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Anderson HE, Santos IC, Hildenbrand ZL, Schug KA. A review of the analytical methods used for beer ingredient and finished product analysis and quality control. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1085:1-20. [PMID: 31522723 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Beer is an incredibly complex beverage containing more than 3000 different compounds, including carbohydrates, proteins, ions, microbes, organic acids, and polyphenols, among others. Beer becomes even more complex during storage, for over time it may undergo chemical changes that negatively affect the flavor, aroma, and appearance. Thus, it can be expected that maintaining the quality of beer throughout its lifetime is a difficult task. Since it is such a popular drink throughout the world, being familiar with proper analytical techniques for beer evaluation is useful for researchers and brewers. These techniques include, but are not limited to, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and flame ionization detection. This review aims to summarize the various ingredients and components of beer, discuss how they affect the finished product, and present some of the analytical methods used for quality control and understanding the formation of chemicals in beer during the brewing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailee E Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Ines C Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA; Affiliate of Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and Remediation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Zacariah L Hildenbrand
- Affiliate of Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and Remediation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA; Inform Environmental, LLC, 6060 N. Central Expressway, Suite 500, Dallas, TX, 75206, USA
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA; Affiliate of Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and Remediation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
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Abstract
Micro free-flow electrophoresis (μFFE) is a continuous separation technique in which analytes are streamed through a perpendicularly applied electric field in a planar separation channel. Analyte streams are deflected laterally based on their electrophoretic mobilities as they flow through the separation channel. A number of μFFE separation modes have been demonstrated, including free zone (FZ), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), isoelectric focusing (IEF) and isotachophoresis (ITP). Approximately 60 articles have been published since the first μFFE device was fabricated in 1994. We anticipate that recent advances in device design, detection, and fabrication, will allow μFFE to be applied to a much wider range of applications. Applications particularly well suited for μFFE analysis include continuous, real time monitoring and microscale purifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Zhang T, Fu J, Fang Q. Improved high-speed capillary electrophoresis system using a short capillary and picoliter-scale translational spontaneous injection. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2361-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Microanalytical Systems; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jinglin Fu
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Microanalytical Systems; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Qun Fang
- Department of Chemistry; Institute of Microanalytical Systems; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou P. R. China
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Gallagher ES, Comi TJ, Braun KL, Aspinwall CA. Online photolytic optical gating of caged fluorophores in capillary zone electrophoresis utilizing an ultraviolet light-emitting diode. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2903-10. [PMID: 22911376 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Photolytic optical gating (POG) facilitates rapid, on-line and highly sensitive analyses, though POG utilizes UV lasers for sample injection. We present a low-cost, more portable alternative, employing an ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) array to inject caged fluorescent dyes via photolysis. Utilizing the UV-LED array, labeled amino acids were injected with nanomolar limits of detection (270 ± 30 nM and 250 ± 30 nM for arginine and citrulline, respectively). When normalized for the difference in light intensity, the UV-LED array provides comparable sensitivity to POG utilizing UV lasers. Additionally, the UV-LED array yielded sufficient beam quality and stability to facilitate coupling with a Hadamard transform, resulting in increased sensitivity. This work shows, for the first time, the use of an UV-LED for online POG with comparable sensitivity to conventional laser sources but at a lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Locatelli M, Governatori L, Carlucci G, Genovese S, Mollica A, Epifano F. Recent application of analytical methods to phase I and phase II drugs development: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:283-300. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Luciana Governatori
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carlucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Salvatore Genovese
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
| | - Francesco Epifano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi ‘G. D'Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara; Via dei Vestini 31; 66100; Chieti (CH); Italy
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Grundmann M, Rothenhöfer M, Bernhardt G, Buschauer A, Matysik FM. Fast counter-electroosmotic capillary electrophoresis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry of hyaluronan oligosaccharides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:2617-23. [PMID: 21800126 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fast capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry measurements under counter-electroosmotic analyte migration conditions are presented. Efficient separations of a homologous series of six hyaluronan oligosaccharides (comprising 1-6 hyalobiuronic acid moieties) could be completed in 65 s. Separations were achieved in short-length fused silica capillaries under high electric field strengths of up to 1.25 kV·cm(-1). Capillary inner diameters ranging from 5 to 50 μm were investigated, resulting in an optimal value of 15 μm. The influence of capillary dimensions and buffer composition on separation efficiency and sensitivity are discussed. Optimal separations were achieved using a 28 cm × 15 μm capillary, a separation high voltage of 35 kV, a background electrolyte of 25 mM ammonium acetate adjusted to pH 8.5, and negative ionization mode. The optimized method was successfully applied to a bovine testicular hyaluronidase digest of hyaluronan. Only minimal sample pretreatment for protein-containing samples is required. The simple manual injection procedure and fast separations allow for a sample throughput of 35 samples per hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Grundmann
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Zhang T, Fang Q, Du WB, Fu JL. Microfluidic Picoliter-Scale Translational Spontaneous Sample Introduction for High-Speed Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3693-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900573x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qun Fang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Du
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing-Lin Fu
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Hapuarachchi S, Premeau SP, Aspinwall CA. High-speed capillary zone electrophoresis with online photolytic optical injection. Anal Chem 2007; 78:3674-80. [PMID: 16737223 DOI: 10.1021/ac051645q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report an online, optical injection interface for capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) based upon photophysical activation of a caged, fluorogenic label covalently attached to the target analyte. This injection interface allows online analysis of biomolecular systems with high temporal resolution and high sensitivity. Samples are injected onto the separation capillary by photolysis of a caged-fluorescein label using the 351-364 nm irradiation of an Ar+ laser. Following injection, the sample is separated and detected via laser-induced fluorescence detection at 488 nm. Detection limits for online analysis of arginine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid were less than 1 nM with separation times less than 5 s and separation efficiencies exceeding 1,000,000 plates/m. Rapid injection of proteins was demonstrated with migration times less than 500 ms and 0.5 nM detection limits. Online monitoring was performed with response times less than 20 s, suggesting the feasibility of this approach for online, in vivo analysis for a range of biologically relevant analytes.
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Bensch M, Schulze Wierling P, von Lieres E, Hubbuch J. High Throughput Screening of Chromatographic Phases for Rapid Process Development. Chem Eng Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.200500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Characterization of N-phosphoryl oligopeptide libraries by ESI-MS and HPLC-MS. Int J Pept Res Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-005-0119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Rakhman?ko EM, Zhilko VV, Egorov VV. Photometric determination of carboxylic acid impurities in polymers and organic liquids with the use of the ion pair of trinonyloctadecylammonium and Bromothymol Blue as the colored reagent. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10809-005-0035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Whelan RJ, Sunahara RK, Neubig RR, Kennedy RT. Affinity Assays Using Fluorescence Anisotropy with Capillary Electrophoresis Separation. Anal Chem 2004; 76:7380-6. [PMID: 15595883 DOI: 10.1021/ac0489566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to detecting affinity interactions that combines fluorescence anisotropy with capillary electrophoresis (FACE) was developed. In the method, sample is injected into a capillary filled with buffer that contains a fluorescent probe that possesses low fluorescence anisotropy. If proteins or other large molecules in the sample bind the fluorescent probe, their migration through the capillary can be detected as a positive anisotropy shift. Thus, the method provides both separation and confirmation of binding to the probe. Calculations based on combining the Perrin equation and dissociation constant were used to predict the effect of conditions on aniostropy detection. These calculations predict that low probe concentrations yield the best sensitivity while higher concentrations increase the dynamic range for detection of binding partner. The assay was applied to detection of G proteins using BODIPY FL GTPgammaS as the fluorescent probe. Experimental measurements exhibited trends in anisotropy with varying probe and protein concentrations that were consistent with the calculations. The limit of detection for G(alphai1) was 3 nM when the electrophoresis buffer contained 250 nM BODIPY FL GTPgammaS. FACE affinity assay is envisioned as a method that can quantify selected binding partners and screen complex samples for compounds that possess affinity for a particular small molecule that is used as a probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Whelan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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14
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Cao S, Su Y, Zhang J, Liu H, Zhao Y. Characterization of N-phosphoryl oligopeptide libraries by ESI-MS and HPLC-MS. Int J Pept Res Ther 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02442597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Schlosser G, Takáts Z, Vékey K, Pócsfalvi G, Malorni A, Windberg E, Kiss A, Hudecz F. Mass spectrometric analysis of combinatorial peptide libraries derived from the tandem repeat unit of MUC2 mucin. J Pept Sci 2003; 9:361-74. [PMID: 12846482 DOI: 10.1002/psc.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Four 19-member synthetic peptide libraries, based on the TX1TX2T epitope motif of the mucin-2 gastrointestinal glycoprotein (MUC2) and ranging in peptide length from dipeptides to 15-mers (XT, TXT, TQTXT and KVTPTPTPTGTQTXT), were synthesized by combinatorial solid phase peptide synthesis using the portioning-mixing combinatorial approach, and analysed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry at different (1000-10000) resolutions. Most of the components of the individual libraries could be easily identified in a single-stage molecular mass screening experiment. The resolving power of the instrument becomes an important factor above 800-1000 Da molecular mass, when predominantly multiply charged molecular ions are formed. Approaches to the identification of isobars (glutamine/lysine), isomers leucine/isoleucine) and sequence variations by tandem mass spectrometry, and/or by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitta Schlosser
- Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Whelan RJ, Zare RN. Surface plasmon resonance detection for capillary electrophoresis separations. Anal Chem 2003; 75:1542-7. [PMID: 12659220 DOI: 10.1021/ac0263521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A miniaturized surface plasmon resonance sensor has been used as an on-line detector for capillary electrophoresis separations. The capillary was modified slightly to shield the sensor electronics from the high voltages applied during the separation. A three-component mixture of high refractive index materials was separated and detected at the millimolar level by an untreated gold-sensing surface. A simple protein immobilization procedure was used to functionalize the surface for selective protein detection. A hybrid buffer system was developed, in which both the deposition of immobilized protein layers and the electrophoretic delivery of protein analytes were optimized. The detection system has a reproducibility of 15%, a dynamic range of 3 orders of magnitude, and a detection limit for IgG of 2 fmol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Whelan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
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18
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Kulp M, Vassiljeva I, Vilu R, Kaljurand M. Monitoring of the degradation of phenols byRhodococcus bacteria by using micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20021101)25:15/17<1129::aid-jssc1129>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sanz-Nebot V, Benavente F, Toro I, Barbosa J. Migration behavior of therapeutic peptide hormones: prediction of optimal separation by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:4333-40. [PMID: 11824599 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200112)22:20<4333::aid-elps4333>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A general equation that relates electrophoretic mobility of polyprotic peptide substances and pH of the running electrolytes is established, taking into account the species in solution and the activity coefficients. Modelling electrophoretic mobility as a function of pH can be simultaneously used for determination of ionization constants and selection of the optimum pH for separation of mixtures of the modelled compounds. The proposed relationships allow an important reduction of the experimental data needed for development of new separation methods. The accuracy of the proposed equations is verified by modelling the migration behavior of a heterogeneous series of polyprotic amphoteric peptide hormones. By calculating the values of predicted resolutions, selection of the optimum pH to perform separation of their mixtures becomes a rapid and simple process.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sanz-Nebot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhang X, Hu HL, Xu S, Yang X, Zhang J. Comprehensive two-dimensional capillary LC and CE for resolution of neutral components in traditional Chinese medicines. J Sep Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20010501)24:5<385::aid-jssc385>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Cruces Blanco C, Segura Carretero A, Gálvez Mata L, Fernández Gutiérrez A. Simultaneous determination, by capillary zone electrophoresis, of multiple components of different industrial products. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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