface, biological detection of target and non-target compounds, and straightforward mass spectrometric detection are highlighted as the main factors directing current interest toward faster and simpler sample workflows, analysis of more complex samples, and the determination of minor contaminants requiring high concentration factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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3
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Poole CF. Selectivity evaluation of extraction systems. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463939. [PMID: 36996617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Extraction is the most common sample preparation technique prior to chromatographic analysis for samples which are too complex, too dilute, or contain matrix components incompatible with the further use of the separation system or interfere in the detection step. The most important extraction techniques are biphasic systems involving the transfer of target compounds from the sample to a different phase ideally accompanied by no more than a tolerable burden of co-extracted matrix compounds. The solvation parameter model affords a general framework to characterize biphasic extraction systems in terms of their relative capability for solute-phase intermolecular interactions (dispersion, dipole-type, hydrogen bonding) and within phase solvent-solvent interactions for cavity formation (cohesion). The approach is general and allows the comparison of liquid and solid extraction phases using the same terms and is used to explain the features important for the selective enrichment of target compounds by a specific extraction phase using solvent extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction for samples in a gas, liquid, or solid phase. Hierarchical cluster analysis with the system constants of the solvation parameter model as variables facilitates the selection of solvents for extraction, the identification of liquid-liquid distribution systems with non-redundant selectivity, and evaluation of different approaches using liquids and solids for the isolation of target compounds from different matrices.
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Dione CT, Ndiaye M, Delhomme O, Diebakate C, Ndiaye B, Diagne I, Cisse D, Hane M, Dione MM, Diouf S, Diop A, Millet M. Pollution of water in Africa: a review of contaminants and fish as biomonitors and analytical methodologies-the case of Senegal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:2374-2391. [PMID: 36399299 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is one of the major problems facing human health, ecosystems, and biodiversity. This is particularly the case for water quality in Senegal. Fish can be used as a biomonitor of pollution by accumulating pollutants from the environment through their tissues. Fish is an indispensable element in the assessment of the quality of the environment due to the diversity of biological cycles and their position in the food chain. Fish, which is very sensitive to chemical and bacterial pollution, concentrates pollutants and is a good indicator of water quality. This review presents water pollution in Senegal and the possibility of using fish as an ideal monitoring matrix for marine environments, to detect the concentration of heavy metals and organic pollutants. The different extraction and analytical techniques used for fish biomonitoring will be also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheikh Tidiane Dione
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 3, France
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Momar Ndiaye
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Olivier Delhomme
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 3, France
- Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Lorraine University, Metz, France
| | - Cheikhna Diebakate
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Animal Biology, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Birame Ndiaye
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Diagne
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Dame Cisse
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maoudo Hane
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mame Mor Dione
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sitor Diouf
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoulaye Diop
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry and Environmental Analysis (LCPOAE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maurice Millet
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 3, France.
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Potouridis T, Knauz A, Berger E, Püttmann W. Examination of paraben release from baby teethers through migration tests and GC-MS analysis using a stable isotope dilution assay. BMC Chem 2019; 13:70. [PMID: 31384817 PMCID: PMC6661842 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parabens and sorbic acid are commonly used as food preservatives due to their antimicrobial effect. However, their use in foods for infants and young children is not permitted in the European Union. Previous studies found these compounds in some gel-filled baby teethers, whereby parabens, which are well-known as endocrine disruptors, were identified in the polymer-based chewing surface consisting of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). To assess the exposure of infants and young children to these products, the application of parabens in teethers should be thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to apply a representative migration test procedure combined with an accurate analytical method to examine gel-filled baby teethers without elaborate sample preparation, high costs, and long processing times. Accordingly, solid-phase extraction (SPE), in combination with a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for analysis of methyl-, ethyl-, and n-propylparaben (MeP, EtP, and n-PrP), was found to be well-suited, with recoveries ranging from 93 to 99%. The study compared the release of these parabens from intact teether surfaces into water and saliva simulant under real-life conditions, with total amounts of detected parabens found to be in the range of 101-162 µg 100 mL-1 and 57-148 µg 100 mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, as a worst-case scenario, the release into water was examined using a long-term migration study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Potouridis
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alena Knauz
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Berger
- Faculty of Biology, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Quantitative Landscape Ecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Püttmann
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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A clean-up method for determination of multi-classes of persistent organic pollutants in sediment and biota samples with an aliquot sample. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1047:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Poole CF. Partition constant database for totally organic biphasic systems. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1527:18-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Megson D, Reiner EJ, Jobst KJ, Dorman FL, Robson M, Focant JF. A review of the determination of persistent organic pollutants for environmental forensics investigations. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 941:10-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Ivanova NV, Kuzmina ML, Braukmann TWA, Borisenko AV, Zakharov EV. Authentication of Herbal Supplements Using Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156426. [PMID: 27227830 PMCID: PMC4882080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA-based testing has been gaining acceptance as a tool for authentication of a wide range of food products; however, its applicability for testing of herbal supplements remains contentious. METHODS We utilized Sanger and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) for taxonomic authentication of fifteen herbal supplements representing three different producers from five medicinal plants: Echinacea purpurea, Valeriana officinalis, Ginkgo biloba, Hypericum perforatum and Trigonella foenum-graecum. Experimental design included three modifications of DNA extraction, two lysate dilutions, Internal Amplification Control, and multiple negative controls to exclude background contamination. Ginkgo supplements were also analyzed using HPLC-MS for the presence of active medicinal components. RESULTS All supplements yielded DNA from multiple species, rendering Sanger sequencing results for rbcL and ITS2 regions either uninterpretable or non-reproducible between the experimental replicates. Overall, DNA from the manufacturer-listed medicinal plants was successfully detected in seven out of eight dry herb form supplements; however, low or poor DNA recovery due to degradation was observed in most plant extracts (none detected by Sanger; three out of seven-by NGS). NGS also revealed a diverse community of fungi, known to be associated with live plant material and/or the fermentation process used in the production of plant extracts. HPLC-MS testing demonstrated that Ginkgo supplements with degraded DNA contained ten key medicinal components. CONCLUSION Quality control of herbal supplements should utilize a synergetic approach targeting both DNA and bioactive components, especially for standardized extracts with degraded DNA. The NGS workflow developed in this study enables reliable detection of plant and fungal DNA and can be utilized by manufacturers for quality assurance of raw plant materials, contamination control during the production process, and the final product. Interpretation of results should involve an interdisciplinary approach taking into account the processes involved in production of herbal supplements, as well as biocomplexity of plant-plant and plant-fungal biological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V. Ivanova
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria L. Kuzmina
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas W. A. Braukmann
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex V. Borisenko
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evgeny V. Zakharov
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Okoli CP, Adewuyi GO, Zhang Q, Guo Q. QSAR aided design and development of biopolymer-based SPE phase for liquid chromatographic analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10932b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction method, using a starch based biopolymer as an adsorbent, coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence/UV detectors was developed for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso Peter Okoli
- Centre for Environmental Remediation
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- PR China
| | - Gregory Olufemi Adewuyi
- Analytical/Environmental Chemistry Unit
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ibadan
- Ibadan
- Nigeria
| | - Qian Zhang
- Centre for Environmental Remediation
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- PR China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Centre for Environmental Remediation
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- PR China
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Preparation, characterization, and applications of a novel solid-phase microextraction fiber by sol-gel technology on the surface of stainless steel wire for determination of poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic environmental samples. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 813:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Azmir J, Zaidul I, Rahman M, Sharif K, Mohamed A, Sahena F, Jahurul M, Ghafoor K, Norulaini N, Omar A. Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review. J FOOD ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1307] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Models for Liquid–Liquid Partition in the System Ethanolamine-Organic Solvent and Their Use for Estimating Descriptors for Organic Compounds. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Poole CF, Karunasekara T, Ariyasena TC. Totally organic biphasic solvent systems for extraction and descriptor determinations. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:96-109. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin F. Poole
- Department of Chemistry; Wayne State University; Detroit; MI; USA
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Organohalogen contaminants of emerging concern in Great Lakes fish: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2639-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Karunasekara T, Poole CF. Models for liquid–liquid partition in the system dimethyl sulfoxide–organic solvent and their use for estimating descriptors for organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4525-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Karunasekara T, Poole CF. Models for Liquid–Liquid Partition in the System Ethylene Glycol–Organic Solvent and Their Use for Estimating Descriptors for Organic Compounds. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-1996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Karunasekara T, Poole CF. Models for liquid–liquid partition in the system propylene carbonate–organic solvent and their use for estimating descriptors for organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:809-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Models for liquid–liquid partition in the system formamide–organic solvent and their use for estimating descriptors for organic compounds. Talanta 2011; 83:1118-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Wang XM, Du XZ, Rao HH, Lu XQ. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by a novel mesoporous-coated stainless steel wire microextraction combined with HPLC. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3239-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Reiner EJ. The analysis of dioxins and related compounds. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:526-559. [PMID: 19672939 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other related compounds requires complex sample preparation and analytical procedures using highly sensitive and selective state-of-the-art instrumentation to meet very stringent data quality objectives. The analytical procedures (extraction, sample preparation), instrumentation (chromatographic separation and detection by mass spectrometry) and screening techniques for the determination of dioxins, furans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and related compounds with a focus on new approaches and alternate techniques to standard regulatory methods are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3V6.
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Poole CF, Poole SK. Extraction of organic compounds with room temperature ionic liquids. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2268-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Karunasekara T, Poole CF. Model for the partition of neutral compounds between n-heptane and formamide. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1167-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shahtaheri S, Khadem M, Golbabaei F, Rahimi-Froushani A. Solid Phase Extraction for Monitoring of Occupational Exposure to Cr (III). ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2007. [DOI: 10.4137/117739010700200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chromium is an important constituent widely used in different industrial processes for production of various synthetic materials. For evaluation of workers' exposure to trace toxic metal of Cr (III), environmental and biological monitoring are essential processes, in which, preparation of samples is one of the most time-consuming and error-prone aspects prior to analysis. The use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) has grown and is a fertile technique of sample preparation as it provides better results than those produced by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). SPE using mini columns filled with XAD-4 resin was optimized regarding to sample pH, ligand concentration, loading flow rate, elution solvent, sample volume, elution volume, amount of resins, and sample matrix interferences. Chromium was retained on solid sorbent and was eluted with 2 M HNO3 followed by simple determination of analytes by using flame atomic absorption spectrometery. Obtained recoveries of metal ion were more than 92%. The optimized procedure was also validated with three different pools of spiked urine samples and showed a good reproducibility over six consecutive days as well as six within-day experiments. Through this study, suitable results were obtained for relative standard deviation, therefore, it is concluded that, this optimized method can be considered to be successful in simplifying sample preparation for trace residue analysis of Cr in different matrices for evaluation of occupational and environmental exposures. To evaluate occupational exposure to chromium, 16 urine samples were taken, prepared, and analyzed based on optimized procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.J. Shahtaheri
- Department of Occupational Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - M. Khadem
- Department of Occupational Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - F. Golbabaei
- Department of Occupational Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - A. Rahimi-Froushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Kumar A, Víden I. Volatile organic compounds: sampling methods and their worldwide profile in ambient air. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 131:301-21. [PMID: 17171267 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The atmosphere is a particularly difficult analytical system because of the very low levels of substances to be analysed, sharp variations in pollutant levels with time and location, differences in wind, temperature and humidity. This makes the selection of an efficient sampling technique for air analysis a key step to reliable results. Generally, methods for volatile organic compounds sampling include collection of the whole air or preconcentration of samples on adsorbents. All the methods vary from each other according to the sampling technique, type of sorbent, method of extraction and identification technique. In this review paper we discuss various important aspects for sampling of volatile organic compounds by the widely used and advanced sampling methods. Characteristics of various adsorbents used for VOCs sampling are also described. Furthermore, this paper makes an effort to comprehensively review the concentration levels of volatile organic compounds along with the methodology used for analysis, in major cities of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar
- Department of Gas, Coke and Air Protection, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Dejvicka, Praha 6, PIN 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Microanalysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Water Samples – Methods and Instruments. Mikrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-006-0630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Rodrigues JC, Neto AJS, Fernandes C, Alves C, Contadori AS, Lanças FM. Development of an improved heated interface for coupling solid-phase microextraction to high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1105:208-12. [PMID: 16378616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study described in this report has been the development and the evaluation of a new improved interface to be operated under continuous heating, for on-line coupling solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Heating is desirable to increase desorption rate and decrease carryover. The results obtained have been compared with that obtained by off-line desorption and online desorption without heating. The SPME-HPLC interface described here has an inner volume of 60 microL, fixation for infinite points and a novel leak less sealing system. When the heating system was used, the area values were almost 10-fold higher than that obtained using the off-line mode. The obtained chromatograms showed an increasing of the area and height of chromatographic peaks and proved the excellent performance and reproducibility of the interface developed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Rodrigues
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Chemistry at São Carlos, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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28
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8 Liquid—liquid equilibrium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5644(05)80010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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29
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Barriada-Pereira M, González-Castro MJ, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D, Fernández-Fernández E. Determination of 21 organochlorine pesticides in tree leaves using solid-phase extraction clean-up cartridges. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1061:133-9. [PMID: 15641355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method to determine 21 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in tree leaves [chestnut (Castanea sativa), hazel (Corylus avellana), oak (Quercus robur) and walnut tree (Juglans regia)] based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up is described. After extraction with hexane:acetone (50:50), four different sorbents (Florisil, tandem Florisil + alumina, silica and ENVI-Carb) were assayed for the clean-up step. Pesticides were eluted with 5 mL of hexane:ethyl acetate (80:20) and determined by gas chromatography and electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Carbon was the sorbent, which provided colourless eluates and chromatograms with less interferent compounds. Analytical recoveries obtained were ca. 100% for all the studied pesticides with this sorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barriada-Pereira
- University Institute of Environment, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
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30
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Li X, Zeng Z, Chen Y, Xu Y. Determination of phthalate acid esters plasticizers in plastic by ultrasonic solvent extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction using calix[4]arene fiber. Talanta 2004; 63:1013-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2003] [Revised: 01/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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β-Cyclodextrin epichlorohydrin copolymer as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent for aromatic compounds in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Concentration and clean-up of trace hydrocarbons from atmospheric particulate matter. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Abstract
Sample preparation techniques based on non-porous membrane extraction generally offer a high degree of selectivity and enrichment power, together with convenient possibilities for direct and automated connections to chromatographic and other analytical instruments. In this review principles and applications for techniques as supported liquid membrane extraction, microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction, polymeric membrane extraction and membrane extraction with a sorbent interface are described and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jönsson
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden.
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36
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Abstract
A review with 136 references on the principles and recent developments in the solid-phase extraction based on polymer sorbents is presented. New polymer-based materials, chromatographic modes, experimental configurations are described and their advantages for a rapid sample preparation of certain classes of compounds with different functional groups are discussed and compared to silica-based sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Austria.
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37
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Kot A, Zabiegała B, Namieśnik J. Passive sampling for long-term monitoring of organic pollutants in water. Trends Analyt Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(99)00223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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38
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Castro R, Moyano E, Galceran MT. On-line ion-pair solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of quaternary ammonium herbicides. J Chromatogr A 2000; 869:441-9. [PMID: 10720257 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An ion-pair on-line solid-phase extraction procedure using C8 extraction disks, suitable for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis is developed to determine quaternary ammonium herbicides (quats) in water samples. The separation of these compounds was performed using ion-pair chromatography with heptafluorobutyric acid (15 mM, pH 3.3) and acetonitrile gradient elution. Detection was carried out using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Water sample volumes up to 50 ml can be preconcentrated with recoveries higher than 70%. Good precision and accuracy (day-to-day and run-to-run) were obtained and the detection limits ranged from 6 to 85 ng l(-1). The proposed on-line ion-pair solid-phase method enables compliance with European Community directives for drinking waters (100 ng l(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Castro
- Departament Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Aguilar C, Janssen HG, Cramers CA. On-line coupling of equilibrium-sorptive enrichment to gas chromatography to determine low-molecular-mass pollutants in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2000; 867:207-18. [PMID: 10670722 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On-line combination of equilibrium sorptive enrichment and gas chromatography is used for the analysis of a group of pollutants varying widely in polarity and volatility in aqueous samples at trace levels. For the ESE process open-tubular traps were used. The newly developed hyphenated method shows a high sensitivity for all the compounds under study. The detection limits were typically between 0.1 and 1 microg/l. The sample volumes required for the compounds to reach equilibrium with the stationary phase are in the range of 20 ml for the aromatic hydrocarbons included in the study (benzene, toluene and p-xylene), to 200 ml for epichlorohydrin and dichlorohydrin. Within- and between-day precision of the absolute peak areas varied between 3 and 16%. The performance of the new method was tested by the analysis of different environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aguilar
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Analytical and Organic Department, Tarragona, Spain
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40
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Development of new SPME fibers by sol–gel technology for SPME-HPLC determination of organometals. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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42
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Abstract
A short review on the basic theory and practices of the extraction and clean-up of agricultural antibiotics from biomatrices is presented. For the analysis of residues of ionophores, beta-lactams, macrolides, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and peptide antibiotics, the use of solid-phase extraction has become nearly ubiquitous as part of the basic extraction methodology. The majority of the methodologies for these compounds report recoveries greater than 70%, with relative standard deviations usually less than 15%. Each of the antibiotic classes, as well as antibiotics within each class, have unique chemistries that must be taken into account when developing a viable extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Fedeniuk
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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44
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Aguilar C, Peñalver S, Pocurull E, Borrull F, Marcé R. Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection for the determination of pesticides in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Parrilla P, Martínez Vidal JL. Determination of Pesticide Residues in Water Using LLE or SPE and HPLC/DAD Detection. ANAL LETT 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719708001689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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46
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Lingeman H, Hoekstra-Oussoren SJ. Particle-loaded membranes for sample concentration and/or clean-up in bioanalysis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 689:221-37. [PMID: 9061497 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction nowadays is a major sample preparation tool. The latest development in this area is the introduction of particle-loaded membranes (membrane-extraction disks). The potential of these extraction membranes in bioanalysis is discussed with respect to recoveries, reproducibility, sensitivity and speed. A comparison is made between liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction using traditional sorbents and extraction disks, and off-line and on-line techniques. Particle-loaded membranes are available in disks with diameters of 4-90 mm. The 25-90 mm disks are mainly used for off-line extractions of mainly environmental samples, while the 4 mm disks are available in the so-called drug tubes that can be used in the same way as conventional extraction cartridges for the extraction of drugs from biological fluids. The main advantage of using drug tubes is the smaller desorption volume and, therefore, the increased sensitivity. Cutting smaller disks, from the commercially available disks, allows the use of on-line extractions in column-switching systems. The main conclusion is that in many cases particle-loaded membranes are more efficient than packed solid-phase extraction cartridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lingeman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Free University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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47
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Poole CF, Poole SK, Seibert DS, Chapman CM. Determination of kinetic and retention properties of cartridge and disk devices for solid-phase extraction. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 689:245-59. [PMID: 9061499 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic properties of cartridge and disk solid-phase extraction devices are determined by forced-flow liquid chromatography. Typical cartridges provide about 5-15 theoretical plates per cm of bed height and particle-loaded membranes provide about 4-9 theoretical plates for a 0.5-mm-thick membrane. It is shown that cartridge devices fail to provide their maximum trapping performance because of inadequate packing density and that the required packing density could be easily achieved in practice with particles of a standard size. The retention properties of common sorbents for extraction from water and air are characterized with the solvation parameter model. For predominantly aqueous solutions a favorable cavity term results in increased retention while polar interactions tend to reduce retention. Retention on porous polymer sorbents is more complicated because of their capacity to absorb significant amounts of the sample processing solvent resulting in solvent-dependent changes in retention properties. For trapping organic volatiles from air cavity formation and dispersion interactions are important, and in the case of Tenax its capacity for induction interactions is also significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Poole
- Zeneca/SmithKline Beecham Centre for Analytical Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, UK
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48
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Sample Handling Techniques (Extraction and Clean-up of Samples). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(97)80005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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49
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On-Line Sample Handling Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(97)80006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
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50
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Biziuk M, Przyjazny A, Czerwinski J, Wiergowski M. Occurrence and determination of pesticides in natural and treated waters. J Chromatogr A 1996; 754:103-23. [PMID: 8997724 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides as environmental pollutants are described in detail along with their sources and paths of entry into various elements of the environment. Comprehensive literature data on the concentration of these pollutants in natural and treated waters and wastewaters are discussed. A wide selection of isolation and preconcentration techniques for these pollutants in water is presented and discussed. An emphasis is put on solid-phase extraction. In the case of the authors' work, a more detailed description is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Biziuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Gdansk, Poland
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