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Raposo BL, Souza SO, Santana GS, Lima MTA, Sarmento-Neto JF, Reboucas JS, Pereira G, Santos BS, Cabral Filho PE, Ribeiro MS, Fontes A. A Novel Strategy Based on Zn(II) Porphyrins and Silver Nanoparticles to Photoinactivate Candida albicans. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3007-3020. [PMID: 37312931 PMCID: PMC10258042 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s404422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is an attractive alternative to treat Candida albicans infections, especially considering the spread of resistant strains. The combination of the photophysical advantages of Zn(II) porphyrins (ZnPs) and the plasmonic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has the potential to further improve PDI. Here, we propose the novel association of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated AgNPs with the cationic ZnPs Zn(II) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin or Zn(II) meso-tetrakis(N-n-hexylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin to photoinactivate C. albicans. Methods AgNPs stabilized with PVP were chosen to allow for (i) overlap between the NP extinction and absorption spectra of ZnPs and (ii) favor AgNPs-ZnPs interaction; prerequisites for exploring the plasmonic effect. Optical and zeta potential (ζ) characterizations were performed, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was also evaluated. Yeasts were incubated with individual ZnPs or their respective AgNPs-ZnPs systems, at various ZnP concentrations and two proportions of AgNPs, then irradiated with a blue LED. Interactions between yeasts and the systems (ZnP alone or AgNPs-ZnPs) were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Results Subtle spectroscopic changes were observed for ZnPs after association with AgNPs, and the ζ analyses confirmed AgNPs-ZnPs interaction. PDI using ZnP-hexyl (0.8 µM) and ZnP-ethyl (5.0 µM) promoted a 3 and 2 log10 reduction of yeasts, respectively. On the other hand, AgNPs-ZnP-hexyl (0.2 µM) and AgNPs-ZnP-ethyl (0.6 µM) systems led to complete fungal eradication under the same PDI parameters and lower porphyrin concentrations. Increased ROS levels and enhanced interaction of yeasts with AgNPs-ZnPs were observed, when compared with ZnPs alone. Conclusion We applied a facile synthesis of AgNPs which boosted ZnP efficiency. We hypothesize that the plasmonic effect combined with the greater interaction between cells and AgNPs-ZnPs systems resulted in an efficient and improved fungal inactivation. This study provides insight into the application of AgNPs in PDI and helps diversify our antifungal arsenal, encouraging further developments toward inactivation of resistant Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Raposo
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Sueden O Souza
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Gleyciane S Santana
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Max T A Lima
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José F Sarmento-Neto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Júlio S Reboucas
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Goreti Pereira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Departamento de Química & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Beate S Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Cabral Filho
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN/SP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Abbas G, Alibrahim F, Kankouni R, Al-Belushi S, Al-Mutairi DA, Tovmasyan A, Batinic-Haberle I, Benov L. Effect of the nature of the chelated metal on the photodynamic activity of metalloporphyrins. Free Radic Res 2023; 57:487-499. [PMID: 38035627 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2288997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Coordination of metal ions by the tetrapyrrolic macrocyclic ring of porphyrin-based photosensitizers (PSs) affects their photophysical properties and consequently, their photodynamic activity. Diamagnetic metals increase the singlet oxygen quantum yield while paramagnetic metals have the opposite effect. Since singlet oxygen is considered the main cell-damaging species in photodynamic therapy (PDT), the nature of the chelated cation would directly affect PDT efficacy. This expectation, however, is not always supported by experimental results and numerous exceptions have been reported. Understanding the effect of the chelated metal is hindered because different chelators were used. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the nature of chelated cation on the photophysical and photodynamic properties of metalloporphyrins, using the same tetrapyrrole core as a chelator of Ag(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), In(III), Mn(III), or Zn(II). Results demonstrated that with the exception of Ag(II), all paramagnetic metalloporphyrins were inefficient as generators of singlet oxygen and did not act as PSs. In contrast, the coordination of diamagnetic ions produced highly efficient PSs. The unexpected photodynamic activity of the Ag(II)-containing porphyrin was attributed to reduction of the chelated Ag(II) to Ag(I) or to demetallation of the complex, caused by cellular reductants and/or by exposure to light. Our results indicate that in biological systems, where PSs localize to various organelles and are subjected to the action of enzymes, reactive metabolites, and reducing or oxidizing agents, their physicochemical and photosensitizing properties change. Consequently, the photophysical properties alone cannot predict the anticancer efficacy of a PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer Abbas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fatemah Alibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Rawan Kankouni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sara Al-Belushi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Dalal A Al-Mutairi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ludmil Benov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Souza TH, Sarmento-Neto JF, Souza SO, Raposo BL, Silva BP, Borges CP, Santos BS, Cabral Filho PE, Rebouças JS, Fontes A. Advances on antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation mediated by Zn(II) porphyrins. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Liu Y, Bian Y, Zhang Y, Hang C, Zhang X, Lou S, Jin Q. Fluorescence of CoTPP Mediated by the Plasmon-Exciton Coupling Effect in the Tunneling Junction. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5349-5356. [PMID: 34076440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CoTPP, as a common hypsoporphyrin, is usually not a luminescent molecule because of the open-shell Co ion. In this paper, well-defined multilayer CoTPP molecules self-assembled on Au(111) surface are characterized layer by layer with scanning tunneling microscope (STM) induced luminescence. By using the highly localized STM tunneling current, we not only investigate the influence of bias polarity on the amplitude of distinct plasmonic emission resulted from the interaction between the metal substrate and the metal ions but also first obtain the light emission from the hypsoporphyrins in the tunneling junction. The density-matrix method and the combined approach of classical electrodynamics and first-principles calculation are used to explain the mechanism of the light emission. These findings may expand the underlying physics of plasmon-exciton coupling in STM nanocavity and reveal a new possible path to overcome the fluorescent potential of hypsoporphyrins by the intense localized electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Yuyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Chao Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Shitao Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Qingyuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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5
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Souza THS, Andrade CG, Cabral FV, Sarmento-Neto JF, Rebouças JS, Santos BS, Ribeiro MS, Figueiredo RCBQ, Fontes A. Efficient photodynamic inactivation of Leishmania parasites mediated by lipophilic water-soluble Zn(II) porphyrin ZnTnHex-2-PyP 4. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129897. [PMID: 33811942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is emerging as a promising alternative for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The chemotherapy currently used presents adverse effects and cases of drug resistance have been reported. ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+ is a porphyrin with a high potential as a photosensitizer (PS) for PDI, due to its photophysical properties, structural stability, and cationic/amphiphilic character that can enhance interaction with cells. This study aimed to investigate the photodynamic effects mediated by ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+ on Leishmania parasites. METHODS ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+ stability was evaluated using accelerated solvolysis conditions. The photodynamic action on promastigotes was assessed by (i) viability assays, (ii) mitochondrial membrane potential evaluation, and (iii) morphological analysis. The PS-promastigote interaction was studied. PDI on amastigotes and the cytotoxicity on macrophages were also analyzed. RESULTS ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+, under submicromolar concentration, led to immediate inactivation of more than 95% of promastigotes. PDI promoted intense mitochondrial depolarization, loss of the fusiform shape, and plasma membrane wrinkling in promastigotes. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a punctate PS labeling in the parasite cytoplasm. PDI also led to reductions of ca. 64% in the number of amastigotes/macrophage and 70% in the infection index after a single treatment session. No noteworthy toxicity was observed on mammalian cells. CONCLUSIONS ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+ is stable against demetallation and more efficient as PS than the ethyl analogue ZnTE-2-PyP4+, indicating readiness for evaluation in in vivo studies as an alternative approach to CL. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This report highlighted promising photodynamic effects mediated by ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+ on Leishmania parasites, opening up perspectives for applications in CL pre-clinical assays and PDI of other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago H S Souza
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Camila G Andrade
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Fernanda V Cabral
- Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN/SP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José F Sarmento-Neto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Júlio S Rebouças
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Beate S Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN/SP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina C B Q Figueiredo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Metal center ion effects on photoinactivating rapidly growing mycobacteria using water-soluble tetra-cationic porphyrins. Biometals 2020; 33:269-282. [PMID: 32980947 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) are pathogens that belong to the mycobacteriaceae family and responsible for causing mycobacterioses, which are infections of opportunistic nature and with increasing incidence rates in the world population. This work evaluated the use of six water-soluble cationic porphyrins as photosensitizers for the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) of four RGM strains: Mycolicibacterium fortuitum, Mycolicibacterium smeagmatis, Mycobacteroides abscessus subs. Abscessus, and Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. massiliense. Experiments were conducted with an adequate concentration of photosensitizer under white-light irradiation conditions over 90 min and the results showed that porphyrins 1 and 2 (M = 2H or ZnII ion) were the most effective and significantly reduced the concentration of viable mycobacteria. The present work shows the result is dependent on the metal-center ion coordinated in the cationic porphyrin core. Moreover, we showed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) the possible membrane photodamage caused by reactive oxygen species and analyzed the morphology and adhesive force properties. Tetra-positively charged and water-soluble metalloporphyrins may be promising antimycobacterial aPDT agents with potential applications in medical clinical cases and bioremediation.
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Beyene BB, Wassie GA. Antibacterial activity of Cu(II) and Co(II) porphyrins: role of ligand modification. BMC Chem 2020; 14:51. [PMID: 32818202 PMCID: PMC7427740 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-020-00701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report antibacterial activity of metalloporphyrins; 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (para-X phenyl)porphyrinato M (II) [where X = H, NH2 and COOMe for M = Cu and X = COOH and OMe for M = Co]. The activity study of the as-synthesized metalloporphyrins toward two Gram-positive (S. aureus and S. pyogenes) and two Gram-negative (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) bacteria showed a promising inhibitory activity. Among the complexes under study, the highest antibacterial activity is observed for 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (p-carboxyphenyl)porphyrinato cobalt (II), with inhibition zone of 16.5 mm against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This activity could be attributed to the high binding ability of COOH group to cellular components, membranes, proteins, and DNA as well as the lipophilicity of the complex. Moreover, consistent with literature report, the study revealed that metalloporphyrins with electron withdrawing group at para-positions have better antibacterial activity than metalloporphyrin which possess electron donating group at para position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belete B Beyene
- Department of Chemistry, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Getaneh A Wassie
- Department of Chemistry, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Beyene BB, Mihirteu AM, Ayana MT, Yibeltal AW. Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of metalloporphyrins: Role of central metal ion. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2020.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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9
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Al-Mutairi R, Tovmasyan A, Batinic-Haberle I, Benov L. Sublethal Photodynamic Treatment Does Not Lead to Development of Resistance. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1699. [PMID: 30108561 PMCID: PMC6079231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising new alternative approach for eradication of antibiotic-resistant strains is to expose microbes to photosensitizers, which upon illumination generate reactive oxygen species. Among the requirements for a potent, medically applicable photosensitizer, are high efficacy in killing microbes and low toxicity to the host. Since photodynamic treatment is based on production of reactive species which are potentially DNA damaging and mutagenic, it might be expected that under selective pressure, microbes would develop resistance. The aim of this study was to determine if antibacterial photodynamic treatment with a highly photoefficient photosensitizer, Zn(II) meso-tetrakis(N-n-hexylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin would lead to development of resistance. To answer that question, bacterial cultures were subjected to multiple cycles of sublethal photodynamic stress and regrowth, and to continuous growth under photodynamic exposure. Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli clinical isolates were also tested for susceptibility to photodynamic inactivation and for development of resistance. Results demonstrated that multiple photodynamic exposures and regrowth of surviving cells or continuous growth under sublethal photodynamic conditions, did not lead to development of resistance to photosensitizers or to antibiotics. Antibiotic-resistant E. coli and S. aureus were as sensitive to photodynamic killing as were their antibiotic-sensitive counterparts and no changes in their sensitivity to antibiotics or to photodynamic inactivation after multiple cycles of photodynamic treatment and regrowth were observed. In conclusion, photosensitizers with high photodynamic antimicrobial efficiency can be used successfully for eradication of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains without causing development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Al-Mutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ludmil Benov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Andrade CG, Figueiredo RCBQ, Ribeiro KRC, Souza LIO, Sarmento-Neto JF, Rebouças JS, Santos BS, Ribeiro MS, Carvalho LB, Fontes A. Photodynamic effect of zinc porphyrin on the promastigote and amastigote forms ofLeishmania braziliensis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:482-490. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zn(ii)meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin was applied in the photodynamic inactivation ofLeishmania braziliensis, leading to considerable cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. G. Andrade
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
- Recife
- Brazil
| | - R. C. B. Q. Figueiredo
- Departamento de Microbiologia
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães – Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IAM-FIOCRUZ)
- Recife
- Brazil
| | - K. R. C. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Parasitologia
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães – Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IAM-FIOCRUZ)
- Recife
- Brazil
| | - L. I. O. Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães – Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IAM-FIOCRUZ)
- Recife
- Brazil
| | | | - J. S. Rebouças
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba
- João Pessoa
- Brazil
| | - B. S. Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
- Recife
- Brazil
| | - M. S. Ribeiro
- Centro de Lasers e Aplicações
- IPEN-CNEN/SP
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - L. B. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
- Recife
- Brazil
| | - A. Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
- Recife
- Brazil
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Redox behavior and biological properties of ferrocene bearing porphyrins. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 171:76-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Awad MM, Tovmasyan A, Craik JD, Batinic-Haberle I, Benov LT. Important cellular targets for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7679-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Thomas M, Craik JD, Tovmasyan A, Batinic-Haberle I, Benov LT. Amphiphilic cationic Zn-porphyrins with high photodynamic antimicrobial activity. Future Microbiol 2016; 10:709-24. [PMID: 26000647 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Photodynamic inactivation of microbes can efficiently eradicate antibiotic-resistant strains. Systematic structural modification was used to investigate how porphyrin-based photosensitizers (PSs) could be designed for improved antibacterial activity. MATERIALS & METHODS Zinc(II)5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-alkylpyridinium-2(3,4)-yl)porphyrins presenting systematic modifications at the periphery of the porphyrin ring were evaluated for toxicity and antimicrobial photodynamic activity by measuring metabolic activity, cell membrane integrity and viability using antibiotic-sensitive and resistant Escherichia coli strains as model Gram-negative targets. RESULTS Maximal sensitizer uptake, and, upon illumination, decrease of viable bacteria by >6 log10 were achieved by positively charged amphiphilic PSs with longer (six to eight carbon) alkyl substituents. CONCLUSION Antibacterial photoefficiency (throughout the text photoefficiency has been used as equivalent of photocytotoxic efficacy) can be increased by orders of magnitude by increasing the lipophilicity of cationic alkylmetalloporphyrin PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milini Thomas
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - James D Craik
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- 2Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- 2Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ludmil T Benov
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
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Rahimi R, Fayyaz F, Rassa M. The study of cellulosic fabrics impregnated with porphyrin compounds for use as photo-bactericidal polymers. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 59:661-668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chang JE, Oak CH, Sung N, Jheon S. The potential application of photodynamic therapy in drug-resistant tuberculosis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 150:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Viana OS, Ribeiro MS, Rodas ACD, Rebouças JS, Fontes A, Santos BS. Comparative Study on the Efficiency of the Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida albicans Using CdTe Quantum Dots, Zn(II) Porphyrin and Their Conjugates as Photosensitizers. Molecules 2015; 20:8893-912. [PMID: 25993419 PMCID: PMC6272384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of fluorescent II-VI semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as active photosensitizers in photodymanic inactivation (PDI) is still being evaluated. In the present study, we prepared 3 nm size CdTe QDs coated with mercaptosuccinic acid and conjugated them electrostatically with Zn(II) meso-tetrakis (N-ethyl-2-pyridinium-2-yl) porphyrin (ZnTE-2-PyP or ZnP), thus producing QDs-ZnP conjugates. We evaluated the capability of the systems, bare QDs and conjugates, to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and applied them in photodynamic inactivation in cultures of Candida albicans by irradiating the QDs and testing the hypothesis of a possible combined contribution of the PDI action. Tests of in vitro cytotoxicity and phototoxicity in fibroblasts were also performed in the presence and absence of light irradiation. The overall results showed an efficient ROS production for all tested systems and a low cytotoxicity (cell viability >90%) in the absence of radiation. Fibroblasts incubated with the QDs-ZnP and subjected to irradiation showed a higher cytotoxicity (cell viability <90%) depending on QD concentration compared to the bare groups. The PDI effects of bare CdTe QD on Candida albicans demonstrated a lower reduction of the cell viability (~1 log10) compared to bare ZnP which showed a high microbicidal activity (~3 log10) when photoactivated. The QD-ZnP conjugates also showed reduced photodynamic activity against C. albicans compared to bare ZnP and we suggest that the conjugation with QDs prevents the transmembrane cellular uptake of the ZnP molecules, reducing their photoactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnir S Viana
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Pernambuco Federal University, Recife 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN-SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Andréa C D Rodas
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN-SP, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Júlio S Rebouças
- Chemistry Department, CCEN Universidade Federal da Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Biophysics and Radiobiology Department, Pernambuco Federal University, Recife 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Beate S Santos
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Pernambuco Federal University, Recife 50670-901, Brazil.
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17
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Benov L. Photodynamic therapy: current status and future directions. Med Princ Pract 2015; 24 Suppl 1:14-28. [PMID: 24820409 PMCID: PMC6489067 DOI: 10.1159/000362416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive therapeutic modality used for the management of a variety of cancers and benign diseases. The destruction of unwanted cells and tissues in PDT is achieved by the use of visible or near-infrared radiation to activate a light-absorbing compound (a photosensitizer, PS), which, in the presence of molecular oxygen, leads to the production of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species. These cytotoxic species damage and kill target cells. The development of new PSs with properties optimized for PDT applications is crucial for the improvement of the therapeutic outcome. This review outlines the principles of PDT and discusses the relationship between the structure and physicochemical properties of a PS, its cellular uptake and subcellular localization, and its effect on PDT outcome and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmil Benov
- *Ludmil Benov, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110 (Kuwait), E-Mail
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18
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Odeh AM, Craik JD, Ezzeddine R, Tovmasyan A, Batinic-Haberle I, Benov LT. Targeting mitochondria by Zn(II)N-alkylpyridylporphyrins: the impact of compound sub-mitochondrial partition on cell respiration and overall photodynamic efficacy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108238. [PMID: 25250732 PMCID: PMC4177117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in aerobic ATP production and redox control. They harness crucial metabolic pathways and control cell death mechanisms, properties that make these organelles essential for survival of most eukaryotic cells. Cancer cells have altered cell death pathways and typically show a shift towards anaerobic glycolysis for energy production, factors which point to mitochondria as potential culprits in cancer development. Targeting mitochondria is an attractive approach to tumor control, but design of pharmaceutical agents based on rational approaches is still not well established. The aim of this study was to investigate which structural features of specially designed Zn(II)N-alkylpyridylporphyrins would direct them to mitochondria and to particular mitochondrial targets. Since Zn(II)N-alkylpyridylporphyrins can act as highly efficient photosensitizers, their localization can be confirmed by photodamage to particular mitochondrial components. Using cultured LS174T adenocarcinoma cells, we found that subcellular distribution of Zn-porphyrins is directed by the nature of the substituents attached to the meso pyridyl nitrogens at the porphyrin ring. Increasing the length of the aliphatic chain from one carbon (methyl) to six carbons (hexyl) increased mitochondrial uptake of the compounds. Such modifications also affected sub-mitochondrial distribution of the Zn-porphyrins. The amphiphilic hexyl derivative (ZnTnHex-2-PyP) localized in the vicinity of cytochrome c oxidase complex, causing its inactivation during illumination. Photoinactivation of critical cellular targets explains the superior efficiency of the hexyl derivative in causing mitochondrial photodamage, and suppressing cellular respiration and survival. Design of potent photosensitizers and redox-active scavengers of free radicals should take into consideration not only selective organelle uptake and localization, but also selective targeting of critical macromolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad M. Odeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - James D. Craik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Rima Ezzeddine
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ludmil T. Benov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- * E-mail:
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Tovmasyan A, Reboucas JS, Benov L. Simple biological systems for assessing the activity of superoxide dismutase mimics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2416-36. [PMID: 23964890 PMCID: PMC4005499 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Half a century of research provided unambiguous proof that superoxide and species derived from it-reactive oxygen species (ROS)-play a central role in many diseases and degenerative processes. This stimulated the search for pharmaceutical agents that are capable of preventing oxidative damage, and methods of assessing their therapeutic potential. RECENT ADVANCES The limitations of superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a therapeutic tool directed attention to small molecules, SOD mimics, that are capable of catalytically scavenging superoxide. Several groups of compounds, based on either metal complexes, including metalloporphyrins, metallocorroles, Mn(II) cyclic polyamines, and Mn(III) salen derivatives, or non-metal based compounds, such as fullerenes, nitrones, and nitroxides, have been developed and studied in vitro and in vivo. Very few entered clinical trials. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Development of SOD mimics requires in-depth understanding of their mechanisms of biological action. Elucidation of both molecular features, essential for efficient ROS-scavenging in vivo, and factors limiting the potential side effects requires biologically relevant and, at the same time, relatively simple testing systems. This review discuses the advantages and limitations of genetically engineered SOD-deficient unicellular organisms, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as tools for investigating the efficacy and mechanisms of biological actions of SOD mimics. These simple systems allow the scrutiny of the minimal requirements for a functional SOD mimic: the association of a high catalytic activity for superoxide dismutation, low toxicity, and an efficient cellular uptake/biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artak Tovmasyan
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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20
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Hambright P, Batinić-Haberle I, Spasojević I. Meso tetrakis ortho-, meta-, and para-N-alkylpyridiniopor-phyrins: kinetics of copper(II) and zinc(II) incorporation and zinc porphyrin demetalation. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424603000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The relative reactivities of the tetrakis( N -alkylpyridinium- X - yl )-porphyrins where X = 4 (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, n -propyl) , X = 3 (methyl) , and X = 2 (methyl, ethyl, n -propyl, n -butyl, n -hexyl, n -octyl) were studied in aqueous solution. From the ionic strength dependence of the metalation rate constants, the effective charge of a particular cationic porphyrin was usually larger when copper(II) rather than zinc(II) was the reactant. The kinetics of ZnOH + incorporation and the acid catalyzed removal of zinc from the porphyrins in 1.0 M HCl were also studied. In general, the more basic 4- (para-) and 3- (meta-) isomers were the most reactive, followed by the less basic 2- (ortho-) methyl to n -butyl derivatives, with the lipophilic ortho n -hexyl and n -octyl porphyrins the least reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hambright
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Ines Batinić-Haberle
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ivan Spasojević
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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21
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Protein damage by photo-activated Zn(II) N-alkylpyridylporphyrins. Amino Acids 2010; 42:117-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Rabbani ZN, Spasojevic I, Zhang X, Moeller BJ, Haberle S, Vasquez-Vivar J, Dewhirst MW, Vujaskovic Z, Batinic-Haberle I. Antiangiogenic action of redox-modulating Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin, MnTE-2-PyP(5+), via suppression of oxidative stress in a mouse model of breast tumor. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:992-1004. [PMID: 19591920 PMCID: PMC2749298 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MnTE-2-PyP(5+) is a potent catalytic scavenger of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, primarily superoxide and peroxynitrite. It therefore not only attenuates primary oxidative damage, but was found to modulate redox-based signaling pathways (HIF-1alpha, NF-kappaB, SP-1, and AP-1) and thus, in turn, secondary oxidative injury also. Cancer has been widely considered an oxidative stress condition. The goal of this study was to prove if and why a catalytic SOD mimic/peroxynitrite scavenger would exert anti-cancer effects, i.e., to evaluate whether the attenuation of the oxidative stress by MnTE-2-PyP(5+) could suppress tumor growth in a 4T1 mouse breast tumor model. Tumor cells were implanted into Balb/C mouse flanks. Three groups of mice (n=25) were studied: control (PBS) and 2 and 15 mg/kg/day of MnTE-2-PyP(5+) given subcutaneously twice daily starting when the tumors averaged 200 mm(3) (until they reached approximately 5-fold the initial volume). Intratumoral hypoxia (pimonidazole, carbonic anhydrase), HIF-1alpha, VEGF, proliferating capillary index (CD105), microvessel density (CD31), protein nitration, DNA oxidation (8-OHdG), NADPH oxidase (Nox-4), apoptosis (CD31), macrophage infiltration (CD68), and tumor drug levels were assessed. With 2 mg/kg/day a trend toward tumor growth delay was observed, and a significant trend was observed with 15 mg/kg/day. The 7.5-fold increase in drug dose was accompanied by a similar (6-fold) increase in tumor drug levels. Oxidative stress was largely attenuated as observed through the decreased levels of DNA damage, protein 3-nitrotyrosine, macrophage infiltration, and NADPH oxidase. Further, hypoxia was significantly decreased as were the levels of HIF-1alpha and VEGF. Consequently, suppression of angiogenesis was observed; both the microvessel density and the endothelial cell proliferation were markedly decreased. Our study indicates for the first time that MnTE-2-PyP(5+) has anti-cancer activity in its own right. The anti-cancer activity via HIF/VEGF pathways probably arises from the impact of the drug on the oxidative stress. Therefore, the catalytic scavenging of ROS/RNS by antioxidants, which in turn suppresses cellular transcriptional activity, could be an appropriate strategy for anti-cancer therapy. Enhancement of the anti-cancer effects may be achieved by optimizing the dosing regime, utilizing more bioavailable Mn porphyrins (MnP), and combining MnP treatment with irradiation, hyperthermia, and chemotherapy. Mn porphyrins may be advantageous compared to other anti-cancer drugs, owing to their radioprotection of normal tissue and the ability to afford pain management in cancer patients via prevention of chronic morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid N. Rabbani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - XiuWu Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Benjamin J. Moeller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sinisa Haberle
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Mark W. Dewhirst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Zeljko Vujaskovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Corresponding authors: Ines Batinic-Haberle, Ph. D., Department of Radiation Oncology-Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, 281b/285 MSRB I, Box 3455, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-684-2101, Fax: 919-684-8718, , Zeljko Vujaskovic, MD, PhD, Duke University Medical Center, 201 MSRB, Box 3455, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-681-1675, Fax: 919-684-8718,
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Corresponding authors: Ines Batinic-Haberle, Ph. D., Department of Radiation Oncology-Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, 281b/285 MSRB I, Box 3455, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-684-2101, Fax: 919-684-8718, , Zeljko Vujaskovic, MD, PhD, Duke University Medical Center, 201 MSRB, Box 3455, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-681-1675, Fax: 919-684-8718,
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Al-Mutairi DA, Craik JD, Batinic-Haberle I, Benov LT. Photosensitizing action of isomeric zincN-methylpyridylporphyrins in human carcinoma cells. Free Radic Res 2009; 40:477-83. [PMID: 16551574 DOI: 10.1080/10715760600577849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The success of photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a minimally invasive approach, in treating both neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases has stimulated the search for new compounds with potential application in PDT. We have previously reported that Zn(II) N-alkylpyridylporphyrins (ZnTM-2(3,4)-PyP(4+) and ZnTE-2-PyP(4+)) can act as photosensitizers and kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study investigated the photosensitizing effects of the isomers of ZnTMPyP(4+) (ZnTM-2(3,4)-PyP(4+)) and respective ligands on a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. At 10 microM and 30 min of illumination the isomeric porphyrins completely inhibited cell growth, and at 20 microM killed approximately 50% of the cancer cells. All these effects were entirely light-dependent. The isomers of the ZnTMPyP(4+) and the respective ligands show high photosensitizing efficiency and no toxicity in the dark. Their efficacy as photosensitizers is comparable to that of hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal A Al-Mutairi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Department of Biochemistry, Safat
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24
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Al-Mutairi DA, Craik JD, Batinic-Haberle I, Benov LT. Induction of oxidative cell damage by photo-treatment with zincmetaN-methylpyridylporphyrin. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:89-96. [PMID: 17164182 DOI: 10.1080/10715760600952869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that isomeric Zn(II) N-methylpyridylporphyrins (ZnTM-2(3,4)-PyP4 + ) can act as photosensitizers with efficacy comparable to that of hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) in preventing cell proliferation and causing cell death in vitro. To better understand the biochemical basis of this activity, the effects of photo-activated ZnTM-3-PyP4 + on GSH/GSSG ratio, lipid peroxidation, membrane permeability, oxidative DNA damage, and the activities of SOD, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase were evaluated. Light exposure of ZnTM-3-PyP4 + -treated colon adenocarcinoma cells caused a wide spectrum of oxidative damage including depletion of GSH, inactivation of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase, oxidative DNA damage and peroxidation of membrane lipids. Cell staining with Hoechst-33342 showed morphological changes consistent with both necrotic and apoptotic death sequences, depending upon the presence of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal A Al-Mutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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Han J, Xing Y, Wang C, Hou P, Bai F, Zeng X, Zhang X, Ge M. Two complexes (Cu, Zn) with 1,10-phenanthroline and a tridentate amino-Schiff-base: crystal structures, spectra, thermogravimetric analyses and superoxide dismutase activity. J COORD CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00958970802326161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- a Bioinorganic Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University , Dalian 116029, P.R. China
| | - Yongheng Xing
- a Bioinorganic Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University , Dalian 116029, P.R. China
| | - Che Wang
- a Bioinorganic Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University , Dalian 116029, P.R. China
| | - Peng Hou
- a Bioinorganic Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University , Dalian 116029, P.R. China
| | - Fengying Bai
- a Bioinorganic Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University , Dalian 116029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- b Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100080, P.R. China
| | - Xingjing Zhang
- a Bioinorganic Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University , Dalian 116029, P.R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- b Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100080, P.R. China
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26
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Spasojević I, Chen Y, Noel TJ, Fan P, Zhang L, Rebouças JS, St. Clair DK, Batinić-Haberle I. Pharmacokinetics of the potent redox-modulating manganese porphyrin, MnTE-2-PyP(5+), in plasma and major organs of B6C3F1 mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:943-9. [PMID: 18598757 PMCID: PMC2583406 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mn(III) tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin, MnTE-2-PyP(5+), a potent catalytic superoxide and peroxynitrite scavenger, has been beneficial in several oxidative stress-related diseases thus far examined. Pharmacokinetic studies are essential for the better assessment of the therapeutic potential of MnTE-2-PyP(5+) and similar compounds, as well as for the modulation of their bioavailability and toxicity. Despite high hydrophilicity, this drug entered mitochondria after a single 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection at levels high enough (5.1 muM; 2.95 ng/mg protein) to protect against superoxide/peroxynitrite damage. Utilizing the same analytical approach, which involves the reduction of MnTE-2-PyP(5+) followed by the exchange of Mn(2+) with Zn(2+) and HPLC/fluorescence detection of ZnTE-2-PyP(4+), we measured levels of MnTE-2-PyP(5+) in mouse plasma, liver, kidney, lung, heart, spleen, and brain over a period of 7 days after a single intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg. Two B6C3F1 female mice per time point were used. The pharmacokinetic profile in plasma and organs was complex; thus a noncompartmental approach was utilized to calculate the area under the curve, c(max), t(max), and drug elimination half-time (t(1/2)). In terms of levels of MnTE-2-PyP(5+) found, the organs can be classified into three distinct groups: (1) high levels (kidney, liver, and spleen), (2) moderate levels (lung and heart), and (3) low levels (brain). The maximal levels in plasma, kidney, spleen, lung, and heart are reached within 45 min, whereas in the case of liver a prolonged absorption phase was observed, with the maximal concentration reached at 8 h. Moreover, accumulation of the drug in brain continued beyond the time of the experiment (7 days) and is likely to be driven by the presence of negatively charged phospholipids. For tissues other than brain, a slow elimination phase (single exponential decay, t(1/2)=60 to 135 h) was observed. The calculated pharmacokinetic parameters will be used to design optimal dosing regimens in future preclinical studies utilizing this and similar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Spasojević
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710
- Corresponding authors: Ivan Spasojević Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 684-8311, Fax: 684-9094, e-mail: , Ines Batinić-Haberle, Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, 231 Nanaline H. Duke, Box 3711, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-684-2101, Fax: 919-684-8885, e-mail:
| | - Yumin Chen
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Teresa J. Noel
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Ping Fan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Lichun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Julio S. Rebouças
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Daret K. St. Clair
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Ines Batinić-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710
- Corresponding authors: Ivan Spasojević Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 684-8311, Fax: 684-9094, e-mail: , Ines Batinić-Haberle, Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, 231 Nanaline H. Duke, Box 3711, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-684-2101, Fax: 919-684-8885, e-mail:
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DeFreitas-Silva G, Rebouças JS, Spasojevi I, Benov L, Idemori YM, -Haberle IB. SOD-like activity of Mn(II) beta-octabromo-meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-3-yl)porphyrin equals that of the enzyme itself. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 477:105-12. [PMID: 18477465 PMCID: PMC2577908 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mn porphyrins are among the most efficient SOD mimics with potency approaching that of SOD enzymes. The most potent ones, Mn(III) N-alkylpyridylporphyrins bear positive charges in a close proximity to the metal site, affording thermodynamic and kinetic facilitation for the reaction with negatively charged superoxide. The addition of electron-withdrawing bromines onto beta-pyrrolic positions dramatically improves thermodynamic facilitation for the O2*- dismutation. We have previously characterized the para isomer, Mn(II)Br(8)TM-4-PyP(4+) [Mn(II) beta-octabromo-meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin]. Herein we fully characterized its meta analogue, Mn(II)Br(8)TM-3-PyP(4+) with respect to UV/vis spectroscopy, electron spray mass spectrometry, electrochemistry, O2*- dismutation, metal-ligand stability, and the ability to protect SOD-deficient Escherichia coli in comparison with its para analogue. The increased electron-deficiency of the metal center stabilizes Mn in its +2 oxidation state. The metal-centered Mn(III)/Mn(II) reduction potential, E((1/2))=+468 mV vs NHE, is increased by 416 mV with respect to non-brominated analogue, Mn(III)TM-3-PyP(5+) and is only 12 mV less positive than for para isomer. Yet, the complex is significantly more stable towards the loss of metal than its para analogue. As expected, based on the structure-activity relationships, an increase in E((1/2)) results in a higher catalytic rate constant for the O2*- dismutation, log k(cat)> or =8.85; 1.5-fold increase with respect to the para isomer. The IC(50) was calculated to be < or =3.7 nM. Manipulation of the electron-deficiency of a cationic porphyrin resulted, therefore, in the highest k(cat) ever reported for a metalloporphyrin, being essentially identical to the k(cat) of superoxide dismutases (log k(cat)=8.84-9.30). The positive kinetic salt effect points to the unexpected, unique and first time recorded behavior of Mn beta-octabrominated porphyrins when compared to other Mn porphyrins studied thus far. When species of opposing charges react, the increase in ionic strength invariably results in the decreased rate constant; with brominated porphyrins the opposite was found to be true. The effect is 3.5-fold greater with meta than with para isomer, which is discussed with respect to the closer proximity of the quaternary nitrogens of the meta isomer to the metal center than that of the para isomer. The potency of Mn(II)Br(8)TM-3-PyP(4+) was corroborated by in vivo studies, where 500 nM allows SOD-deficient E. coli to grow >60% of the growth of wild type; at concentrations > or =5 microM it exhibits toxicity. Our work shows that exceptionally high k(cat) for the O2*- disproportionation can be achieved not only with an N(5)-type coordination motif, as rationalized previously for aza crown ether (cyclic polyamines) complexes, but also with a N(4)-type motif as in the Mn porphyrin case; both motifs sharing "up-down-up-down" steric arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilson DeFreitas-Silva
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Júlio S. Rebouças
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ivan Spasojevi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ludmil Benov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, 13110, Kuwait
| | - Ynara M. Idemori
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ines Batini -Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Rebouças JS, Spasojević I, Tjahjono DH, Richaud A, Méndez F, Benov L, Batinić-Haberle I. Redox modulation of oxidative stress by Mn porphyrin-based therapeutics: the effect of charge distribution. Dalton Trans 2008:1233-42. [PMID: 18283384 DOI: 10.1039/b716517j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluate herein the impact of positive charge distribution on the in vitro and in vivo properties of Mn porphyrins as redox modulators possessing the same overall 5+ charge and of minimal stericity demand: Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(trimethylanilinium-4-yl)porphyrin (MnTTriMAP(5+)), Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N,N'-dimethylpyrazolium-4-yl)porphyrin (MnTDM-4-PzP(5+)), Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N,N'-dimethylimidazolium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTDM-2-ImP(5+)), and the ortho and para methylpyridinium complexes Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (MnTM-4-PyP(5+)) and Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTM-2-PyP(5+)). Both Mn(III)/Mn(II) reduction potential and SOD activity within the series follow the order: MnTTriMAP(5+)<MnTDM-4-PzP(5+)<MnTM-4-PyP(5+)<MnTM-2-PyP(5+)<MnTDM-2-ImP(5+). The kinetic salt effect (KSE) on the catalytic rate constant for superoxide dismutation (k(cat)) indicates that the electrostatic contribution to the O(2)*(-) dismutation is the greatest with MnTM-2-PyP(5+) and follows the order: MnTM-4-PyP(5+)<MnTDM-4-PzP(5+) approximately MnTDM-2-ImP(5+)<MnTM-2-PyP(5+). The KSE observed on k(cat) suggests that the charges are relatively confined within specific regions of the aryl rings. Whereas the charges in imidazolium, pyrazolium, and MnTM-4-PyP(5+) compounds are distributed in-plane with the porphyrin ring, the charges of MnTM-2-PyP(5+) are either above or below the plane, which channels the negatively-charged superoxide toward the axial positions of the Mn porphyrin more efficiently, and leads to the highest KSE. This mimics the tunneling effect observed in the SOD enzymes themselves. The modulation of the reactivity of the Mn center by the electronic perturbations caused by the meso-aryl substituent could be explained by DFT calculation, whereby a correlation between the Mn(III)/Mn(II) reduction potential (and/or SOD activity) and meso-aryl fragment softness descriptors for nucleophilic (s(f)(+)) and radical (s(f)(o)) attacks was observed. MnTDM-4-PzP(5+) and MnTM-4-PyP(5+) did not protect SOD-deficient E. coli grown aerobically, which is in agreement with their low k(cat). MnTM-2-PyP(5+) and MnTDM-2-ImP(5+) have similar high k(cat), but MnTDM-2-ImP(5+) was significantly less protective to E. coli, probably due to its bulkier size, decreased cellular uptake, and/or observed toxicity. The placement of charges closer to the metal center and spatial charge localization increases both the in vitro and the in vivo SOD activity of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio S Rebouças
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Al-Mutairi DA, Craik JD, Batinic-Haberle I, Benov LT. Inactivation of metabolic enzymes by photo-treatment with zinc meta N-methylpyridylporphyrin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:1520-7. [PMID: 17884296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 06/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is notably dependent on energy supply and generation of reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH for reductive biosynthesis. Blockage of pathways generating energy and reducing equivalents has proved successful for cancer treatment. We have previously reported that isomeric Zn(II) N-methylpyridylporphyrins (ZnTM-2(3,4)-PyP4+) can act as photosensitizers, preventing cell proliferation and causing cell death in vitro. The present study demonstrates that upon illumination, ZnTM-3-PyP inactivates glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, NADP+ -linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, aconitase, and fumarase in adenocarcinoma LS174T cells. ZnTM-3-PyP4+ was significantly more effective than hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) for inactivation of all enzymes, except aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase. Enzyme inactivation was accompanied by aggregation, presumably due to protein cross-linking of some of the enzymes tested. Inactivation of metabolic enzymes caused disruption of cancer cells' metabolism and is likely to be one of the major reasons for antiproliferative activity of ZnTM-3-PyP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal A Al-Mutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923 Safat, 13110, Kuwait
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Spasojevic I, Chen Y, Noel TJ, Yu Y, Cole MP, Zhang L, Zhao Y, St Clair DK, Batinic-Haberle I. Mn porphyrin-based superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic, MnIIITE-2-PyP5+, targets mouse heart mitochondria. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:1193-200. [PMID: 17382200 PMCID: PMC1931511 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin, MnIIITE-2-PyP5+ (AEOL-10113) has proven effective in treating oxidative stress-induced conditions including cancer, radiation damage, diabetes, and central nervous system trauma. The ortho cationic pyridyl nitrogens of MnTE-2-PyP5+ are essential for its high antioxidant potency. The exceptional ability of MnIIITE-2-PyP5+ to dismute O2.- parallels its ability to reduce ONOO- and CO3-. Decreasing levels of these species are considered its predominant mode of action, which may also involve redox regulation of signaling pathways. Recently, Ferrer-Sueta at al. (Free Radic. Biol. Med. 41:503-512; 2006) showed, with submitochondrial particles, that>or=3 microM MnIIITE-2-PyP5+ was able to protect components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain from peroxynitrite-mediated damage. Our study complements their data in showing, for the first time that micromolar mitochondrial concentrations of MnIIITE-2-PyP5+ are obtainable in vivo. For this study we have developed a new and sensitive method for MnIIITE-2-PyP5+ determination in tissues. The method is based on the exchange of porphyrin Mn2+ with Zn2+, followed by the HPLC/fluorescence detection of ZnIITE-2-PyP4+. At 4 and 7 h after a single 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration of MnIIITE-2-PyP5+, the mice (8 in total) were anesthetized and perfused with saline. Mitochondria were then isolated by the method of Mela and Seitz (Methods Enzymol.55:39-46; 1979). We found MnIIITE-2-PyP5+ localized in heart mitochondria to 2.95 ng/mg protein. Given the average value of mitochondrial volume of 0.6 microL/mg protein, the calculated MnIIITE-2-PyP5+ concentration is 5.1 microM, which is sufficient to protect mitochondria from oxidative damage. This study establishes, for the first time, that MnIIITE-2-PyP5+, a highly charged metalloporphyrin, is capable of entering mitochondria in vivo at levels sufficient to exert there its antioxidant action; such a result encourages its development as a prospective therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- *Corresponding authors: Ivan Spasojevic, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 684-8311, Fax: 684-9094, e-mail: , Ines Batinic-Haberle, Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, 231 Nanaline H. Duke, Box 3711, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-684-2101, Fax: 919-684-8885, e-mail:
| | - Yumin Chen
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Teresa J. Noel
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Yiqun Yu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Marsha P. Cole
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Lichun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Daret K. St Clair
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- *Corresponding authors: Ivan Spasojevic, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 684-8311, Fax: 684-9094, e-mail: , Ines Batinic-Haberle, Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, 231 Nanaline H. Duke, Box 3711, Durham, NC 27710, Tel: 919-684-2101, Fax: 919-684-8885, e-mail:
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Caminos DA, Spesia MB, Durantini EN. Photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli by novel meso-substituted porphyrins by 4-(3-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumpropoxy)phenyl and 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 5:56-65. [PMID: 16395428 DOI: 10.1039/b513511g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic effect of novel cationic porphyrins, with different pattern of meso-substitution by 4-(3-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumpropoxy)phenyl (A) and 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl (B) groups, have been studied in both solution bearing photooxidizable substrates and in vitro on a typical Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. In these sensitizers, the cationic groups are separated from the macrocycle ring by a propoxy spacer. Thus, the charges have a high mobility and a minimal influence on photophysical properties of the porphyrin. These compounds produce singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1Delta(g)), with quantum yields of approximately 0.41-0.53 in N,N-dimethylformamide. In methanol, the l-tryptophan photodecomposition increases with the number of cationic charges in the sensitizer. In vitro investigations show that cationic porphyrins are rapidly bound to E. coli cells in approximately 5 min. A higher binding was found for A3B3+ porphyrin, which is tightly bound to cells still after three washing steps. Photosensitized inactivation of E. coli cellular suspensions follows the order: A3B3+ > A44+>> ABAB2+ > AB3+. Under these conditions, a negligible effect was found for 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS4(4-)) that characterizes an anionic sensitizer. Also, the results obtained for these new cationic porphyrins were compared with those of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-N,N,N-trimethylammonium phenyl)porphyrin (TTAP4+), which is a standard active sensitizer established to eradicate E. coli. The photodynamic activity of TTAP4+ is quite similar to that produced by A4(4+). Studies in an anoxic condition indicate that oxygen is necessary for the mechanism of action of photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. The higher photodynamic activity of A3B3+ was confirmed by growth delay experiments. Photodynamic inactivation capacities of these sensitizers were also evaluated in E. coli cells immobilized on agar surfaces. Under these conditions, A3B3+ porphyrin retains a high activity to inactivate localized bacterial cells. Therefore, tricationic porphyrin A3B3+ is an interesting sensitizer with potential applications in photodynamic inactivation of bacteria in liquid suspensions or on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Caminos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Meisel P, Kocher T. Photodynamic therapy for periodontal diseases: State of the art. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2005; 79:159-70. [PMID: 15878121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Revised: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic killing of periodontopathogenic bacteria may be an alternative to the systemic application of antibacterial drugs used in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Even though the method is still in the experimental stage, increasing bacterial resistance problems may promote the introduction of photodynamic therapy (PDT) into periodontal practice. AIM In this review a literature survey is given of PDT as seen from a periodontal perspective. METHODS In this review, the present knowledge and experience of PDT is summarized. Literature data are presented on drawbacks of conventional antibiotics, the mechanism of PDT, bactericidal effects of PDT as well as results of clinical efforts. The future prospects of the method are discussed. RESULTS The application of photosensitizing dyes and their excitation by visible light enables effective killing of periodontopathogens. Encouraging studies using PDT in periodontitis and in peri-implantitis are known. CONCLUSION Even though PDT is still in experimental stages of development and testing, the method may be an adjunct to conventional antibacterial measures in periodontology. Clinical follow-up studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meisel
- Department of Pharmacology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, F-Loeffler-Str. 23d, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3:436-50. [PMID: 15122361 PMCID: PMC3071049 DOI: 10.1039/b311900a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1334] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs a non-toxic dye, termed a photosensitizer (PS), and low intensity visible light which, in the presence of oxygen, combine to produce cytotoxic species. PDT has the advantage of dual selectivity, in that the PS can be targeted to its destination cell or tissue and, in addition, the illumination can be spatially directed to the lesion. PDT has previously been used to kill pathogenic microorganisms in vitro, but its use to treat infections in animal models or patients has not, as yet, been much developed. It is known that Gram-(-) bacteria are resistant to PDT with many commonly used PS that will readily lead to phototoxicity in Gram-(+) species, and that PS bearing a cationic charge or the use of agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane will increase the efficacy of killing Gram-(-) organisms. All the available evidence suggests that multi-antibiotic resistant strains are as easily killed by PDT as naive strains, and that bacteria will not readily develop resistance to PDT. Treatment of localized infections with PDT requires selectivity of the PS for microbes over host cells, delivery of the PS into the infected area and the ability to effectively illuminate the lesion. Recently, there have been reports of PDT used to treat infections in selected animal models and some clinical trials: mainly for viral lesions, but also for acne, gastric infection by Helicobacter pylori and brain abcesses. Possible future clinical applications include infections in wounds and burns, rapidly spreading and intractable soft-tissue infections and abscesses, infections in body cavities such as the mouth, ear, nasal sinus, bladder and stomach, and surface infections of the cornea and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Spasojević I, Menzeleev R, White PS, Fridovich I. Rotational isomers of N-alkylpyridylporphyrins and their metal complexes. HPLC separation, (1)H NMR and X-ray structural characterization, electrochemistry, and catalysis of O(2)(.-) disproportionation. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:5874-81. [PMID: 12401096 DOI: 10.1021/ic025556x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rotational (atropo-) isomers of Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-alkylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrins and corresponding metal-free porphyrin ligands (where alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, n-hexyl) and Zn(II) meso-tetrakis(N-methyl(ethyl,n-hexyl)pyridinium-2-yl)porphyrins were separated and isolated by reverse-phase HPLC. The identity of the rotational isomers of metal-free meso-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin was established by (1)H NMR spectra and by the crystal structure of the fastest eluting fraction (R(f) = 7.7%, R(w) = 9.2%, P2(1)/c, Z = 8, a = 14.2846(15) A, b = 22.2158(24) A, c = 29.369(3) A, beta = 95.374(2) degrees ) which, in accordance with (1)H NMR interpretation, proved to be the alphabetaalphabeta isomer. This result, together with elution intensity patterns, was used to identify the fractions of other Mn(III)-porphyrins, Zn(II)-porphyrins, and corresponding metal-free ligands in the series. All of the atropoisomers were inert toward isomerization which was not observable for 30 days at room temperature and reached only 50% in 16 days at 90 degrees C in the case of the Mn(III)-ethyl analogue. However, a complete freeze-dry removal of the mobile phase from the HPLC fractions caused an almost 100% isomerization. The Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin, as a mixture of atropoisomers (AEOL-10113), has been shown to offer protection in oxidative stress injury ascribed to its high reactivity toward superoxide (k(cat) = 5.8 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1)) as a consequence of its favorable redox potential (E(1/2) = +228 mV vs NHE). In this work, the atropoisomers were found to have similar redox potentials ranging from +240 to +220 mV, to be similarly potent catalysts of O(2)(.-) disproportionation (dismutation), with k(cat) ranging from 5.5 x 10(7) to 6.8 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1), and not to preferentially bind to biological tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Spasojević
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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