Circular dichroism spectra of cyclodextrins–ketoprofen inclusion complexes

Spectroscopic studies for the inclusion complexation of ketoprofen enantiomers with β-cyclodextrin

Inclusion complexes of R-ketoprofen and S-ketoprofen enantiomers with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in aqueous solution were studied using various spectroscopic techniques such as Raman, FTIR, UV and fluorescence. The different relative intensities and characteristic band shifts of the two enantiomers from Raman spectra suggests different interaction when complexed with β-CD. Raman experiments revealed a noticeable diminishing of the CC vibration and ring deformation, which indicate the embedding of ketoprofen inside the β-CD cavity. It's revealed that distinct differences between R- and S-ketoprofen in the presence of β-CD at neutral pH. The stoichiometry ratio and binding constant of the inclusion complexes were calculated using Benesi-Hildebrand plot. Both enantiomers showed stoichiometry ratio of 1:1 inclusion complex with β-CD. The binding constant of R-ketoprofen (4088 M^-1) is higher than S-ketoprofen (2547 M^-1). These values indicated that β-CD formed inclusion complexes more preferentially with R-ketoprofen than S-ketoprofen. Results demonstrated that β-CD can be used as a promising chiral selector for ketoprofen enantiomers.

Stereoselective interaction of ketoprofen enantiomers with β-cyclodextrin: ground state binding and photochemistry

The chiral recognition ability of β-cyclodextrin (β-CyD) vs.S- and R-ketoprofen (KP) enantiomers has been studied by circular dichroism (CD), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and NMR. The association constants of the 1 : 1 complexes obtained from CD and ITC titration experiments resulted to be the same for both enantiomers within the experimental uncertainty. Well differentiated CD spectra were determined for the diastereomeric complexes. Their structure was assessed by molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics calculations combined with quantum mechanical calculation of the induced rotational strengths in the low energy KP:β-CyD associates, upon comparison of the calculated quantities with the corresponding experimental CD. The inclusion geometry is similar for both enantiomers with the aromatic carbonyl inserted in the CyD cavity, the monosubstituted ring close to the primary CyD rim and the carboxylate group exposed to the solvent close to the secondary rim. NMR spectra fully confirmed the geometry of the diastereomeric complexes. Tiny structural differences were sensibly probed by CD and confirmed by 2D ROESY spectra. Photoproduct studies with UV absorption and MS detection as well as nanosecond laser flash photolysis evidenced lack of chiral discrimination in the photodecarboxylation of KP within the cavity and formation of a photoaddition product to β-CyD by secondary photochemistry of 3-ethylbenzophenone.

Validation of a method using an achiral liquid chromatography sorbent and a circular dichroism detector

The known HPLC method using an achiral C8 silica sorbent and a circular dichroism (CD) detector for the determination of efaroxan enantiomeric excess has been validated. After optimization of the mobile phase, the enantiomers were detected at 278 nm offering maximum ellipticity between two optically active forms. The calibration curve of the anisotropy factor (g) versus the enantiomeric excess was linear with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9985. The accuracy of the method was assessed by comparing the enantiomeric excess obtained by measuring the g factor (C8 column, CD and UV detections) with those determined by enantioselective HPLC (Chiralpak AD-H column, UV detection). Statistical tests (level of confidence of 95%) were assessed to compare the two orthogonal methods. The straight line gave a correlation coefficient of 0.9995, an intercept not significantly different from zero (0.0549) and a slope of 1.026. The precision evaluated on retention time (RSD<0.6%), g factor (RSD<8.3%) and CD peak area (RSD<7.5%) was suitable both in term of intra- and inter-day precisions. The proposed method has the advantages of being fast and precise without using expensive chiral column. Non-enantioselective HPLC-CD was suitable for the simultaneous determination of the optical and chemical purity of efaroxan.

The rutin/β-cyclodextrin interactions in fully aqueous solution: spectroscopic studies and biological assays

In the present work the feasibility of beta-cyclodextrin complexation was explored, as a tool for improving the aqueous solubility and antioxidant efficacy of rutin. By means of 1H NMR, UV-vis and circular dichroism spectroscopy the single aromatic ring of rutin was found to be inserted into the beta-cyclodextrin cavity to form a 1:1 inclusion complex. The effect of beta-cyclodextrin on the spectral features of rutin was quantitatively investigated, in fully aqueous medium, by holding the concentration of the guest constant and varying the host concentration. The associated binding constants were estimated to be 142+/-20 and 153+/-20 M(-1), respectively, on the basis of the observed UV-vis absorption and circular dichroism intensities. The antioxidant activity of rutin was also investigated, as affected by molecular encapsulation within beta-cyclodextrin (batophenanthroline test; comet assay; lipid peroxidation); the inclusion complex revealed improved antioxidant efficacy that may be in part explained by an increased solubility in the biological moiety.

Determination of enantiomeric excess using the ultraviolet-circular dichroism and the high-performance liquid chromatography-circular dichroism methods

Two useful numerical methods using ultraviolet (UV) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies are proposed to determine enantiomeric excess (e.e). An algorithm is also proposed to generate self-consistent pure R and S enantiomer reference spectra. After all pure reference spectra are generated, a simulated annealing algorithm is applied to minimize the mismatch between the experimental spectra and the spectra after a least-squares fit. Optimal factors for R and S enantiomers are then used to determine e.e. The ultraviolet-circular dichroism (UV-CD) method uses the combined UV and CD spectra in a composite form, while the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-CD method only employs the CD spectra with the total concentrations of R plus S enantiomers provided by HPLC using a non-chiral stationary phase. Both methods were successfully tested on mixtures with known composition and then applied to real experimental data (unknown compositions). Compared with the UV-CD method, the results show that excellent results are more readily obtained using the HPLC-CD method. With the systems studied, the latter usually provided outstanding estimations of e.e with low error percentages.

Mechanistic study of enantiomeric recognition with native gamma-cyclodextrin by capillary electrophoresis, reversed-phase liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electrospray mass spectrometry and circular dichroism techniques

The possible mechanisms for the chiral recognition of 2(S)-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2-[3(S)-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(1H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-ylmethyl)-morpholin-2(R)-yloxy]-ethanol (compound A) and its enantiomer with native gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CD) were investigated using capillary electrophoresis (CE), reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), proton (1H), fluorine (19F) and carbon (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and circular dichroism (CD). All experiments provided clear evidence of the formation of diastereomeric complexes between the enantiomers and gamma-CD. Proton, fluorine and carbon NMR spectra suggested that both aromatic rings, with mono-fluoro and bis-tri-fluoro functional groups, on the guest molecule were partially included into the cavity of the gamma-CD. ESI-MS spectra indicated that the diastereomeric complexes have a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. The binding constants of the diastereomeric complexes obtained by CE, RPLC and CD were compared. The effects of the gamma-CD concentration, organic modifiers and temperature on the CE-chiral separation were also investigated.