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Kamenica M, Kothur RR, Willows A, Patel BA, Cragg PJ. Lithium Ion Sensors. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17102430. [PMID: 29064410 PMCID: PMC5676661 DOI: 10.3390/s17102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The detection and monitoring of lithium in environmental and clinical settings is becoming increasingly important. In this review, sensors incorporating conductive polymers and lithium bronzes are discussed, together with electrochemical and spectroscopic approaches. Ionophore-based methods have been employed extensively, with varying degrees of selectivity and sensitivity, and these are discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megi Kamenica
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
| | - Raghuram Reddy Kothur
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
| | - Alison Willows
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
| | - Peter J Cragg
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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2
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Khalil MM, Issa YM, El Sayed GA. Modified carbon paste and polymeric membrane electrodes for determination of hydroxychloroquine sulfate in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16250e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes characteristics, performance and application of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) polymeric membrane (PMEs) and modified carbon paste (CPEs) electrodes which are based on sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) or ammonium reineckate (Rt) as sensing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Khalil
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Beni-Suef University
- Beni-Suef
- Egypt
| | - Y. M. Issa
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Cairo University
- Giza
- Egypt
| | - G. A. El Sayed
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Beni-Suef University
- Beni-Suef
- Egypt
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3
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Flow-injection potentiometric applications of solid state Li+ selective electrode in biological and pharmaceutical samples. J Solid State Electrochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-010-1070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ibrahim YA, Elwahy AHM, Hanna HR, Khella SK. Synthesis and potentiometric selectivity study of new spiro-14-crown-4 derivatives. Supramol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10610279408029866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yehia A. Ibrahim
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Cairo University , Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H. M. Elwahy
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Cairo University , Giza, Egypt
| | - Hishmat R. Hanna
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Cairo University , Giza, Egypt
| | - Suzan K. Khella
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Cairo University , Giza, Egypt
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5
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Teixeira MFDS, Fatibello-Filho O, Aniceto C, Costa Neto CO. Flow-injection potentiometric determination of iron (III) in vitamin formulations using a tubular ion-selective electrode in oxalic medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2728(1999)11:3<163::aid-lra7>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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6
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Barsoum BN, Khella SK, Elwaby AH, Abbas AA, Ibrahim YA. Evaluation of some new 14- and 15-crown-formazans as carriers in cesium ion selective electrodes1. Talanta 1998; 47:1215-22. [DOI: 10.1016/s0039-9140(98)00204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/1998] [Accepted: 05/18/1998] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Bühlmann P, Pretsch E, Bakker E. Carrier-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes and Bulk Optodes. 2. Ionophores for Potentiometric and Optical Sensors. Chem Rev 1998; 98:1593-1688. [PMID: 11848943 DOI: 10.1021/cr970113+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1264] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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Abstract
Therapeutic lithium levels in the treatment of manic depressive psychosis must be maintained in the range of 0.5-1.5 mM in the blood, which also contains 140 mM sodium. This paper reviews spectrophotometric, fluorometric, and ion-selective electrode (ISE) reagents and methods for achieving high lithium selectivity over sodium and their use in blood lithium measurement. These include aromatic organic reagents, crown ethers and amide ionophores. Crown ethers and cryptands provide the best lithium selectivity. A chromophoric small-cavity cryptand phenol exhibits greater than 4000:1 selectivity due to rigid configuration of a well preorganized binding site for lithium complexation. It is water soluble, making it easy to apply for blood analysis. Crown ethers with bulky groups inhibit formation of the 2:1 crown:sodium complex, while allowing formation of the 1:1 lithium complex. A PTM 14-crown-4 having a bulky pinane and subunits at the ethano bridge exhibits at least 10,000:1 selectivity for lithium in a flow-through optical sensor probe. Bulky crown ethers used in PVC membrane ion-selective electrodes exhibit lithium selectivities of 1-2000:1. Methods of evaluating selectivities are discussed, along with the correlation of solvent extraction of crown ether complexes and solvent membrane ISE selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Christian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1700, USA.
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Attiyat AS, Christian GD, McDonough JA, Strzelbicka B, Goo MJ, Yu ZY, Bartsch RA. FIA Potentiometric and Solvent Extraction Studies of Alkali Metal and Alkaline Earth Cation Complexation bybis(Tert-butylbenzo)-21-crown-7. ANAL LETT 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719308017422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Influence of ring substituents and matrix on lithium / sodium selectivity of 14-crown-4 and benzo-13-crown-4-compounds. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Bouklouze A, Viré JC, Cool V. Barium ion-selective electrode based on a new neutral carrier complex. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80154-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Attiyat AS, Christian GD, Cason CV, Bartsch RA. Benzo-18-crown-6 and its lariat ether derivatives as ionophores for potassium, strontium, and lead ion-selective electrodes. ELECTROANAL 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Attiyat AS, Kadry AM, Badawy MA, Hanna HR, Ibrahim YA, Christian GD. Synthesis and potentiometric study of acyclic monoxadiamides as ionophores in ion-selective electrodes. ELECTROANAL 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Attiyat AS, Christian GD, Bartsch RA. Potentiometric selectivity study of crown ethers containing four ring oxygen atoms and benzoxymethyl or carboxylic acid side chains as ionophores for lithium and potassium. ELECTROANAL 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Attiyat AS, Christian GD, Pugia MJ, Bartsch RA. Flow injection analysis potentiometric selectivity study of alkali metal and alkaline earth cation complexation by 1,3-bis(tropone-2′-oxy)propane. Microchem J 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0026-265x(88)90027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Attiyat AS, Ibrahim YA, Christian GD. Potentiometric selectivity study of TMC-crown formazane lonophore for cesium. Microchem J 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0026-265x(88)90177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yerian T, Christian G, Ruzicka J. Flow injection analysis as a diagnostic technique for development and testing of chemical sensors. Anal Chim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)86342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Flow injection study of the potentiometric lithium selectivity of cyclic dioxadiamides containing oxygen and nitrogen atoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00487533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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