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Reginald SS, Kim MJ, Lee H, Fazil N, Choi S, Oh S, Seo J, Chang IS. Direct Electrical Contact of NAD+/NADH-Dependent Dehydrogenase on Electrode Surface Enabled by Non-Native Solid-Binding Peptide as a Molecular Binder. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Bollella P, Katz E. Enzyme-Based Biosensors: Tackling Electron Transfer Issues. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3517. [PMID: 32575916 PMCID: PMC7349488 DOI: 10.3390/s20123517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the fundamentals of the phenomenon of electron transfer (ET) reactions occurring in redox enzymes that were widely employed for the development of electroanalytical devices, like biosensors, and enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs). A brief introduction on the ET observed in proteins/enzymes and its paradigms (e.g., classification of ET mechanisms, maximal distance at which is observed direct electron transfer, etc.) are given. Moreover, the theoretical aspects related to direct electron transfer (DET) are resumed as a guideline for newcomers to the field. Snapshots on the ET theory formulated by Rudolph A. Marcus and on the mathematical model used to calculate the ET rate constant formulated by Laviron are provided. Particular attention is devoted to the case of glucose oxidase (GOx) that has been erroneously classified as an enzyme able to transfer electrons directly. Thereafter, all tools available to investigate ET issues are reported addressing the discussions toward the development of new methodology to tackle ET issues. In conclusion, the trends toward upcoming practical applications are suggested as well as some directions in fundamental studies of bioelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, NY 13699-5810, USA;
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Siri JGS, Fernando CAN, De Silva SNT. Nanotechnology and Protection of Intellectual Property: Emerging Trends. RECENT PATENTS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 14:307-327. [PMID: 32532198 DOI: 10.2174/1872210514666200612174317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technology experts foresee that nanotechnology is the next industrial revolution and it has great potential to bring solutions to many challenges of global relevance in terms of a diverse range of applications. Efficiency-driven economies are transforming into innovation-driven economies where Intellectual Property (IP) plays a pivotal role in achieving a competitive advantage. Whereas industry analysts assert that IP roadblocks will be a severe detriment to the development of nanotechnology due to infringements and high-profile patent battles. Various authors have made a significant effort to analyse the implications of IP on nanotechnology but most of the published literature covers only the years 2000- 2010. Data and insights pertaining to recent developments are lagging behind. Therefore, the objective of this review was to explore cutting-edge empirical evidence towards emerging trends of Intellectual Property protection in nanotechnology, thereby to provide insights aimed at unleashing the full potential of nanotechnology innovation for socio-economic advantage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patent information over the period 2000 to 2018 was collated and analysed to determine the latest trends. To gain a global perspective, nanotechnology patents issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and nanotechnology patents published in the 'PatentScope' of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) were surveyed along with literature in relation to nanotechnology commercialization and litigation. RESULTS Our study revealed that worldwide protection of Intellectual Property in nanotechnology has steadily been increasing year-on-year accounting 3.3 million patent applications filed in 2018 in which China and U.S. are dominating. The other main contributors are Japan, Germany Republic of Korea, France and U.K. Asia has emerged as the single region to file more than half of total filings for the first time thus shifting global IP landscape from Europe to Asia. Another notable finding is that there is a significant growth in trademark registration in many of the leading economies. Top five technology fields with high international patenting activity are computer technology, medical technology, digital communication, electrical machinery and pharmaceuticals where computer technology is dominating. More than 90% of the total patents are granted on materials, devices and processes developed as basic building blocks of nanotechnology at laboratory level which sound as more downstream innovations in the short-term. Amid the upward trends in nanotechnology patenting, newly emerging obstacles pose risks to innovation. A key finding of the present study is that the increasing trend of patent litigation almost follows the same path of patent grants indicating a positive correlation. A global prominence of middle-income and low-income countries in patent filing is yet to emerge which foreshadows an IP divide. DISCUSSIONS A secondary market for patent assets is pronounced with many new types of players leading to a high cost of patenting nanotechnology. These trends foreshadow a surge of patent filings in the years to come and.the patent offices will be confronted with that 'surge' of patent applications of increased complexity and multidisciplinary nature..Patent offices with inadequate efficacy will ultimately produce lowquality patents along with a difficulty to enter into markets and will facilitate exploiting of the IP legal systems to extract rewards for infringement without contributing to innovation or social prosperity of nations. CONCLUSION Insights and recommendations given in this paper will enable nanotechnology researchers, inventors, technopreneurs and investors to understand recent trends and global perspectives on implications of IP in nanotechnology and intensifying IP battle thereby to contemplate and succeed in their roadmaps towards leveraging on nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothiratna G S Siri
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka
| | - Chakrawarthige A N Fernando
- Department of Nano Science Technology, Faculty of Technology, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka
| | - Sembukuttige N T De Silva
- Department of Nano Science Technology, Faculty of Technology, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka
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Development of a glucose sensor employing quick and easy modification method with mediator for altering electron acceptor preference. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 121:185-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Clarkson University; Potsdam, NY 13699-5810 USA
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The molten-globule residual structure is critical for reflavination of glucose oxidase. Biophys Chem 2017; 230:74-83. [PMID: 28887045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose oxidase (GOX) is a homodimeric glycoprotein with tightly bound one molecule of FAD cofactor per monomer of the protein. GOX has numerous applications, but the preparation of biotechnologically interesting GOX sensors requires a removal of the native FAD cofactor. This process often leads to unwanted irreversible deflavination and, as a consequence, to the low enzyme recovery. Molecular mechanisms of reversible reflavination are poorly understood; our current knowledge is based only on empiric rules, which is clearly insufficient for further development. To develop conceptual understanding of flavin-binding competent states, we studied the effect of deflavination protocols on conformational properties of GOX. After deflavination, the apoform assembles into soluble oligomers with nearly native-like holoform secondary structure but largely destabilized tertiary structure presumambly due to the packing density defects around the vacant flavin binding site. The reflavination is cooperative but not fully efficient; after the binding the flavin cofactor, the protein directly disassembles into native homodimers while the fraction of oligomers remains irreversibly inactivated. Importantly, the effect of Hofmeister salts on the conformational properties of GOX and reflavination efficiency indicates that the native-like residual tertiary structure in the molten-globule states favorably supports the reflavination and minimizes the inactivated oligomers. We interpret our results by combining the ligand-induced changes in quaternary structure with salt-sensitive, non-equilibrated conformational selection model. In summary, our work provides the very first steps toward molecular understanding the complexity of the GOX reflavination mechanism.
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Kumar-Krishnan S, Guadalupe-Ferreira García M, Prokhorov E, Estevez-González M, Pérez R, Esparza R, Meyyappan M. Synthesis of gold nanoparticles supported on functionalized nanosilica using deep eutectic solvent for an electrochemical enzymatic glucose biosensor. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:7072-7081. [PMID: 32263898 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Engineering of nanoparticle (NP) surfaces offers an effective approach for the development of enzymatic biosensors or microbial fuel cells with a greatly enhanced direct electron transport process. However, lack of control over the surface functionalization process and the operational instability of the immobilized enzymes are serious issues. Herein, we demonstrate a facile and green deep eutectic solvent (DES)-mediated synthetic strategy for efficient amine-surface functionalization of silicon dioxide and to integrate small gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for a glucose biosensor. Owing to the higher viscosity of the DES, it provides uniform surface functionalization and further coupling of the AuNPs on the SiO2 support with improved stability and dispersion. The amine groups of the functionalized Au-SiO2NPs were covalently linked to the FAD-center of glucose oxidase (GOx) through glutaraldehyde as a bifunctional cross-linker, which promotes formation of "electrical wiring" with the immobilized enzymes. The Au-SiO2NP/GOx/GC electrode exhibits direct electron transfer (DET) for sensing of glucose with a sensitivity of 9.69 μA mM-1, a wide linear range from 0.2 to 7 mM and excellent stability. The present green DES-mediated synthetic approach expands the possibilities to support different metal NPs on SiO2 as a potential platform for biosensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar-Krishnan
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico.
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Abdulbari HA, Basheer EAM. Electrochemical Biosensors: Electrode Development, Materials, Design, and Fabrication. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayder A. Abdulbari
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang; Center of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow; Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering; 26300 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - Esmail A. M. Basheer
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang; Center of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow; Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering; 26300 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
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Madhurantakam S, Jayanth Babu K, Balaguru Rayappan JB, Krishnan UM. Fabrication of mediator-free hybrid nano-interfaced electrochemical biosensor for monitoring cancer cell proliferation. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 87:832-841. [PMID: 27657845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucose, a chief energy source in cellular metabolism, has a significant role in cell proliferation. Cancer cells utilize more glucose than normal cells to meet the energy demand arising due to their uncontrolled proliferation. The present work reports the development of a nano-interfaced amperometric biosensor for rapid and accurate monitoring of glucose utilization by cancer cells. A hybrid nano-interface comprising a blend of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene (GR) was employed to enhance the surface area of the working electrode and favour direct electron transfer. Glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized on the interface serves as the sensing element due to its high selectivity and sensitivity towards glucose. Utilization of glucose was monitored at pre-determined time intervals in MiaPaCa-2 cancer cells. The results obtained from the amperometric technique were compared with the values obtained from a commercial glucometer. Alamar blue assay was performed to check the proliferation rate of the cells. A good correlation was obtained between the proliferation rate and glucose utilization. The designed biosensor was found to be unaffected by the presence of potential interferents and hence may serve as a novel in vitro tool to rapidly quantify the proliferation rates of cancer cells in response to different treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasya Madhurantakam
- Centre for Nano Technology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - K Jayanth Babu
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
- Centre for Nano Technology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, India; School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nano Technology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, India.
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Bioelectrocatalytic oxidation of glucose by hexose oxidase directly wired to graphite. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Blaik RA, Lan E, Huang Y, Dunn B. Gold-Coated M13 Bacteriophage as a Template for Glucose Oxidase Biofuel Cells with Direct Electron Transfer. ACS NANO 2016; 10:324-32. [PMID: 26593851 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Glucose oxidase-based biofuel cells are a promising source of alternative energy for small device applications, but still face the challenge of achieving robust electrical contact between the redox enzymes and the current collector. This paper reports on the design of an electrode consisting of glucose oxidase covalently attached to gold nanoparticles that are assembled onto a genetically engineered M13 bacteriophage using EDC-NHS chemistry. The engineered phage is modified at the pIII protein to attach onto a gold substrate and serves as a high-surface-area template. The resulting "nanomesh" architecture exhibits direct electron transfer (DET) and achieves a higher peak current per unit area of 1.2 mA/cm(2) compared to most other DET attachment schemes. The final enzyme surface coverage on the electrode was calculated to be approximately 4.74 × 10(-8) mol/cm(2), which is a significant improvement over most current glucose oxidase (GOx) DET attachment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Blaik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, HSSEAS School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, University of California Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza, 3111 Engineering V, Los Angeles, California 90095-1595, United States
| | - Esther Lan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, HSSEAS School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, University of California Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza, 3111 Engineering V, Los Angeles, California 90095-1595, United States
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, HSSEAS School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, University of California Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza, 3111 Engineering V, Los Angeles, California 90095-1595, United States
| | - Bruce Dunn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, HSSEAS School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, University of California Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza, 3111 Engineering V, Los Angeles, California 90095-1595, United States
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Das P, Das M, Chinnadayyala SR, Singha IM, Goswami P. Recent advances on developing 3rd generation enzyme electrode for biosensor applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 79:386-97. [PMID: 26735873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical biosensor with enzyme as biorecognition element is traditionally pursued as an attractive research topic owing to their high commercial perspective in healthcare and environmental sectors. The research interest on the subject is sharply increased since the beginning of 21st century primarily, due to the concomitant increase in knowledge in the field of material science. The remarkable effects of many advance materials such as, conductive polymers and nanomaterials, were acknowledged in the developing efficient 3rd generation enzyme bioelectrodes which offer superior selectivity, sensitivity, reagent less detection, and label free fabrication of biosensors. The present review article compiles the major knowledge surfaced on the subject since its inception incorporating the key review and experimental papers published during the last decade which extensively cover the development on the redox enzyme based 3rd generation electrochemical biosensors. The tenet involved in the function of these direct electrochemistry based enzyme electrodes, their characterizations and various strategies reported so far for their development such as, nanofabrication, polymer based and reconstitution approaches are elucidated. In addition, the possible challenges and the future prospects in the development of efficient biosensors following this direct electrochemistry based principle are discussed. A comparative account on the design strategies and critical performance factors involved in the 3rd generation biosensors among some selected prominent works published on the subject during last decade have also been included in a tabular form for ready reference to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanki Das
- Centre For Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Madhuri Das
- Centre For Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Somasekhar R Chinnadayyala
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Irom Manoj Singha
- Centre For Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Milton RD, Giroud F, Thumser AE, Minteer SD, Slade RC. Glucose oxidase progressively lowers bilirubin oxidase bioelectrocatalytic cathode performance in single-compartment glucose/oxygen biological fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sosna M, Fapyane D, Ferapontova EE. Reconstitution of peroxidase onto hemin-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers on gold. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kausaite-Minkstimiene A, Mazeiko V, Ramanaviciene A, Oztekin Y, Osman Solak A, Ramanavicius A. Evaluation of Some Redox Mediators in the Design of Reagentless Amperometric Glucose Biosensor. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wang Q, Paim LL, Zhang X, Wang S, Stradiotto NR. An Electrochemical Sensor for Reducing Sugars Based on a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Poly-o-phenylenediamine Film. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vazquez-Duhalt R, Aguila SA, Arrocha AA, Ayala M. QM/MM Molecular Modeling and Marcus Theory in the Molecular Design of Electrodes for Enzymatic Fuel Cells. ChemElectroChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Felice AKG, Sygmund C, Harreither W, Kittl R, Gorton L, Ludwig R. Substrate specificity and interferences of a direct-electron-transfer-based glucose biosensor. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2013; 7:669-77. [PMID: 23759400 PMCID: PMC3869135 DOI: 10.1177/193229681300700312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrochemical sensors for glucose monitoring employ different signal transduction strategies for electron transfer from the biorecognition element to the electrode surface. We present a biosensor that employs direct electron transfer and evaluate its response to various interfering substances known to affect glucose biosensors. METHODS The enzyme cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) was adsorbed on the surface of a carbon working electrode and covalently bound by cross linking. The response of CDH-modified electrodes to glucose and possible interfering compounds was measured by flow-injection analysis, linear sweep, and chronoamperometry. RESULTS Chronoamperometry showed initial swelling/wetting of the electrode. After stabilization, the signal was stable and a sensitivity of 0.21 µA mM-1 cm-2 was obtained. To investigate the influence of the interfering substances on the biorecognition element, the simplest possible sensor architecture was used. The biosensor showed little (<5% signal deviation) or no response to various reported electroactive or otherwise interfering substances. CONCLUSIONS Direct electron transfer from the biorecognition element to the electrode is a new principle applied to glucose biosensors, which can be operated at a low polarization potential of -100 mV versus silver/silver chloride. The reduction of interferences by electrochemically active substances is an attractive feature of this promising technology for the development of continuous glucose biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons K. G. Felice
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Roman Kittl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- DirectSens GmbH, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- DirectSens GmbH, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Yang G, Kang Z, Ye X, Wu T, Zhu Q. Molecular simulation of flavin adenine dinucleotide immobilized on charged single-walled carbon nanotubes for biosensor applications. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8757-70. [PMID: 22975425 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The reconstitution of apo-glucose oxidase (apo-GOx) on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) functionalized with the cofactor, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), greatly improved electron transfer turnover rate of the redox reactions in glucose sensing with glucose sensors. The research reported here is aimed to better understand molecular details of affection of the charging SWNT to the conformational changes of FAD, in order to find a rational design and selection scheme of SWNT which is suitable for the FAD and apo-GOx to perform their reconstitution. In this report, molecular simulations of FAD functionalized differently charged SWNTs were carried outin an aqueous environment, with counterions to maintain total charge neutrality. The conformation and orientation changes were observed by both trajectory and quantitative analyses. The simulation results showed that in both uncharged and positively charged SWNT situations, FAD adsorbed onto SWNT at the end of the simulations, which increased the steric resistance of molecules and hindered the reconstitution of apo-GOx and FAD to some degree. By contrast, FAD functionalized negatively charged SWNT maintained its original conformation largely. In addition, negatively charged SWNT may be the best choice for electron transfer mediator for the reconstitution of apo-GOx on relay-cofactor units associated with electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, PR China
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Ricci AM, Méndez De Leo LP, Williams FJ, Calvo EJ. Some Evidence for the Formation of an Azo Bond during the Electroreduction of Diazonium Salts on Au Substrates. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2119-27. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Alagaratnam S, Meeuwenoord NJ, Navarro JA, Hervás M, De la Rosa MA, Hoffmann M, Einsle O, Ubbink M, Canters GW. Probing the reactivity of different forms of azurin by flavin photoreduction. FEBS J 2011; 278:1506-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vidaković-Koch T, Ivanov I, Falk M, Shleev S, Ruzgas T, Sundmacher K. Impact of the Gold Support on the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Sugars at Enzyme-Modified Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhang YHP, Myung S, You C, Zhu Z, Rollin JA. Toward low-cost biomanufacturing through in vitro synthetic biology: bottom-up design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12078f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Ramroop-Singh N, Narinesingh D, Singh G, Seto CT, Comeau AB. The binding site of zinc and indium metal to amino acid derivatized squarate complexes - Implications in inhibitor and mediator designs. Bioorg Chem 2010; 38:234-41. [PMID: 20598337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three novel metal squaric acid-peptide complexes, SQI-SQIII were prepared by addition of indium triflate or zinc chloride to the previously reported compounds [1], 3-(hydroxymethylamino)-4-(l-isoleucine methyl ester)-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (squarate 1), and 3-(hydroxymethylamino)-2-(l-isoleucine methyl ester)-4-thioxo-2-cyclobuten-1-one (squarate 2). The structures of SQI-SQIII were elucidated using NMR analysis. The electrochemical applications of two of these metal-squaric acid systems (SQI and SQII) were also investigated. Incorporation of SQII as a mediator, in the previously optimized Pt/p(HEMA)/p(pyrrole)/GOx electrode using the ionic liquid [bmim][BF(4)] as the solvent medium, produced a biosensor with enhanced properties, namely a sensitivity of 175.9mA/M d-glucose, working potential of +200mV, large linear range (0-12mM) and a detection limit of 1x10(-6)M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ramroop-Singh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
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Application of polypyrrole/GOx film to glucose biosensor based on electrochemical-surface plasmon resonance technique. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Güven G, Prodanovic R, Schwaneberg U. Protein Engineering - An Option for Enzymatic Biofuel Cell Design. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200980017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Gooding JJ, Lai LMH, Goon IY. Nanostructured Electrodes with Unique Properties for Biological and other Applications. CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ELECTRODES 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527627059.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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30
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Yu EH, Himuro Y, Takai M, Ishihara K. Feasibility Study of Introducing Redox Property by Modification of PMBN Polymer for Biofuel Cell Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:1094-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Fruk L, Kuo CH, Torres E, Niemeyer CM. Apoenzyme reconstitution as a chemical tool for structural enzymology and biotechnology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1550-74. [PMID: 19165853 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many enzymes contain a nondiffusible organic cofactor, often termed a prosthetic group, which is located in the active site and essential for the catalytic activity of the enzyme. These cofactors can often be extracted from the protein to yield the respective apoenzyme, which can subsequently be reconstituted with an artificial analogue of the native cofactor. Nowadays a large variety of synthetic cofactors can be used for the reconstitution of apoenzymes and, thus, generate novel semisynthetic enzymes. This approach has been refined over the past decades to become a versatile tool of structural enzymology to elucidate structure-function relationships of enzymes. Moreover, the reconstitution of apoenzymes can also be used to generate enzymes possessing enhanced or even entirely new functionality. This Review gives an overview on historical developments and the current state-of-the-art on apoenzyme reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Fruk
- Universität Dortmund, Fachbereich Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Fruk L, Kuo CH, Torres E, Niemeyer C. Rekonstitution von Apoenzymen als chemisches Werkzeug für die strukturelle Enzymologie und Biotechnologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Park W, Ahmed J, Kim S. Heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetics for PQQ covalently attached to aminoalkanethiol monolayers on gold. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 68:120-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gun J, Schöning M, Abouzar M, Poghossian A, Katz E. Field-Effect Nanoparticle-Based Glucose Sensor on a Chip: Amplification Effect of Coimmobilized Redox Species. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Vertelov GK, Olenin AY, Lisichkin GV. Use of nanoparticles in the electrochemical analysis of biological samples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193480709002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Deng L, Liu Y, Yang G, Shang L, Wen D, Wang F, Xu Z, Dong S. Molecular “Wiring” Glucose Oxidase in Supramolecular Architecture. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:2063-71. [PMID: 17563113 DOI: 10.1021/bm061049l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular organized multilayers were constructed by multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with ferrocene-derivatized poly(allylamine) redox polymer and glucose oxidase by electrostatic self-assembly. From the analysis of voltammetric signals and fluorescence results, a linear increment of the coverage of enzyme per bilayer was estimated, which demonstrated that the multilayer is constructed in a spatially ordered manner. The cyclic voltammograms obtained from the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes coated by the (Fc-PAH@CNT/GOx)n multilayers revealed that bioelectrocatalytic response is directly correlated to the number of deposited bilayers; that is, the sensitivity is tunable by controlling the number of bilayers associated with ITO electrodes. The incorporation of redox-polymer-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT) into enzyme films resulted in a 6-10-fold increase in the glucose electrocatalytic current; the bimolecular rate constant of FADH2 oxidation (wiring efficiency) was increased up to 12-fold. Impedance spectroscopy data have yielded the electron diffusion coefficient (De) of this nanostructure to be over 10(-8) cm2 s(-1), which is typically higher than those systems without CNT by at least a factor of 10, indicating that electron transport in the new supramolecular architecture was enhanced by communication of the redox active site of enzyme, redox polymer, and CNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
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38
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Posthuma-Trumpie GA, van den Berg WAM, van de Wiel DFM, Schaaper WMM, Korf J, van Berkel WJH. Reconstitution of apoglucose oxidase with FAD conjugates for biosensoring of progesterone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:803-12. [PMID: 17544346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The reconstitution of Aspergillus niger apoglucose oxidase (apoGOx) with FAD conjugates for biosensoring of progesterone was investigated. ApoGOx prepared by partial unfolding of the protein under acidic conditions consisted of reconstitutable monomers (50+/-10%), reconstitutable dimers (20+/-10%) and irreversibly aggregated oligomers (30+/-20%). Incubation of monomeric apoGOx with FAD or N(6)-(6-aminohexyl)-FAD (ahFAD) restored glucose oxidase (GOx) activity and induced dimerization with stoichiometric incorporation of FAD. N(6)-(6-aminohexyl)-FAD progesterone conjugates also induced dimerization. However, holoenzyme reconstitution required relatively high concentrations of apoprotein and was dependent on the type of conjugate. Restoration to 25-50% of the original enzyme activity was obtained. Binding of the FAD-progesterone conjugates might hinder the closure of a protein lid needed for dimer formation. Our results illustrate the prospects of FAD conjugates in sensitive detection of progesterone in biological matrices in a biosensor based on the recombination of apoGOx with progesterone-conjugated FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geertruida A Posthuma-Trumpie
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 EZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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39
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Amperometric detection of methanol with a methanol dehydrogenase modified electrode sensor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Wong IY, Footer MJ, Melosh NA. Dynamic control of biomolecular activity using electrical interfaces. SOFT MATTER 2007; 3:267-274. [PMID: 32900143 DOI: 10.1039/b607279h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel interfaces between electronic devices and biological systems is a rapidly evolving research area that may lead to new insights into biological behavior, clinical diagnostics and therapeutic treatments. Full electrical integration into biological networks will require bioactuators which can translate an electrical pulse into a specific biochemical signal the system can understand. One approach has been the use of electrostatic fields near the surface of an electrode to locally alter the ionic and electrostatic environment within an ionic double layer. In this scheme, normally active biological macromolecules are suspended in a 'low-salt buffer' that is depleted of necessary ions, such as Mg2+, rendering them inactive. Upon application of an electrical potential these ions are concentrated at the electrode surface, locally activating biomolecular function. An initial demonstration of this method is presented for the dynamic polymerization of actin filaments from electrode surfaces. In principle, electrodes functionalized with different proteins could be individually activated to translate an electrical potential into a specific biochemical signal or behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y Wong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Stanford University. Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials., 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Matthew J Footer
- Department of Biochemistry. Stanford University School of Medicine. Beckman Center, 279 West Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nicholas A Melosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Stanford University. Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials., 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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41
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Ryabov AD, Kurova VS, Ivanova EV, Le Lagadec R, Alexandrova L. Redox mediation and photomechanical oscillations involving photosensitive cyclometalated Ru(II) complexes, glucose oxidase, and peroxidase. Anal Chem 2007; 77:1132-9. [PMID: 15858996 DOI: 10.1021/ac048743g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intact photosensitive cyclometalated RuII derivatives of 2-phenylpyridine or N,N-dimethylbenzylamine cis-[Ru-(C approximately N)(LL)X2]PF6 [C approximately N = o-C6H4-py or o-C6H4CH2NMe2; LL = 1,10-phenanththroline (phen), 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), or 4,4'-Me2-2,2'-bipyridine (Me2bpy); X = MeCN or pyridine (py)] are efficient mediators of glucose oxidase (GO) from Aspergillus niger and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Their redox potentials in an aqueous buffer are in the range 0.15-0.35 V versus SCE, and the rate constants for the oxidation GO(red) (where red indicates reduced) by the electrochemically generated RuIII species equal (1.7-2.5) x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) at pH 7 and 25 degrees C. The redox potentials of all complexes decrease cathodically by 0.4-0.6 V upon irradiation by visible light because of the photoinduced solvolysis of acetonitrile or py ligands. These in situ generated species display an even better mediating performance with HRP, although their behavior toward GO is different. The loading of a ruthenium unit into the protein interior brings about large catalytic currents in a self-assembled system GO-Ru-D-glucose. The estimated rate constant for intramolecular electron transfer from FADH2 of the active site at RuIII, k(intra), equals 4.4 x 10(3) s(-1). This suggests that the distance between the redox partners is around 19 A. The value of 21 A was obtained through the docking analysis of a possible closest-to-FAD localization of a Ru-containing fragment derived from the irradiated complex cis-[Ru(o-C6H4-py)-(phen)(MeCN)2]PF6. The operational stability of the GO-Ru assemblies depends on the nature of complex used, the highest being observed for cis-[Ru(o-C6H4-py)(Me2-bpy)(MeCN)2]PF6 (2). UV-vis studies of interaction of 2 with GO revealed photomechanical oscillations in the system GO-Ru-D-glucose. When irradiated complex 2 is mixed with GO and D-glucose, the absorbance at 510 nm increases because of the enzymatic reduction of RuIII to RuII. The absorbance drops rapidly and then increases as in the first cycle after shaking the reaction solution. Many cycles are possible, and the rate of absorbance increase does not depend on a cycle number. A plausible mechanism of the oscillations is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Ryabov
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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43
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Pereira CM, Oliveira JM, Silva RM, Silva F. Amperometric glucose biosensor based on assisted ion transfer through gel-supported microinterfaces. Anal Chem 2006; 76:5547-51. [PMID: 15362919 DOI: 10.1021/ac0498765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel amperometric glucose sensor was developed based on the facilitated proton transfer across microinterfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions. The combination of a 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene sorbitol/2-nitrophenyl octyl ether gel membrane and 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine as the ionophore allows the transfer of protons from water to the gellified organic phase; the gel membrane is supported on arrays of microholes drilled on a polyester film. The protons are generated as the result of the dissociation of gluconic acid produced during the enzymatic degradation of glucose by glucose oxidase. The characteristics of the glucose sensor were investigated using several experimental conditions, namely, the concentration of ligand and enzyme. The electrochemical response is typical of an enzymatic electrode and displays a linear behavior in the range 0.2-3 mM glucose. The effect of the experimental parameters of the voltammetric technique was also optimized with the aim of improving sensor sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Pereira
- Departamento de Química, CIQ-L4, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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44
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Bullen RA, Arnot TC, Lakeman JB, Walsh FC. Biofuel cells and their development. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:2015-45. [PMID: 16569499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the literature published since 1994 on microbial and enzymatic biofuel cells. Types of biofuel cell are classified according to the nature of the electrode reaction and the nature of the biochemical reactions. The performance of fuel cells is critically reviewed and a variety of possible applications is considered. The current direction of development of biofuel cells is carefully analysed. While considerable chemical development of enzyme electrodes has occurred, relatively little progress has been made towards the engineering development biofuel cells. The limit of performance of biofuel cells is highlighted and suggestions for future research directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Bullen
- Engineering Chemistry Group, School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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45
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Katz E, Willner I. Integrated nanoparticle-biomolecule hybrid systems: synthesis, properties, and applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 43:6042-108. [PMID: 15538757 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200400651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1630] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials, such as metal or semiconductor nanoparticles and nanorods, exhibit similar dimensions to those of biomolecules, such as proteins (enzymes, antigens, antibodies) or DNA. The integration of nanoparticles, which exhibit unique electronic, photonic, and catalytic properties, with biomaterials, which display unique recognition, catalytic, and inhibition properties, yields novel hybrid nanobiomaterials of synergetic properties and functions. This review describes recent advances in the synthesis of biomolecule-nanoparticle/nanorod hybrid systems and the application of such assemblies in the generation of 2D and 3D ordered structures in solutions and on surfaces. Particular emphasis is directed to the use of biomolecule-nanoparticle (metallic or semiconductive) assemblies for bioanalytical applications and for the fabrication of bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenii Katz
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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46
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Barton SC, Gallaway J, Atanassov P. Enzymatic biofuel cells for implantable and microscale devices. Chem Rev 2005; 104:4867-86. [PMID: 15669171 DOI: 10.1021/cr020719k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 835] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Cavalcanti A, Freitas RA. Nanorobotics Control Design: A Collective Behavior Approach for Medicine. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2005; 4:133-40. [PMID: 16117021 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2005.850469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors present a new approach using genetic algorithms, neural networks, and nanorobotics concepts applied to the problem of control design for nanoassembly automation and its application in medicine. As a practical approach to validate the proposed design, we have elaborated and simulated a virtual environment focused on control automation for nanorobotics teams that exhibit collective behavior. This collective behavior is a suitable way to perform a large range of tasks and positional assembly manipulation in a complex three-dimensional workspace. We emphasize the application of such techniques as a feasible approach for the investigation of nanorobotics system design in nanomedicine. Theoretical and practical analyses of control modeling is one important aspect that will enable rapid development in the emerging field of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Cavalcanti
- Computational Nanomechatronics Lab, Center for Automation in Nanobiotech, Sao Paulo SP 01540-000, Brazil.
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48
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Nanjo S, Ishii K, Ueki T, Imabayashi SI, Watanabe M, Kano K. Electron Transfer Reactions of Glucose Oxidase at Au(111) Electrodes Modified with Phenothiazine Derivatives. Anal Chem 2005; 77:4142-7. [PMID: 15987120 DOI: 10.1021/ac0502504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic reaction of glucose oxidase (GOx) mediated by 3-(10-phenothiazyl)propionic acid (PT-PA) and phenothiazine-labeled poly(ethylene oxide) (PT-PEO1000) that are covalently bonded to Au(111) electrodes has been investigated. The PT-PA and PT-PEO1000 are reacted with 2-aminoethanethiol (AET), followed by the formation of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) onto the Au surface. The PT group immobilized on the SAM of AET acts as an effective mediator for the electron transfer (ET) between the electrode and the FAD center of freely diffusing GOx in solution. The ET rate constant estimated from the catalytic current using a newly derived equation is larger by 1 order of magnitude for the PT-PA-modified system (1.1 x 10(5) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1)) than for the PT-PEO1000 system (1.4 x 10(4) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1)). The order of the magnitude of the ET rate constant clearly contrasts with the GOx hybrid systems that we previously investigated (Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 910-917), in which the presence of the PEO spacer enhances the ET reaction rate. The reduction in the apparent PT concentration at the electrode interface due to the high mobility of the PEO chain, leading to low efficiency in the formation of an enzyme-mediator complex, is a possible reason for the lower mediation ability of PT-PEO1000 than that of PT-PA for the ET between the FAD group and PT(+) immobilized on the electrode. Inhibition of the penetration of GOx molecules into the monolayer and of the accessibility of some part of PT groups to GOx molecules could also be reasons for the lower mediation ability of PT-PEO1000 thickly modified on the electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nanjo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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49
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Vidal JC, Espuelas J, Castillo JR. Amperometric cholesterol biosensor based on in situ reconstituted cholesterol oxidase on an immobilized monolayer of flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor. Anal Biochem 2005; 333:88-98. [PMID: 15351284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new amperometric biosensor for determining cholesterol based on deflavination of the enzyme cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and subsequent reconstitution of the apo-protein with a complexed flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) monolayer is described. The charge transfer mediator pyrroquinoline quinone (PQQ) was covalently bound to a cystamine self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on an Au electrode. Boronic acid (BA) was then bound to PQQ using the carbodiimide procedure, and the BA ligand was complexed to the FAD molecules on which the apo-ChOx was subsequently reconstituted. The effective release of the FAD from the enzyme and the successful reconstitution were verified using molecular fluorescence and cyclic voltammetry. The optimal orientation of FAD toward the PQQ mediator and the distances between FAD and PQQ and between PQQ and electrode enhance the charge transfer, very high sensitivity (about 2,500 nAmM(-1)cm(-2)) being obtained for cholesterol determination. The biosensor is selective toward electroactive interferents (ascorbic acid and uric acid) and was tested in reference serum samples, demonstrating excellent accuracy (relative errors below 3% in all cases). The biosensor activity can be successfully regenerated in a simple process by successive reconstitution with batches of recently prepared apo-ChOx on the same immobilized Au/SAM-PQQ-BA-FAD monolayer (it was tested five times); the lifetime of the biosensor is about 45-60 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-C Vidal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors Group, Faculty of Science, University of Zaragoza, Plaza San Francisco s/n, 50009 Saragossa, Spain.
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Katz E, Lioubashevski O, Willner I. Magnetic Field Effects on Bioelectrocatalytic Reactions of Surface-Confined Enzyme Systems: Enhanced Performance of Biofuel Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:3979-88. [PMID: 15771535 DOI: 10.1021/ja044157t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a constant magnetic field on bioelectrocatalytic transformations of three different enzyme assemblies linked to electrodes is examined and correlated with a theoretical magnetohydrodynamic model. The systems consist of surface-reconstituted glucose oxidase (GOx), an integrated lactate dehydrogenase/nicotinamide/pyrroloquinoline quinone assembly (LDH/NAD+ -PQQ), and a cytochrome c/cytochrome oxidase system (Cyt c/COx) linked to the electrodes. Pronounced effects of a constant magnetic field applied parallel to the electrode surface are observed for the bioelectrocatalyzed oxidation of glucose and lactate by the GOx-electrode and LDH/NAD+ -PQQ-electrode, respectively. The enhancement of the bioelectrocatalytic processes correlates nicely with the magnetohydrodynamic model, and the limiting current densities (iL) relate to B1/3 (B = magnetic flux density) and to C4/3 (C* = bulk concentration of the substrate). A small magnetic field effect is observed for the Cyt c/COx-electrode, and its origin is still questionable. The effect of the constant magnetic field on the performance of biofuel cells with different configurations is examined. For the biofuel cell consisting of LDH/NAD+ -PQQ anode and Cyt c/COx cathode, a 3-fold increase in the power output was observed at an applied magnetic field of B = 0.92 T and external load of 1.2 kOhms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenii Katz
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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