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Chipangura YE, Spindler BD, Bühlmann P, Stein A. Design Criteria for Nanostructured Carbon Materials as Solid Contacts for Ion-Selective Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309778. [PMID: 38105339 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability to miniaturize ion-selective sensors that enable microsensor arrays and wearable sensor patches for ion detection in environmental or biological samples requires all-solid-state sensors with solid contacts for transduction of an ion activity into an electrical signal. Nanostructured carbon materials function as effective solid contacts for this purpose. They can also contribute to improved potential signal stability, reducing the need for frequent sensor calibration. In this Perspective, the structural features of various carbon-based solid contacts described in the literature and their respective abilities to reduce potential drift during long-term, continuous measurements are compared. These carbon materials include nanoporous carbons with various architectures, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphene, and graphite-based solid contacts. The effects of accessibility of ionophores, ionic sites, and other components of an ion-selective membrane to the internal or external carbon surfaces are discussed, because this impacts double-layer capacitance and potential drift. The effects of carbon composition on water-layer formation are also considered, which is another contributor to potential drift during long-term measurements. Recommendations regarding the selection of solid contacts and considerations for their characterization and testing in solid-contact ion-selective electrodes are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevedzo E Chipangura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Brian D Spindler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
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Shao Y, Ying Y, Ping J. Recent advances in solid-contact ion-selective electrodes: functional materials, transduction mechanisms, and development trends. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4405-4465. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the design and applications of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Shao
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yibin Ying
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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Hu J, Stein A, Bühlmann P. Rational design of all-solid-state ion-selective electrodes and reference electrodes. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Li F, Ye J, Zhou M, Gan S, Zhang Q, Han D, Niu L. All-solid-state potassium-selective electrode using graphene as the solid contact. Analyst 2012; 137:618-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15705a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fierke MA, Lai CZ, Bühlmann P, Stein A. Effects of architecture and surface chemistry of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous carbon solid contacts on performance of ion-selective electrodes. Anal Chem 2010; 82:680-8. [PMID: 20000696 PMCID: PMC2832318 DOI: 10.1021/ac902222n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the architecture and surface chemistry of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) carbon solid contacts on the properties of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) were examined. Infiltration of the plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane into the pores of the carbon created a large interfacial area between the sensing membrane and the solid contact, as shown by cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) and elemental analysis. This large interfacial area, along with the high capacitance of the 3DOM carbon solid contacts (as determined by cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) results in an excellent long-term stability of the potentiometric response, with drifts as low as 11.7 muV/h. The comparison of 3DOM carbon solid contacts with an untemplated carbon solid contact shows that the pore structure is an essential feature for the excellent electrode performance. However, the surface chemistry of the 3DOM carbon cannot be ignored. While there is no evidence for an aqueous layer forming between the sensing membrane and unoxidized 3DOM carbon, electrodes based on oxidized 3DOM carbon exhibit potentiometric responses with the typical hysteresis indicative of a water layer. A comparison of the different techniques to characterize the solid contacts confirms that constant-current charge-discharge experiments offer an intriguing approach to assess the long-term stability of solid-contact ISEs but shows that their results need to be interpreted with care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Fierke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Chun-Ze Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Abstract
AbstractIn this review (with 500 refs), both electrochemistry and electroanalysis with carbon paste-based electrodes, sensors, and detectors are of interest, when attention is focused on the research activities in the years of new millennium. Concerned are all important aspects of the field, from fundamental investigations with carbon paste as the electrode material, via laboratory examination of the first electrode prototypes, basic and advanced studies of various electrode processes and other phenomena, up to practical applications to the determination of inorganic ions, complexes, and molecules. The latter is presented in a series of extensive tables, offering a nearly complete survey of methods published within the period of 2001–2008. Finally, the latest trends and outstanding achievements are also outlined and future prospects given.
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Górski L, Matusevich A, Pietrzak M, Wang L, Meyerhoff ME, Malinowska E. Influence of Inner Transducer Properties on EMF Response and Stability of Solid-Contact Anion Selective Membrane Electrodes Based on Metalloporphyrin Ionophores. J Solid State Electrochem 2009; 13:157-164. [PMID: 20357903 PMCID: PMC2847300 DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The performance of solid-contact/coated wire type electrodes with plasticized PVC membranes containing metalloporphyrins as anion selective ionophores is reported. The membranes are deposited on transducers based on graphite pastes and graphite rods. The hydrophobicity of the underlying conductive transducer surface is found to be a key factor that influences the formation of an aqueous layer beneath the polymer film. Elimination of this ill-defined water layer greatly improves the electrochemical properties of the ion-sensors, such as EMF stability and life-time. Only highly lipophilic electrode substrates, namely graphite paste with mineral oil, were shown to prevent the formation of aqueous layer underneath the ion-sensing membrane. The possibility of employing Co(III)-tetraphenylporphyrin both as NO(2) (-) selective ionophore and as electron/ion conducting species to ensure ion-to-electron translation was also discussed based on the results of preliminary experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Górski
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical, Chemistry, 00-664 Warsaw, POLAND
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Švancara I, Vytřas K, Kalcher K, Walcarius A, Wang J. Carbon Paste Electrodes in Facts, Numbers, and Notes: A Review on the Occasion of the 50-Years Jubilee of Carbon Paste in Electrochemistry and Electroanalysis. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Vigassy T, Huber CG, Wintringer R, Pretsch E. Monolithic capillary-based ion-selective electrodes. Anal Chem 2007; 77:3966-70. [PMID: 15987098 DOI: 10.1021/ac050424h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)-based monolithic capillaries of an inner diameter of 200 mum and a length of 2-5 mm have been used to construct Ca2+-, Ag+-, and Na+-selective electrodes. The membranes consist of a solution of ionophore and ion exchanger in bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate or 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether, which are used as plasticizers in conventional PVC-based membranes. With capillaries of low porosity, the potentiometric responses down to 10(-8)-10(-9) M solutions do not depend on the composition of the internal solution, which indicates a strong suppression of transmembrane ion fluxes. Thus, no tedious optimization of the inner solution is required with monolith ISEs. The lower detection limits of Ag+- and Ca2+-ISEs are comparable to the best ones obtained earlier with optimized inner solutions. Additionally, a monolithic Na+-selective ISE has been obtained exhibiting a lower detection limit of 3 x 10(-8) M Na+. With monolithic capillaries of higher porosity and fused-silica GC capillaries, the transmembrane flux effects are noticeable but still significantly smaller than with conventional PVC membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Vigassy
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Dorsett LP, Mulcahy DE. Determination of Tartrate Ion Activity Using a Commercial Selectrode™. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032717808082225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ionescu MS, Cosofret VV, Panaitescu T, Costescu M. Determination of Inorganic and Organic Thiophosphates with Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718008077993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mellor TJ, Haskard M, Mulcahy DE. A Teflon-Graphite Ion-Selective Probe with Integrated Electronics. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718208064445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Tymecki Ł, Jakubowska M, Achmatowicz S, Koncki R, Głąb S. POTENTIOMETRIC THICK-FILM GRAPHITE ELECTRODES WITH IMPROVED RESPONSE TO COPPER IONS. ANAL LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/al-100002705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Nolan MA, Tan SH, Kounaves SP. Fabrication and Characterization of a Solid State Reference Electrode for Electroanalysis of Natural Waters with Ultramicroelectrodes. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac961020f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
| | - Sandie H. Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155
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Puig D, Ruzgas T, Emnéus J, Gorton L, Marko-Varga G, Barceló D. Characterization of tyrosinase-teflon/graphite composite electrodes for the determination of catechol in environmental analysis. ELECTROANAL 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140081007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Miyahara Y, Yamashita K, Ozawa S, Watanabe Y. Shift and drift of electromotive forces of solid-state electrodes with ion-selective liquid membranes. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(96)00165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tercier ML, Buffle J. In situ voltammetric measurements in natural waters: Future prospects and challenges. ELECTROANAL 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140050303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jermann R, Tercier ML, Buffle J. Pressure insensitive solid state reference electrode for in-situ voltammetric measurements in lake water. Anal Chim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(92)85132-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zelenka L, Sak-Bosnar M, Marek N, Kovacs B. Titration of Anionic Surfactants Using a New Potentiometric Sensor. ANAL LETT 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718908052395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Nikolskii B, Materova E. Solid Contact in Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes. ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE REVIEWS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-034150-7.50005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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East G, Da Silva I. Differential electrolytic potentiometry with ion-selective electrodes for end-point detection in compleximetric titrations of mercury(II), copper(II), nickel(II) and bismuth(III). Anal Chim Acta 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)83179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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East G, Da Silva I. Direct potentiometry and potentiometric titration of mercury(II) with solid-state ion-selective electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)85151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Analysis of Ionic Surfactants in the Detergent Industry Using Ion-Selective Electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-029692-0.50004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Effect of Solvent on Potentials of Cells with Ion-Selective Electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-029692-0.50007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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Kupferberg J, Yokoyama S, Kézdy F. The kinetics of the phospholipase A2-catalyzed hydrolysis of Egg phosphatidylcholine in unilamellar vesicles. Product inhibition and its relief by serum albumin. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Analytical Control of Drug-Type Substances with Membrane Electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-028434-7.50009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Hwang T, Cheng H. Nitrate ion-selective electrodes based on complexes of 2,2'-bipyridine and related compounds as ion exchangers. Anal Chim Acta 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)85018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Behaviour of membrane graphite electrodes in potentiometric titration of bases and reducing substances in acetic acid media. Anal Chim Acta 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)84051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kuroda R, Yoshikuni N. The application of an ion-exchange resin—graphite paste electrode in compleximetric titrations. Anal Chim Acta 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)83138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Van Der Meer J, Den Boef G, Van Der Linden W. The micro determination of copper(II) with a solid-state copper-selective electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)84697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The behaviour of silver phosphate as the electroactive sensor in a phosphate-sensitive electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)82978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Thermodynamics of solid-state connected ion-sensitive membrane electrodes: The silver-silver chloride system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(76)80044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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The suitability of various calcium electrodes based on metal salts of di-(n-octylphenyl)phosphoric acid and some derivatives for the measurement of calcium in sea water. Anal Chim Acta 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)84969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Anfält T, Graneli A, Jagner D. Potentiometric gas sensors for ammonia based on ion-selective electrodes for silver (1), copper (11) and mercury-(11). Anal Chim Acta 1975; 76:253-9. [PMID: 1147276 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)85396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Cattrall R, Drew D, Hamilton I. Some alkylphosphoric acid esters for use in coated-wire calcium-selective electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)85398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Van Der Meer J, Den Boef G, Van Der Linden W. Solid-state ion-selective electrodes as end-point detectors in ompleximetric titrations. Anal Chim Acta 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)85397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sapio JP, Colaruotolo J, Bobbitt J. A universal ion-selective electrode based on graphite paste. Anal Chim Acta 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)82892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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