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Esfandiari N, Aliofkhazraei M. Advances in the determination of trace amounts of iron cations through electrochemical methods: A comprehensive review of principles and their limits of detection. Talanta 2024; 277:126365. [PMID: 38964047 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Quantification of trace amounts of iron is of great importance in various fields. In the industrial sector, it is crucial to monitor the release of iron out of corrosion, pickling treatment, and steel manufacturing to address potential environmental and economic challenges. In biological systems, despite its indispensability, it is essential to maintain iron concentration below a specific threshold. Electrochemical (EC) methods provide significant analytical capabilities due to their simplicity, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness. This review focuses on the fundamental principles of EC methods for iron detection, including potentiometry, amperometry, coulometry, voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It further explains the process of obtaining calibration curves, and subsequently, determining the concentration of unknown ions. Additionally, technical notes are presented on selecting the initial signal value, reducing the duration of tests, excluding non-faradaic signals, and extending the linear region with the lowest detection limit. These notes are supported by key findings from relevant case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeemeh Esfandiari
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-143, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Aliofkhazraei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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Dayanidhi K, Sheik Eusuff N. Distinctive detection of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ by biosurfactant capped silver nanoparticles via naked eye colorimetric sensing. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01342d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Distinctive detection of Fe2+ and Fe3+via naked eye colorimetic sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaivani Dayanidhi
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak College (Autonomous)
- Affiliated to University of Madras
- Velachery
- Chennai
| | - Noorjahan Sheik Eusuff
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak College (Autonomous)
- Affiliated to University of Madras
- Velachery
- Chennai
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Sun H, Kocaefe D, Bhattacharyay D, Kocaefe Y, Côté J, Coulombe P. Colorimetric Methods for Determining Fe, V, and Ni Contents in Coke and Anodes. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201800205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Sun
- University of Quebec at ChicoutimiUQAC Research Chair on Industrial Materials (CHIMI) 555, boul. de l'Université G7H 2B1 Chicoutimi (Quebec) Canada
| | - Duygu Kocaefe
- University of Quebec at ChicoutimiUQAC Research Chair on Industrial Materials (CHIMI) 555, boul. de l'Université G7H 2B1 Chicoutimi (Quebec) Canada
| | - Dipankar Bhattacharyay
- University of Quebec at ChicoutimiUQAC Research Chair on Industrial Materials (CHIMI) 555, boul. de l'Université G7H 2B1 Chicoutimi (Quebec) Canada
| | - Yasar Kocaefe
- University of Quebec at ChicoutimiUQAC Research Chair on Industrial Materials (CHIMI) 555, boul. de l'Université G7H 2B1 Chicoutimi (Quebec) Canada
| | - Jules Côté
- University of Quebec at ChicoutimiUQAC Research Chair on Industrial Materials (CHIMI) 555, boul. de l'Université G7H 2B1 Chicoutimi (Quebec) Canada
| | - Patrick Coulombe
- University of Quebec at ChicoutimiUQAC Research Chair on Industrial Materials (CHIMI) 555, boul. de l'Université G7H 2B1 Chicoutimi (Quebec) Canada
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Martins CA, Ibrahim OA, Pei P, Kjeang E. In situ decoration of metallic catalysts in flow-through electrodes: Application of Fe/Pt/C for glycerol oxidation in a microfluidic fuel cell. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Siebert KJ. Brewing Laboratory Automation. A Review with Special Emphasis on the Use of Microcomputers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-40-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kozak J, Paluch J, Węgrzecka A, Kozak M, Wieczorek M, Kochana J, Kościelniak P. Single peak parameters technique for simultaneous measurements: Spectrophotometric sequential injection determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III). Talanta 2016; 148:626-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Omrani A, Rostami AA, Emamgholizadeh A. Electrocatalytically active nanocomposite carbon paste electrode modified with SiO2/poly (P-phenylendiamine) core/shell nanoparticles: application toward electro-oxidation of hydrazine. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kozak J, Gutowski J, Kozak M, Wieczorek M, Kościelniak P. New method for simultaneous determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III) in water using flow injection technique. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 668:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mulaudzi LV, van Staden JF, Stefan RI. On-line determination of iron(II) and iron(III) using a spectrophotometric sequential injection system. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yan XP, Hendry MJ, Kerrich R. Speciation of dissolved iron(III) and iron(II) in water by on-line coupling of flow injection separation and preconcentration with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2000; 72:1879-84. [PMID: 10784157 DOI: 10.1021/ac9909655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the speciation of trace dissolved Fe(II) and Fe(II) in water by on-line coupling of flow injection separation and preconcentration with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Selective determination of Fe(III) in the presence of Fe(II) was made possible by on-line formation and sorption of the Fe(III)-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate (PDC) complex in a PTFE knotted reactor over a sample acidity range of 0.07-0.4 mol L(-1) HCl, elution with 1 mol L(-1) HNO3, and detection by ICPMS. Over a sample acidity range of 0.001-0.004 mol L(-1) HCl, the sum of Fe(III) and Fe(II), i.e., Fe(III + II), could be determined without the need for preoxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III). The concentration of Fe(II) was obtained as the difference between those of Fe(III + II) and Fe(III). With a sample flow rate of 5 mL min(-1) and a 30-s preconcentration time, an enhancement factor of 12, a retention efficiency of 80%, and a detection limit (3s) of 0.08 microg L(-1) were obtained at a sampling frequency of 21 samples h(-1). The relative standard deviation (n = 11) was 2.9% at the 10 microg L(-1) Fe(III) level. Recoveries of spiked Fe(III) and Fe(II) in local tap water, river water, and groundwater samples ranged from 95% to 103%. The concentrations of Fe(III) and Fe(II) in synthetic aqueous mixtures obtained by the proposed method were in good agreement with the spiked values. The result for total iron concentration in the river water reference material SLRS-3 was in good agreement with the certified value. The method was successfully applied to the determination of trace dissolved Fe(III) and Fe(II) in local tap water, river water, and groundwater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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PERÄMÄKI P, KUMPUMÄKI M, VÄLIMÄKI I, HEIKKINEN R. Preliminary Studies of Iron Speciation (Fe2+ and Fe3+) in Peat Samples Using Polarography. ANAL SCI 2000. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.16.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Simultaneous determination of traces of iron(II) and iron(III) using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry in a flow-through configuration on a glassy carbon electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Simultaneous flow injection determination of iron(II) and iron(III) with opto-electrochemical detection. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Flow injection-assisted optical sensor for determination of iron(II) and iron(III) in natural water. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Determination of Fe(II)-Fe(III) and Fe(III)-Ni(II) by the two-component potentiometric complexometric titration. Anal Bioanal Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00321690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Endo M, Sasaki I, Abe S. Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of iron oxidation states in geological materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00322872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Powell FE, Fogg AG. Dynamic response characteristics of an impinging-jet amperometric detector. ELECTROANAL 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140020608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Müller H, Müller V, Hansen EH. Simultaneous differential rate determination of iron(II) and iron(III) by flow-injection analysis. Anal Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)82768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Růžička J, Hansen EH. The first decade of flow injection analysis: from serial assay to diagnostic tool. Anal Chim Acta 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)84452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Simultaneous determination of iron(II) and iron(III) in aqueous solution by kinetic spectrophotometry with tiron. Anal Chim Acta 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)85235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lazaro F, De Castro M, Valcarcel M. Sequential and differential catalytic-fluorimetric determination of manganese and iron by flow injection analysis. Anal Chim Acta 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)86216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Catalytic-fluorimetric determination of EDTA and iron(III) by flow injection analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00487082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Faizulah AT, Townsend A. Application of reducing column for metal speciation by flow injection analysis. Anal Chim Acta 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)84424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
Flow injection analysis-atomic absorption (FIA-AA) determination of zinc in human serum samples is demonstrated. The same samples were analyzed for zinc by conventional atomic absorption spectrometry and no significant difference was found between the two methods. Proteins were precipitated from samples by adding equal volumes of 25% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid and 100-microliter aliquots of the protein-free-filtrate were injected. Precision was +/-3.47% relative standard deviation. The frequency of measurements can be as high as 180 per hour. No pump was used, only the negative pressure from the nebulizer was utilized to aspirate the carrier stream. Simple 1:5 dilution of sample with water, followed by FIA-AA measurements, gave higher zinc levels. The effect of sample volume and the length of dispersion coil on the FIA signal was studied.
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Burguera J, Burguera M. Flow injection spectrophotometry followed by atomic Absorption spectrometry for the determination of iron(II) and total iron. Anal Chim Acta 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)85810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Reijn J, Van Der Linden W, Poppe H. Transport phenomena in flow injection analysis without chemical reaction. Anal Chim Acta 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)83923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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