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Silva J, Bühl V, Iaquinta F, Pistón M. Should we think about green or white analytical chemistry? Case study: Accelerated sample preparation using an ultrasonic bath for the simultaneous determination of Mn and Fe in beef. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20967. [PMID: 37867882 PMCID: PMC10589838 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) metrics include a variety of criteria, such as the regent amounts and toxicity, energy consumption, generated waste, among others. The analytical greenness metric (AGREE) and its variant for sample preparation (AGREEprep) cover different aspects that contribute to the environmental sustainability of sample preparation. White Analytical Chemistry (WAC) considers not only environmental aspects but also analytical and practical aspects with a holistic vision based on a Red-Green-Blue color model. A case study is presented to assess the green and white profile of a method based on ultrasound-assisted extraction and determination of Mn and Fe in beef using microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP AES). The method was validated and resulted simple, fast without external heating using diluted acids. It was concluded that we should think in green sample preparation with the AGREEprep tool, as well as in white holistic assessments (WAC) as both constitute complementary tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Silva
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Avda. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Grupo de Análisis de Elementos Traza y Desarrollo de Estrategias Simples para Preparación de Muestras (GATPREM), Química Analítica (DEC), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Avda. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valery Bühl
- Grupo de Análisis de Elementos Traza y Desarrollo de Estrategias Simples para Preparación de Muestras (GATPREM), Química Analítica (DEC), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Avda. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fiorella Iaquinta
- Grupo de Análisis de Elementos Traza y Desarrollo de Estrategias Simples para Preparación de Muestras (GATPREM), Química Analítica (DEC), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Avda. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariela Pistón
- Grupo de Análisis de Elementos Traza y Desarrollo de Estrategias Simples para Preparación de Muestras (GATPREM), Química Analítica (DEC), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Avda. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Jinadasa B, Moreda-Piñeiro A, Fowler SW. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction in Analytical Applications for Fish and Aquatic Living Resources, a Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1967378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.K.K.K. Jinadasa
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (ACL), National Aquatic Resources Research & Development Agency (NARA), Colombo-15, Sri Lanka
- Le Blanc-Mesnil, France
| | - Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition, & Bromatology, Faculty Of Chemistry, Universidade De Santiago De Compostela. Avenida Das Ciencias, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Scott W. Fowler
- School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,New York, USA
- Institute Bobby, Cap d’Ail, France
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Fioravanti MIA, Milani RF, de Paiva EL, Morgano MAN. Simple and fast ultrasound-assisted method for mineral content and bioaccessibility study in infant formula by ICP OES. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3225-3234. [PMID: 32930185 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00867b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Infant formula (IF) constitutes the sole source of mineral intake for infants who are only fed IF. The assurance of the amount of minerals declared on the label and the mineral levels and their chemical forms present a major concern related to providing a good amount of nutrients for absorption by these children. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (i) to evaluate several sample preparation methods for minerals in IF; (ii) to validate an analytical method using an ultrasonic bath for simultaneous determination of the Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P and Zn contents in IF by ICP OES and (ii) to establish the optimum analytical conditions of the in vitro method to study the dialyzability of these minerals from IF. The ultrasound-assisted method was shown to conform to 'green chemistry principles', being simple, fast and low cost compared with reference methods. The results were similar to those obtained with reference methods (microwave-assisted acid digestion and dry ashing) with regard to selectivity, sensitivity and linearity (r2 > 0.999). The accuracy and the precision were verified using certified reference materials, with recoveries and coefficients of variation ranging from 91 to 105% and from 1.1 to 5.2%, respectively. For in vitro dialyzability, the conditions established in this study allowed including an overnight step between the gastric and gastrointestinal stages (accuracy and precision ranging from 81 to 108% and 0.4 to 6.3%, respectively), contributing to establishing an in vitro digestion method suitable for infant gastrointestinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Andrekowisk Fioravanti
- Adolfo Lutz Institute, Rua São Carlos, 720, Vila Industrial, Campinas, SP 13035- 420, Brazil
- Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brasil 2880, Jd. Chapadão, P.O. Box 139, Campinas, SP 13070-178, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Fernanda Milani
- Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brasil 2880, Jd. Chapadão, P.O. Box 139, Campinas, SP 13070-178, Brazil.
| | - Esther Lima de Paiva
- Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brasil 2880, Jd. Chapadão, P.O. Box 139, Campinas, SP 13070-178, Brazil.
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Antà Nio Morgano
- Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brasil 2880, Jd. Chapadão, P.O. Box 139, Campinas, SP 13070-178, Brazil.
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Altunay N, Elik A, Gürkan R. Natural deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted-microextraction for extraction, pre-concentration and analysis of methylmercury and total mercury in fish and environmental waters by spectrophotometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1079-1097. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1619939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nail Altunay
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Adil Elik
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Gürkan
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Bernalte E, Marín Sánchez C, Pinilla Gil E. High-Throughput Mercury Monitoring in Indoor Dust Microsamples by Bath Ultrasonic Extraction and Anodic Stripping Voltammetry on Gold Nanoparticles-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Assessment of toxic metals in raw and processed milk samples using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Delgado-Moreno L, Peña A, Mingorance MD. Design of experiments in environmental chemistry studies: example of the extraction of triazines from soil after olive cake amendment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 162:1121-8. [PMID: 18656310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of natural, composted and vermicomposted olive cake for modifying the fate of triazine herbicides with different physicochemical properties (terbuthylazine, cyanazine, simazine and prometryn) has been tested. Experimental design (surface response methodology plus desirability function) to multicriteria optimization was carried out to evaluate both dose and type of amendment to retain the cited analytes and to develop two simple and low cost analytical methods for extracting triazines from soil. From a methodological point of view, classical and D-optimal designs were employed depending on the problem. Thus, the best combination of soil amount and solvent ratio, the most important parameters affecting triazine extraction from soil, was looked for by means of Central Composite Designs. Under the optimized conditions, the range of triazines recovery was 75-85% for shaking extraction and 87-107% for ultrasonic extraction. Regarding the amendment assay, D-optimal design was selected to keep the reliability of the estimations. Natural olive cake added to the soil at a high dose (8%) reduced herbicide recovery to ca. 50-60% for terbuthylazine, prometryn and simazine, while cyanazine recovery was negligible. Design of experiment provides an efficient working strategy to explore those conditions which ensure the optimum or target value of several responses evaluated simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Delgado-Moreno
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008, Granada, Spain
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Kazi TG, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Afridi HI, Jalbani N, Sarfraz RA, Ansari R. Evaluation of an ultrasonic acid digestion procedure for total heavy metals determination in environmental and biological samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 161:1391-1398. [PMID: 18539386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a sample preparation method based on ultrasonic assisted acid digestion (UAD) has been evaluated for total heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb) determination in different environmental (soil, sediment and sewage sludge), and biological (fish muscles, vegetables and grains) samples, using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The investigated parameters influencing UAD such as presonication time, sonication time, temperature of ultrasonic bath, and different acid mixtures were fully optimized, whereas power was maintained constant at 100% of nominal power of ultrasonic bath. Six different sets of above parameters were applied on six certified reference materials (CRMs) having different matrices. The accuracy of the method was also tested by comparing the results with those obtained from conventional hot plate assisted acid digestion method on same CRMs. Analytical results for HMs by both methods showed no significant difference at 95% confidence limit (p<0.05). Recoveries of HMs ranging from 96.2% to 102% and 96.3% to 98.6% were obtained from biological and environmental samples, respectively. The average relative standard deviation of UAD method varied between 3.5% and 8.2%, depending on the analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem G Kazi
- Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
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Rezić I. Optimization of ultrasonic extraction of 23 elements from cotton. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2009; 16:63-69. [PMID: 18550414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of ultrasonic extraction of 23 elements from cotton was performed with different solvent volume ratios. For this purpose nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and water were mixed and applied in a mixture for the extraction of elements adsorbed on cotton material. The elements chosen for the extraction procedure (Al, As, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sn, Tl and Zn) were those that are important in textile processing. Some of them cause problems during fiber processing, dyeing or bleaching. The removal of elements from the processed fabric can be successfully done with ultrasonic extraction in the ultrasonic bath. Extraction procedure was optimized by software package Design Expert 6 (DX6) and the optimum of ultrasonic extraction was achieved with the mixture of 1M HCl-1M HNO(3)-H(2)O=3.32/2.83/93.85 (v/v). Ultrasonic extraction was a fast and efficient extraction procedure easily applied on cotton textile material.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rezić
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 28a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Arain MB, Kazi TG, Jamali MK, Jalbani N, Afridi HI, Kandhro GA, Ansari R, Sarfraz RA. Hazardous impact of toxic metals on tobacco leaves grown in contaminated soil by ultrasonic assisted pseudo-digestion: multivariate study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 155:216-24. [PMID: 18191022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L.), agricultural soil and pollute irrigated lake water samples were collected during 2005--2006 and analyzed for Cd and Ni by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). A simple and efficient procedure was investigated for the complete decomposition of tobacco leaves using ultrasonic assisted acid pseudo-digestion method (UPDM). A Plackett-Burman experimental design was used as a multivariate strategy for the evaluation of seven factors/variables at once, while central composite were used to found optimum values of significant variables. The accuracy of the proposed methods was assessed by analyzing certified reference (CRM); Virginia tobacco leaves (CTA-VTL-2). The results being compared with those obtained by conventional wet acid digestion method. The result obtained by optimized method showed good agreement with the certified values and sufficiently high recovery 97.8 and 98.7% for Cd and Ni, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the detection limits (3sigma) were evaluated to be 0.019 microg g(-1) for Cd and 0.37 microg g(-1) for Ni. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Cd and Ni in raw, processed tobacco and different branded cigarettes samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Balal Arain
- Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
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Capar SG, Mindak WR, Cheng J. Analysis of food for toxic elements. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:159-69. [PMID: 17609933 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The levels of the toxic elements Al, As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Sn are routinely monitored in food to protect the consumer. Increasingly, the chemical forms of As and Hg are also monitored. Analyses are performed to enforce regulatory standards and to accumulate background levels for assessing long-term exposure. The analytical procedures used for these activities evolve as requirements to determine lower levels arise and as both the types and sheer number of different foods that need to be analyzed increase. This review highlights recent work addressing improvements in the analysis of toxic elements in food. The topics covered include contamination control, analytical sample treatment and the common analytical techniques used for food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Capar
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Harvey W. Wiley Federal Building, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740-3835, USA.
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Determination of Cd, Cu, and Zn in fish and mussel by AAS after ultrasound-assisted acid leaching extraction. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Priego Capote F, Luque de Castro MD. Ultrasound in analytical chemistry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:249-57. [PMID: 17103146 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound is a type of energy which can help analytical chemists in almost all their laboratory tasks, from cleaning to detection. A generic view of the different steps which can be assisted by ultrasound is given here. These steps include preliminary operations usually not considered in most analytical methods (e.g. cleaning, degassing, and atomization), sample preparation being the main area of application. In sample preparation ultrasound is used to assist solid-sample treatment (e.g. digestion, leaching, slurry formation) and liquid-sample preparation (e.g. liquid-liquid extraction, emulsification, homogenization) or to promote heterogeneous sample treatment (e.g. filtration, aggregation, dissolution of solids, crystallization, precipitation, defoaming, degassing). Detection techniques based on use of ultrasonic radiation, the principles on which they are based, responses, and the quantities measured are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Priego Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba, Marie Curie Building, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
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Ultrasound-assisted digestion: a useful alternative in sample preparation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 70:299-310. [PMID: 17081614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted digestion is a promising alternative in the analysis of solid samples when either simple dissolution or direct analysis is not applicable. However, the field of application of ultrasonic sample digestion is still small in comparison with classical digestion alternatives and, particularly, with microwave-assisted digestion. This fact can be justified by the scant knowledge analytical chemists have about the advantages ultrasonic energy provides to digestion. Among these, the strict control at low temperatures of ultrasound applications allows the implementation of ultrasonic-assisted steps in biochemical analyses. In this connection, two specific biological applications, ultrasonic enzymatic digestion and assistance of ultrasound for cell disruption, are also reviewed.
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Moreda-Piñeiro J, Alonso-Rodríguez E, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Fernández-Fernández E, Prada-Rodríguez D, Moreda-Piñeiro A, Bermejo-Barrera A, Bermejo-Barrera P. Pressurized liquid extraction as a novel sample pre-treatment for trace element leaching from biological material. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 572:172-9. [PMID: 17723475 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), commonly used for organic compounds extraction, has been applied for trace element leaching from marine biological material in order to determine major and trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mn, Pb, Se, Sr, V and Zn). The released elements by formic acid PLE have been evaluated by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Different variables, such as formic acid concentration, extraction temperature, static time, extraction steps, pressure, mean particle size and diatomaceous earth (DE) mass/sample mass ratio were simultaneously studied by applying an experimental design approach (Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and central composite design (CCD)). Results showed that the extraction temperature was statistically significant (confidence interval of 95%) for most of the elements (high metal releasing was achieved at high temperatures). In addition, formic acid concentration was also statistically significant (confidence interval of 95%) for metals such as Cd and Cu. Most of the metals can be extracted using the same PLE operating conditions (formic acid concentration of 1.0 M, extraction temperature at 125 degrees C, static time of 5 min, one extraction step, extraction pressure at 500 psi and DE mass/sample mass ratio of 2). Taking in mind PLE requirements at the optimised operating conditions (125 degrees C), a time of 6 min is needed to pre-heat the cell. Therefore, the PLE assisted multi-element leaching is completed after 12 min. Analytical performances, such as limits of detection and quantification, repeatability of the over-all procedure and accuracy, by analysing GBW-08571, DORM-2, DOLT-3 and TORT-2 certified reference materials, were finally assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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Sensitive Determination of Lead by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Improved with Branched Capillary as Hydride Generator and Without Phase Separation. Mikrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-006-0489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Moreda-Piñeiro A, Bermejo-Barrera P, Bermejo-Barrera A. Chemometric investigation of systematic error in the analysis of biological materials by flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Felipe-Sotelo M, Carlosena A, Andrade J, Cal-Prieto M, Fernández E, Prada D. Slurry-based procedures to determine chromium, nickel and vanadium in complex matrices by ETAAS. Microchem J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Capelo JL, Maduro C, Vilhena C. Discussion of parameters associated with the ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction for elemental analysis (total content) by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. An overview. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2005; 12:225-232. [PMID: 15491886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2003.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/22/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction (USLE) of trace metals from biological and environmental samples and its subsequent quantification by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS) is nowadays an emerging methodology in the analytical laboratory. However, this methodology is far from maturity as can be readily demonstrated from the controversial data reported by different workers. In the light of our own experience and a survey of published data, a general approach for USLE-ET-AAS is discussed, taking into account the different variables which affect ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction, namely, the ultrasonic device chosen for ultrasonic extraction (e.g. ultrasonic bath or ultrasonic probe), particle size, acid concentration, sonication time and sonication amplitude, sample mass and analyte-matrix binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Capelo
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico de Lisboa, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Torre Sul. 11 Andar, Avda. Rovisco Pais s/n, 1040-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Development of a slurry-extraction procedure for direct determination of cobalt by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in complex environmental samples. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Aleixo PC, Júnior DS, Tomazelli AC, Rufini IA, Berndt H, Krug FJ. Cadmium and lead determination in foods by beam injection flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after ultrasound-assisted sample preparation. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Peña-Farfal C, Moreda-Piñeiro A, Bermejo-Barrera A, Bermejo-Barrera P, Pinochet-Cancino H, de Gregori-Henríquez I. Ultrasound Bath-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis Procedures as Sample Pretreatment for the Multielement Determination in Mussels by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2004; 76:3541-7. [PMID: 15228323 DOI: 10.1021/ac049903r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound energy has been applied to speed up enzymatic hydrolysis processes of mussel tissue in order to determine trace and ultratrace elements (As, Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn). The element releases, by action of three proteases (pepsin, pancreatin, trypsin), lipase, and alpha-amylase, have been evaluated by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Different variables such as pH, sonication temperature, ionic strength, hydrolysis time, ultrasound frequency, extracting volume, and enzyme mass were simultaneously studied by applying an experimental design approach (Plackett-Burman design and central composite design). Results showed that the hydrolysis time was statistically nonsignificant (confidence interval of 95%) for most of the elements and enzymes, meaning that the hydrolysis procedure can be finished within a 30-60-min range. These hydrolysis times are far shorter than those obtained when using thermostatic cameras, between 12 and 24 h. Statistically significant factors were the ultrasound frequency (the highest metals releasing at high-ultrasound frequency), pH, sonication temperature, and ionic strength. All metals can be extracted using the same operating conditions (pH of 1.0 and sodium chloride at 1.0% for pepsin; pH of 7.5, temperature at 37 degrees C, and 0.4 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate/potassium hydrogen phosphate buffer for amylase; pH of 8.0 and 0.5 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate/potassium hydrogen phosphate buffer for pancreatin; pH of 5.0 and 0.5 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate/potassium hydrogen phosphate buffer for lipase; pH of 8.0 and 0.2 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate/potassium hydrogen phosphate buffer for trypsin). Analytical performances, such as limits of detection and quantification, repeatability of the overall procedure, and accuracy, by analyzing DORM-1, DORM-2, and TORT-1 certified reference materials, were finally assessed for each enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Peña-Farfal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. das Ciencias, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Capelo-Martı́nez J, Ximénez-Embún P, Madrid Y, Cámara C. Advanced oxidation processes for sample treatment in atomic spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(04)00401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Capelo JL, Ximénez-Embún P, Madrid-Albarrán Y, Cámara C. Enzymatic Probe Sonication: Enhancement of Protease-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Selenium Bound to Proteins in Yeast. Anal Chem 2003; 76:233-7. [PMID: 14697056 DOI: 10.1021/ac034871d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the dramatic activity enhancement of two proteolytic enzymes (protease XIV and subtilisin) when treated with an ultrasonic probe and their application to total Se determination and Se speciation in biological samples. Total Se extraction from enriched yeast is performed with 10 mg of yeast plus 1 mg of protease with a sonication time of 5 s, whereas 30 s is needed for extracting selenomethionine. In both cases, aqueous media was used. This spectacular finding is important because the enzymatic procedure usually requires a long treatment period at 37 degrees C. In addition to this major advantage, no control temperature is needed and the risk of species interconversion is drastically reduced or inhibited (the same Se species were detected after different sonication times). Moreover, the extraction is performed in water, minimizing contamination risk and without further pH adjustment. The new sample treatment proposed has been successfully applied to selenium speciation in yeast using chromatographic separation (HPLC) coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Capelo
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico de Lisboa, Avda Rovisco Pais, s/n, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
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On-line determination of manganese in solid seafood samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sanchez C, Ericsson M, Carlsson H, Colmsjö A, Dyremark E. Dynamic sonication-assisted solvent extraction of organophosphate esters in air samples. J Chromatogr A 2002; 957:227-34. [PMID: 12113345 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new system for extracting solid samples based on dynamic sonication-assisted solvent extraction (DSASE) is described. The technique is highly efficient with respect to both time and solvent consumption. In tests reported here, organophosphate esters were extracted from air sampling filters in 3 min with an extraction volume of 600 microL of solvent. Furthermore, it was possible to replace a previously used chlorinated solvent with a halogen-free solvent mixture. The sample was placed in a cartridge through which fresh solvent was pumped continuously. A restrictor connected to the outlet of the cartridge allowed the system to be used at a temperature of 70 degrees C without reaching the boiling point of the solvent. Both spiked and non-spiked native samples were used for the evaluation, which clearly revealed a stronger analyte-matrix interaction in native samples. The DSASE technique was shown to recover larger amounts of organophosphate esters from native samples, compared to a static method. DSASE was applied to air samples collected in a lecture hall and from above a computer monitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sanchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden
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