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Suturović ZJ, Kravić SŽ, Stojanović ZS, Đurović AD, Brezo-Borjan TŽ. Potentiometric Stripping Analysis of Cadmium and Lead with Constant Inverse Current in the Analytical Step Using an Open Tubular Mercury-Coated Glassy Carbon Electrode. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:3579176. [PMID: 31061740 PMCID: PMC6466918 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3579176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The most important experimental parameters of the flow potentiometric stripping analysis (PSA) with oxygen as an oxidant were investigated and optimised. A simple, homemade flow system consisting of glassy carbon tubes, which served as a working and auxiliary electrode, was used. By applying a rest period before the stripping step (the flow stop mode) and by imposing a constant reductive current simultaneously with the interruption of potentiostatic control, significant increase of the flow PSA sensitivity was achieved. In the determination of cadmium and lead, quantitation limits of 0.11 and 0.82 μg/L were obtained. The precision of the method was evaluated in terms of repeatability and reproducibility, with values of relative standard deviation lower than 4.0% for cadmium and 4.2% for lead. This modified technique was applied for simultaneous determination of cadmium and lead in milk, after a simple pretreatment of the samples by dilution and acidification. The method accuracy was confirmed by analysing the certified reference material of skimmed milk powder (ERM-BD151).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvonimir J. Suturović
- Department of Applied and Engineering Chemistry, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Snežana Ž. Kravić
- Department of Applied and Engineering Chemistry, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Zorica S. Stojanović
- Department of Applied and Engineering Chemistry, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Ana D. Đurović
- Department of Applied and Engineering Chemistry, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Tanja Ž. Brezo-Borjan
- Department of Applied and Engineering Chemistry, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
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Holubowitch NE, Omosebi A, Gao X, Landon J, Liu K. Membrane-free electrochemical deoxygenation of aqueous solutions using symmetric activated carbon electrodes in flow-through cells. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Whang CW, Tsai WL. Analysis of Triorganotin Compounds by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Reverse-Pulse Amperometric Detection. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.198900028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Luyckx G, Ceulemans J. Deoxygenation, Deaeration and Degassing: A Survey and Evaluation of Methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19870960214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Legeai S, Bois S, Vittori O. A copper bismuth film electrode for adsorptive cathodic stripping analysis of trace nickel using square wave voltammetry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Legeai S, Vittori O. A Cu/Nafion/Bi electrode for on-site monitoring of trace heavy metals in natural waters using anodic stripping voltammetry: An alternative to mercury-based electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Legeai S, Soropogui K, Cretinon M, Vittori O, Heeren De Oliveira A, Barbier F, Grenier-Loustalot MF. Economic bismuth-film microsensor for anodic stripping analysis of trace heavy metals using differential pulse voltammetry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:839-47. [PMID: 16215756 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Stripping analysis has been widely recognised as a powerful tool in trace metal analysis. Its remarkable sensitivity is attributed to the combination of a preconcentration step coupled with pulse measurements that generate an extremely high signal-to-background ratio. Mercury-based electrodes have traditionally been used to achieve high reproducibility and sensitivity in the stripping technique. Because of the toxicity of mercury, however, new alternative electrode materials are highly desired, particularly for on-site monitoring. Use of thin films of bismuth deposited on platinum or glassy-carbon substrates has recently been proposed as a possible alternative to mercury--bismuth is "environmentally friendly", of low toxicity, and is in widespread pharmaceutical use. In this paper the preparation of economic bismuth-film microelectrodes by electrodeposition on a copper substrate and their application to heavy metal analysis are described. Bismuth-film electrodes were prepared by potentiostatic electrodeposition. Optimum conditions for chemical and electrochemical deposition to obtain an adherent, reproducible, and robust deposit were determined. The suitability of such microelectrodes for analysis of heavy metals was evaluated by anodic stripping voltammetry of cadmium. The analytical performance of bismuth-film electrodes for anodic stripping voltammetry of heavy metals was evaluated for non-deaerated solutions containing Cd2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ ions. Well-defined peaks with low background current were obtained by use of differential pulse voltammetry. Linear calibration plots were obtained for Cd2+ in acidified tap water at concentrations ranging from 2 x 10(-8) to 1 x 10(-7) mol L(-1) and from 1 x 10(-7) to 1 x 10(-6) mol L(-1) with relative standard deviations of 5% (n = 15) at the 1 x 10(-7) mol L(-1) level. The method was then successfully used to monitor the Cd2+ content of plant extracts and validated by polarographic and ICP-MS measurements. These results open the possibility of using bismuth-coated copper electrodes as an alternative to mercury-based electrodes for analysis of heavy metals. The main problem remaining, which prevents on-site monitoring of heavy metals, is the need to use slightly acidic media, because formation of bismuth hydroxide on the film surface above pH 4.3 leads to non-reproducible measurements. Further experiments will be performed to discover whether electrode conditioning can be used to enable reproducible measurement in on-site monitoring of cadmium in natural waters. Moreover, further study should be conducted to evaluate the potential of BiFE for analysis of several pollutants of interest that are usually determined electrochemically by using mercury-based electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Legeai
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Analytique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Wang J, Lu J, Luo D, Wang J, Mian Jiang, and, Tian B, Olsen K. Renewable-Reagent Electrochemical Sensor for Monitoring Trace Metal Contaminants. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970022c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Jianmin Lu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Dengbai Luo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Jianyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Mian Jiang, and
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Baomin Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Khris Olsen
- Environmental Sciences Department, Batelle PNL, Richland, Washington 99352
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Chai XS, Danielsson LG. Approaches to in-line removal of dissolved oxygen in flow systems for process analysis. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(96)00220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Walcarius A, Lumberts L, Derouane EG. Cation determination in aqueous solution using the methyl viologen-doped zeolite-modified carbon paste electrode. ELECTROANAL 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140070205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Omanović D, Peharec Ž, Magjer T, Lovrić M, Branica M. Wall-Jet electrode system for anodic stripping voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Beinrohr E, N�meth M, Tsch�pel P, T�lg G. Anodic stripping coulometry with collection for absolute trace analysis of lead, using flow-through electrochemical cells with porous working electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00325121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Flow injection potentiometric stripping analysis and potentiometric stripping coulometry. Mikrochim Acta 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01202911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang J, Greene B. Characteristics of a flow cell for the determination of arsenic(III) by stripping voltammetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(83)80546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pratt KW, Johnson DC. The vibrating wire electrode as an amperometric detector for flow-injection systems. Anal Chim Acta 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)85156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang J, Dewald HD, Greene B. Anodic stripping voltammetry of heavy metals with a flow injection system. Anal Chim Acta 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)80591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hanekamp H, Bos P, Vittori O. The applicability of phase-sensitive alternating current measurements in flow-through detection. Anal Chim Acta 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)93545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Flow-through coulometric stripping analysis and the determination of manganese by cathodic stripping voltammetry. Anal Chim Acta 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)83924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Do Duc H. An experimental study of mass transfer to ring ? disc jet electrode. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00617214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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