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Aish M, Alshehri RF, Amin AS. Construction of an optical sensor for copper determination in environmental, food, and biological samples based on the covalently immobilized 2-(2-benzothiazolylazo)-3-hydroxyphenol in agarose. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24777-24788. [PMID: 37601595 PMCID: PMC10437093 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04249a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An optical chemical sensor has been developed for the quantitative spectrophotometric analysis of copper. The optode is dependent on covalent immobilization of 2-(2-benzothiazolylazo)-3-hydroxyphenol (BTAHP) in a transparent agarose membrane. The absorbance variation of immobilized BTAHP on agarose as a film upon the addition of 5 × 10-3 M aqueous solutions of Mn2+, Zn2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, La3+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Zr4+, Se4+, Th4+, and UO22+ revealed substantially higher changes in the Cu2+ ion content compared to other ions investigated here. The effects of various experimental parameters, such as the solution pH, the reaction time, and the concentration of reagents, on the quality of Cu2+ sensing were examined. Under ideal experimental circumstances, a linear response was achieved for Cu2+ concentrations ranging from 1.0 × 10-9 to 7.5 × 10-6 M with an R2 value of 0.9988. The detection (3σ) and quantification (10σ) limits of the procedure for Cu2+ analyses were 3.0 × 10-10 and 9.8 × 10-10 M, respectively. No observable interference was recorded in the detection of Cu2+ due to other inorganic cations. With no indication of BTAHP leaching, the membrane demonstrated good durability and quick response times. The optode was effectively used to determine the presence of Cu2+ in environmental water, food, and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Aish
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University Port Said Egypt
| | - Reem F Alshehri
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Taibah University Madina Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa S Amin
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University Benha Egypt
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2
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Cui Y, Wang R, Brady B, Wang X. Fully inkjet-printed paper-based Pb 2+ optodes for water analysis without interference from the chloramine disinfectant. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7585-7595. [PMID: 35997814 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed a paper-based colorimetric sensor for facile and cost-effective detection of Pb2+ in drinking and environmental water samples. The Pb2+ ion-selective optodes are fabricated by inkjet printing of ionophore, chromoionophore, and ion exchanger on cellulose paper. Pb2+ in water samples induces deprotonation of the pH chromoionophore and changes the optode color, which is acquired and analyzed by a smartphone. The paper-based optode without any plasticizer or polymer has a dynamic range and selectivity comparable to those of traditional optodes using PVC polymer and/or plasticizer. Furthermore, the response time of the plasticizer/polymer-free paper-based optode is much shorter than those of plasticized PVC-based optodes on paper and glass (5 min vs. 15 and 50 min). Moreover, the plasticizer/polymer-free optode preserves the water-wicking capability of porous cellulose paper, allowing for the design of pump-free microfluidic devices. Chloramine, a widely used disinfectant in drinking water, was found to be a strong and generic interference species for heavy metal ion detection via ion-selective optodes. A fully inkjet-printed lateral-flow paper-based device consisting of a sodium thiosulfate-based chloramine elimination zone and a plasticizer/polymer-free sensing zone was designed for Pb2+ detection in tap water disinfected by chloramine. The dynamic range of the Pb2+ sensor may be shifted from the current 10-6 to 10-5 M to lower concentrations by using stronger ionophores, but this work lays a foundation for the design of paper-based heavy metal ion sensors without detrimental interference from disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cui
- Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA.
| | - Brock Brady
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA.
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3
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Golcs Á, Dargó G, Balogh GT, Huszthy P, Tóth T. Development of a microplate-format direct optode sensor for ultra-high-throughput environmental and wastewater monitoring of Pb 2. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1167:338586. [PMID: 34049633 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although many Pb2+-selective optodes have been developed so far, methods using optical sensor membranes have not become widespread in environmental analytical practice. In order to create a bulk optode sensor, which can overcome all of the main drawbacks in the application of conventional optode membranes, - i.e., pH-dependence, long response time and the leakage of the ionic components - unusually thick PVC membrane was developed, embedded in microtiter plates and operated on a novel concept. This is the first reported work, which applies a plate-format optode as well as a direct optode-type sensing membrane for determination of Pb2+. We reported here also the first example for the application of an ionic component-free bulk optode membrane to avoid the membrane leakage, improve the regenerability and extend the lifetime of the membrane. The reported sensor has a LOD above 4.0 × 10-7 M (∼83 μg L-1), thus it is unsuitable for the effective monitoring of drinking waters, but considered to be a promising method for monitoring contamination episodes. On the other hand, the widest pH-independent working range of 4.3 < pH < 7.0 among bulk optodes reported in the literature was realized and an unprecedentedly fast response time of <10 s was achieved. The effectiveness of the applied method was investigated by measuring Pb2+-spiked multicomponent aqueous solutions as simulated environmental or wastewater samples containing near equimolar amounts of Ag+, Ca2+, Co2+, Cu2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+ and Zn2+ as acetate salts. In the presence of these potential competing ions with a concentration not greater than the typical ionic strength of surface freshwaters (∼10-3 M) the reported sensor proved to be appropriate for the selective detection of Pb2+ without any preparation of the samples (e.g., preconcentration, buffering, addition of excipients, etc.) with a required sample volume of only 100 μL. An outstanding analytical performance could be achieved within an average time of less, than 5 s/sample. The reported fluorescent probe is considered to be a promising method for replacing atomic absorption spectroscopy- (AAS), anodic stripping voltammetry- (ASV) or inductively coupled plasma- (ICP) based techniques as well as conventional ion-selective bulk membranes in high-throughput preliminary environmental monitoring of Pb2+, as it provides a cheap and unprecedentedly fast qualitative analysis of contaminated surface and wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Golcs
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gergő Dargó
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Tibor Balogh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6., H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Péter Huszthy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tünde Tóth
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary; Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33., H-1121, Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Greenawalt PJ, Garada MB, Amemiya S. Voltammetric Characterization of Ion–Ionophore Complexation Using Thin Polymeric Membranes: Asymmetric Thin-Layer Responses. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8564-72. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Greenawalt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Mohammed B. Garada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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5
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Patel PK, Johns VK, Mills DM, Boone JE, Calvo-Marzal P, Chumbimuni-Torres KY. Tuning the Equilibrium Response Time of Meta-Stable Photoacids in Ion-Sensors by Appropriate Functionalization. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Xie X, Zhai J, Crespo GA, Bakker E. Ionophore-based ion-selective optical nanosensors operating in exhaustive sensing mode. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8770-5. [PMID: 25117492 DOI: 10.1021/ac5019606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ion selective optical sensors are typically interrogated under conditions where the sample concentration is not altered during measurement. We describe here an alternative exhaustive detection mode for ion selective optical sensors. This exhaustive sensor concept is demonstrated with ionophore-based nanooptodes either selective for calcium or the polycationic heparin antidote protamine. In agreement with a theoretical treatment presented here, linear calibration curves were obtained in the exhaustive detection mode instead of the sigmoidal curves for equilibrium-based sensors. The response range can be tuned by adjusting the nanosensor loading. The nanosensors showed average diameters of below 100 nm and the sensor response was found to be dramatically faster than that for film-based optodes. Due to the strong binding affinity of the exhaustive nanosensors, total calcium concentration in human blood plasma was successfully determined. Optical determination of protamine in human blood plasma using the exhaustive nanosensors was attempted, but was found to be less successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva , Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Xie X, Zhai J, Bakker E. pH independent nano-optode sensors based on exhaustive ion-selective nanospheres. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2853-6. [PMID: 24579738 DOI: 10.1021/ac403996s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bulk optode-based ion selective optical sensors work on the basis of extraction equilibria, and their response toward the analyte ion is known to dependent on the sample pH. This pH dependence has been one of the major disadvantages that have hampered the broad acceptance of bulk optodes in chemical sensing. We present here for the first time the use of exhaustive Ca(2+)-selective nanosensors that may overcome this pH dependent response. The nanosensors were characterized at different pH and the same linear calibration was obtained in the Ca(2+) concentration range from 10(-7) M to 10(-5) M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva , Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Mistlberger G, Crespo GA, Bakker E. Ionophore-based optical sensors. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:483-512. [PMID: 25014348 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the key aspects of designing ionophore-based optical sensors (IBOS). Exact response functions are developed and compared with a simplified, generalized equation. We also provide a brief introduction into less established but promising working principles, namely dynamic response and exhaustive exchange. Absorbance and fluorescence are the main optical readout strategies used in the evaluation of a sensor response, but they usually require a robust referencing technique for real-world applications. Established referencing schemes using IBOS as well as those from other optical sensors are also discussed. Finally, the power of recently developed photoresponsive ion extraction/release systems is outlined and discussed in view of dynamically switchable IBOS or regenerative exhaustive exchange IBOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Mistlberger
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; , ,
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9
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Echabaane M, Rouis A, Bonnamour I, Ben Ouada H. Studies of aluminum (III) ion-selective optical sensor based on a chromogenic calix[4]arene derivative. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 115:269-274. [PMID: 23845984 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An optical chemical sensor based on azo-calix[4]arene derivative is developed for the determination of aluminum (III) ions in aqueous solutions. The complex formation ability of azo-calix[4]arene toward metal cations such as Li(I), Cs(I), K(I), Sn(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Eu(III), Er(III) and Al(III) is investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy. Assessments of results reveal that the azo-calix[4]arene derivative has high affinity to Al(III). The stoichiometric ratio and the association constant were determined as 1:1 and 1.24×10(4)M(-1), respectively for the complex between Al(3+) and the azo-calix[4]arene. The sensing film is fabricated by spin coating on glass plates. Under the optimized conditions, at pH 6.8, the proposed optical sensor displays a linear response to Al(3+) over 10(-7) to 10(-5)M range with response time of 12min. The optical sensor can be regenerated with HNO3 solution. In addition to its high stability and reproducibility, the sensor shows good selectivity for Al(3+) ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Echabaane
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et Matériaux Avancés (LIMA), Faculté des sciences de Monastir, Avenue de l'environnement, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
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10
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Design of an efficient uranyl ion optical sensor based on 1′-2,2′-(1,2-phenylene)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl)dinaphthalen-2-ol. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012; 32:1888-1892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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An IUPAC-based approach to estimate the detection limit in co-extraction-based optical sensors for anions with sigmoidal response calibration curves. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2881-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Ebdelli R, Rouis A, Mlika R, Bonnamour I, Jaffrezic N, Ben Ouada H, Davenas J. Ion sensing film optodes based on chromogenic calix[4]arene: application to the detection of Hg2+, Ni2+ and Eu3+ ions. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-011-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Alizadeh K, Parooi R, Hashemi P, Rezaei B, Ganjali MR. A new Schiff's base ligand immobilized agarose membrane optical sensor for selective monitoring of mercury ion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:1794-1800. [PMID: 21232854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A highly selective optical sensor was developed for the Hg(2+) determination by chemical immobilization of 2-[(2-sulfanylphenyl)ethanimidoyl]phenol (L), on an agarose membrane. Spectrophotometric studies of complex formation between the Schiff's base ligand L and Hg(2+), Sr(2+), Mn(2+), Cu(2+), Al(3+), Cd(2+), Zn(2+), Co(2+) and Ag(+) metal ions in methanol solution indicated a substantially larger stability constant for the mercury ion complex. Consequently, the Schiff's base L was used as an appropriate ionophore for the preparation of a selective Hg(2+) optical sensor, by its immobilization on a transparent agarose film. A distinct color change, from yellow to green-blue, was observed by contacting the sensing membrane with Hg(2+) ions at pH 4.5. The effects of pH, ionophore concentration, ionic strength and reaction time on the immobilization of L were studied. A linear relationship was observed between the membrane absorbance at 650 nm and Hg(2+) concentrations in a range from 1×10(-2) to 1×10(-5) mol L(-1) with a detection limit (3σ) of 1×10(-6) mol L(-1). No significant interference from 100 times concentrations of a number of potentially interfering ions was detected for the mercury ion determination. The optical sensor was successfully applied to the determination of mercury in amalgam alloy and spiked water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Falakolaflak St., Khorramabad, Lorestan 6813717133, Iran.
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14
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Ensafi AA, Far AK, Meghdadi S. Highly selective optical-sensing film for lead(II) determination in water samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 172:1069-1075. [PMID: 19709813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An optical sensor is described for a sensitive and selective spectrophotometric determination of Pb(II) ions in aqueous solution. A sensor membrane based on 4-hydroxy salophen has been developed for the determination of Pb(II) ions that displays excellent performance. The membrane responds to lead(II) ions, giving a color change from colorless to yellow in a buffer solution (pH 3.1). The optode has a linear range of 1.0 x 10(-3)-1.0 x 10(-7) mol L(-1) Pb(II) ions with a detection limit of 8.6 x 10(-8) mol L(-1) Pb(II). The response time is within 10 min depending on the concentration of Pb(II) ions such that it can quantitatively detect Pb(II) even at concentration levels of 8.6 x 10(-8) mol L(-1) Pb(II) (0.018 ppm). The optode developed here is found to be stable, cost effective, easy to prepare, and efficient for direct determination of Pb(II) in a variety of aqueous samples using spectrophotometry. However, it is for one time use only as the reaction of Pb(II) with 4-hydroxy salophen is irreversible. The optode was successfully used for measuring Pb(II) ions in different water samples and in SRM sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Ensafi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan Un iversity of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
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Ye N, Wygladacz K, Bakker E. Absorbance characterization of microsphere-based ion-selective optodes. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 596:195-200. [PMID: 17631097 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ionophore-based microsphere sensors are characterized here in transmission mode. These sensors contain a lipophilic ionophore for the analyte cation, a chromoionophore for recognizing H+, and a lipophilic cation-exchanger. They function on the basis of an ion-exchange equilibration step where an increased concentration of analyte ion leads to increased level of extraction into the bulk of the microsphere, expelling protons in return and deprotonating the chromoionophore. Since the path length is variable across the microsphere, such bead-based sensors are normally characterized in fluorescence mode. In this paper, the response of the sensing microspheres is calculated from the ratio of transmitted light intensities at the absorbance peak maxima of the protonated and unprotonated forms of the chromoionophore. At a fixed position of the particle, the resulting responses are found to be independent of light scattering, incident light intensity and the shape or size of the microsphere. The responses of potassium-selective microspheres obtained by this method agree quantitatively with corresponding fluorescence-based data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
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16
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Telting-Diaz M, Bakker E. Mass-produced lonophore-based fluorescent microspheres for trace level determination of lead ions. Anal Chem 2002; 74:5251-6. [PMID: 12403578 DOI: 10.1021/ac025596i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development and characterization of small, uniform, and mass-produced plasticized PVC-based sensing microspheres in view of rapid trace level analysis of lead ions is reported. Micrometer-sized particles obtained via an automated casting process were rendered selective for lead ions by doping them with highly selective components in a manner analogous to traditional optode sensing films. Single particles that contained the lipophilic ionophore N,N,N',N'-tetradodecyl-3-6-dioxaoctane-1-thio-8-oxodiamide (ETH 5493), the chromoionophore ETH 5418 together with a lipophilized indocarbocyanine derivative as internal reference dye (DiIC18), and lipophilic ion-exchanger sites sodium tetrakis[3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenyl]borate, yielded measurable lead responses at the low nanomolar level in pH buffered solutions. The detection limit for single particles was 3 x 10(-9) M at pH 5.7. The microspheres were fabricated via a reproducible formation of polymer droplets within a flowing aqueous phase followed by collection of spherical particles of approximately 13 microm in size. The particles were immobilized and assayed individually in a microflow cell via fluorescence microscopy. Selectivity patterns found were in agreement with those reported earlier for the lead-selective ligand ETH 5493, and all response functions were fully described by theory. In contrast to optode films that necessitated very long equilibration times and large sample volumes in diluted samples of analyte, particles exhibited extremely enhanced equilibrium response times. Thus, for lead sample concentrations at and above 5 x 10(-8) M, response times were approximately 3 min, whereas at the detection limit, complete equilibrium was recorded after just 15 min, with required sample volumes on the order of 1 mL This new class of microspheres appears to be suitable for rapid and sensitive ion detection at trace levels in environmental and biological applications.
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Chan WH, Yang RH, Mo T, Wang KM. Lead-selective fluorescent optode membrane based on 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-N-(9-anthrylmethyl)benzidine. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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van der Veen NJ, Rozniecka E, Woldering LA, Chudy M, Huskens J, van Veggel FC, Reinhoudt DN. Highly selective optical-sensing membranes, containing calix[4]arene chromoionophores, for Pb2+ ions. Chemistry 2001; 7:4878-86. [PMID: 11763456 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20011119)7:22<4878::aid-chem4878>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) optode membranes containing novel calix[4]arene chromoionophores 1 or 2 and one equivalent of a lipophilic anion respond to Pb2+ ions with high selectivity over alkali, alkaline-earth, and other heavy metal ions. This selectivity stems from the combination of ligand specificity and a unique ion exchange scheme that employs both monovalent metal ions and protons as the exchanged ions. Complexation of Pb2+ ions inside the membrane is accompanied by deprotonation of the chromoionophores, which causes a bathochromic shift of the absorption maximum lambda(max). The response to Pb2+ ions is modulated by pH and alkali metal ions in a fashion that is consistent with the proposed ion-exchange mechanism. Of all of the other metal ions tested, only Cs+ and Ag+ produce a color change. However, these monovalent metal ions cause hypsochromic shifts of lambda(max) instead of the bathochromic shift caused by Pb2+, because the chromoionophores remain protonated upon complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J van der Veen
- Department of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology and MESA Research Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Development of a mercury ion-selective optical sensor based on fluorescence quenching of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Development and application of patterned conducting polymer thin films as chemoresponsive and electrochemically responsive optical diffraction gratings. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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