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Jiang C, Ge J, He B, Zeng B. Glycosphingolipids in Filamentous Fungi: Biological Roles and Potential Applications in Cosmetics and Health Foods. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:690211. [PMID: 34367090 PMCID: PMC8341767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.690211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are a group of economically important fungi used in the production of fermented foods, industrial enzymes, and secondary metabolites. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) as constituents of lipid rafts are involved in growth, differentiation, and response to environment stress in filamentous fungi. In addition to these key roles, GSLs are also important in the barrier function of skin to retain moisture as a moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics or health products for their strong biological activity as a functional component. GSLs found in filamentous fungi are divided in two major classes: neutral GSLs (glycosylceramides), glucosylceramides (GlcCers), and/or galactosylceramides (GalCers) and acidic GSLs, mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide (MIPC) and mannosyldiinositol phosphorylceramide [M(IP)2C]. Glycosylceramides are one of the abundant GSLs in Aspergillus and known to improve skin-barrier function and prevent intestinal impairment as a prebiotic. Some filamentous fungi of Aspergillus spp., synthesizing both GlcCer and GalCer, would be an amenable source to exploit glycosylceramides that wildly adding in cosmetics as moisturizing ingredients or health food as dietary supplements. In this minireview, the types, structures, and biosynthetic pathways of GSLs in filamentous fungi, and the relevance of GSLs in fungal growth, spore formation, and environmental stress response are explained. Furthermore, the advantage, potential development, and application of GlcCer and GalCer from filamentous fungi Aspergillus spp. are also investigate based on the use of plant GlcCer in health foods and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Jiang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinxin Ge
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin He
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China.,College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
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Calixto ROR, Rollin-Pinheiro R, da Silva MID, Liporagi-Lopes LC, Vieira JM, Sassaki GL, Barreto-Bergter E. Structural analysis of glucosylceramides (GlcCer) from species of the Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium complex. Fungal Biol 2015; 120:166-72. [PMID: 26781373 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucosylceramides (GlcCer) are the main neutral glycosphingolipids expressed in fungal cells. In this work, glucosylceramides (GlcCer) were extracted from three strains of Scedosporium (Pseudallescheria) boydii, one strain of Pseudallescheria ellipsoidea and one strain of Pseudallescheria angusta and purified by several chromatographic steps. Using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), we found a similarity between GlcCer obtained from all of the analysed strains. A detailed structural analysis of the P. ellipsoidea GlcCer was performed via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and confirmed in 1- and 2-D heteronuclear NMR experiments ((1)H-(13) C HSQC). GlcCer species produced by mycelial forms of these strains displayed the same structure previously demonstrated by our group for P. boydii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pseudallescheria minustipora, Fusarium solani, and Colletotrichum gloesporioides. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) against GlcCer was used for immunofluorescence experiments. Our results revealed that GlcCer is present on the surface of these fungi, and no difference was observed in the GlcCer structure of the present set of strains in terms of geographic or clinical origin, suggesting a conserved GlcCer structure similar to those previously described for Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium aurantiacum, and P. minutispora. The surface distribution of GlcCer in these fungi is suggestive of the involvement of this molecule in fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata O R Calixto
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rollin-Pinheiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana I D da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia C Liporagi-Lopes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jardel M Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme L Sassaki
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Curitiba, 81531-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eliana Barreto-Bergter
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Wohlschlager T, Buser R, Skowyra ML, Haynes BC, Henrissat B, Doering TL, Künzler M, Aebi M. Identification of the galactosyltransferase of Cryptococcus neoformans involved in the biosynthesis of basidiomycete-type glycosylinositolphosphoceramide. Glycobiology 2013; 23:1210-9. [PMID: 23926231 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans synthesizes a complex family of glycosylinositolphosphoceramide (GIPC) structures. These glycosphingolipids (GSLs) consist of mannosylinositolphosphoceramide (MIPC) extended by β1-6-linked galactose, a unique structure that has to date only been identified in basidiomycetes. Further extension by up to five mannose residues and a branching xylose has been described. In this study, we identified and determined the gene structure of the enzyme Ggt1, which catalyzes the transfer of a galactose residue to MIPC. Deletion of the gene in C. neoformans resulted in complete loss of GIPCs containing galactose, a phenotype that could be restored by the episomal expression of Ggt1 in the deletion mutant. The entire annotated open reading frame, encoding a C-terminal GT31 galactosyltransferase domain and a large N-terminal domain of unknown function, was required for complementation. Notably, this gene does not encode a predicted signal sequence or transmembrane domain. The demonstration that Ggt1 is responsible for the transfer of a galactose residue to a GSL thus raises questions regarding the topology of this biosynthetic pathway and the function of the N-terminal domain. Phylogenetic analysis of the GGT1 gene shows conservation in hetero- and homobasidiomycetes but no homologs in ascomycetes or outside of the fungal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Wohlschlager
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, HCI F413, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Barreto-Bergter E, Sassaki GL, de Souza LM. Structural analysis of fungal cerebrosides. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:239. [PMID: 22164155 PMCID: PMC3230030 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the ceramide monohexosides (CMHs), gluco- and galactosyl-ceramides are the main neutral glycosphingolipids expressed in fungal cells. Their structural determination is greatly dependent on the use of mass spectrometric techniques, including fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization, and energy collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. Nuclear magnetic resonance has also been used successfully. Such a combination of techniques, combined with classical analytical separation, such as high-performance thin layer chromatography and column chromatography, has led to the structural elucidation of a great number of fungal CMHs. The structure of fungal CMH is conserved among fungal species and consists of a glucose or galactose residue attached to a ceramide moiety containing 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine with an amidic linkage to hydroxylated fatty acids, most commonly having 16 or 18 carbon atoms and unsaturation between C-3 and C-4. Along with their unique structural characteristics, fungal CMHs have a peculiar subcellular distribution and striking biological properties. Fungal cerebrosides were also characterized as antigenic molecules directly or indirectly involved in cell growth or differentiation in Schizophyllum commune, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pseudallescheria boydii, Candida albicans, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Besides classical techniques for cerebroside (CMH) analysis, we now describe new approaches, combining conventional thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry, as well as emerging technologies for subcellular localization and distribution of glycosphingolipids by secondary ion mass spectrometry and imaging matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Barreto-Bergter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML. Fungal glucosylceramides: from structural components to biologically active targets of new antimicrobials. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:212. [PMID: 22025918 PMCID: PMC3198225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The first work reporting synthesis of glucosylceramide (cerebrin, GlcCer) by yeasts was published in 1930. During approximately 70 years members of this class of glycosphingolipids (GSL) were considered merely structural components of plasma membrane in fungi. However, in the last decade GlcCer was reported to be involved with fungal growth, differentiation, virulence, immunogenicity, and lipid raft architecture in at least two human pathogens. Fungal GlcCer are structurally distinct from their mammalian counterparts and enriched at the cell wall, which makes this molecule an effective target for antifungal activity of specific ligands (peptides and antibodies to GlcCer). Therefore, GSL are promising targets for new drugs to combat fungal diseases. This review discusses the most recent information on biosynthesis and role of GlcCer in fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Nimrichter
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Bioquímica Microbiana, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML, Barreto-Bergter E, Travassos LR. Sophisticated Functions for a Simple Molecule: The Role of Glucosylceramides in Fungal Cells. Lipid Insights 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that mammalian glycosphingolipids (GSL) play key roles in different physiological and pathophysiological processes. The simplest GSL, glucosylceramide (GlcCer), is formed through the enzymatic transfer of glucose to a ceramide moiety. In mammalian cells this molecule is the building block for the synthesis of lactosylceramides and many other complex GSLs. In fungal cells GlcCer is a major neutral GSL that has been considered during decades merely as a structural component of cell membranes. The recent literature, however, describes the participation of fungal GlcCer in vital processes such as secretion, cell wall assembly, recognition by the immune system and regulation of virulence. In this review we discuss the most recent information regarding fungal GlcCer, including (i) new aspects of GlcCer metabolism, (ii) the involvement of these molecules in virulence mechanisms, (iii) their role as targets of new antifungal drugs and immunotherapeutic agents and, finally, (v) their potential participation on cellular signaling in response to different stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Marcio L. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Eliana Barreto-Bergter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Luiz R. Travassos
- Unidade de Oncologia Experimental and Disciplina de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
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Pinto MR, Barreto-Bergter E, Taborda CP. Glycoconjugates and polysaccharides of fungal cell wall and activation of immune system. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:195-208. [PMID: 24031202 PMCID: PMC3768395 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822008000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins, glycosphingolipids and polysaccharides exposed at the most external layers of the wall are involved in several types of interactions of fungal cells with the exocellular environment. These molecules are fundamental building blocks of organisms, contributing to the structure, integrity, cell growth, differentiation and signaling. Several of them are immunologically active compounds with potential as regulators of pathogenesis and the immune response of the host. Some of these structures can be specifically recognized by antibodies from patients’ sera, suggesting that they can be also useful in the diagnosis of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Pinto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brasil
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Structural and Functional Aspects of Fungal Glycosphingolipids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(06)80045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Villas-Boas MH, Wait R, Silva RB, Rodrigues ML, Barreto-Bergter E. Ceramide glycosylation and fatty acid hydroxylation influence serological reactivity in Trypanosoma cruzi glycosphingolipids. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 244:47-52. [PMID: 15727820 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide mono (CMH) or dihexoside (CDH) fractions from Trypanosoma cruzi (Dm28c clone) were identified as glucosyl and lactosylceramides containing non-hydroxylated fatty acids. The di-glycosylated form was much more efficiently recognized by sera from T. cruzi-immunized rabbits, indicating that glycosylation influences antigenicity. Fatty acid hydroxylation was also a determinant of serological reactivity, since an alpha-hydroxylated CMH, only present at the Y clone, was recognized by the hyperimmune sera. In summary, these data indicate that T. cruzi CMHs with non-hydroxylated fatty acids are unable to induce antibody responses in animal hosts, which is reverted by the addition of a sugar residue or an alpha-hydroxyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Villas-Boas
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941, Brazil
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Barreto-Bergter E, Pinto MR, Rodrigues ML. Structure and biological functions of fungal cerebrosides. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2004; 76:67-84. [PMID: 15048196 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652004000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide monohexosides (CMHs, cerebrosides) are glycosphingolipids composed of a hydrophobic ceramide linked to one sugar unit. In fungal cells, CMHs are very conserved molecules consisting of a ceramide moiety containing 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine in amidic linkage to 2-hydroxyoctadecanoic or 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acids, and a carbohydrate portion consisting of one residue of glucose or galactose. 9-Methyl 4,8-sphingadienine-containing ceramides are usually glycosylated to form fungal cerebrosides, but the recent description of a ceramide dihexoside (CDH) presenting phytosphingosine in Magnaporthe grisea suggests the existence of alternative pathways of ceramide glycosylation in fungal cells. Along with their unique structural characteristics, fungal CMHs have a peculiar subcellular distribution and striking biological properties. In Pseudallescheria boydii, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus nidulans, A. fumigatus, and Schizophyllum commune, CMHs are apparently involved in morphological transitions and fungal growth. The elucidation of structural and functional aspects of fungal cerebrosides may therefore contribute to the design of new antifungal agents inhibiting growth and differentiation of pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Barreto-Bergter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brasil.
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da Silva AFC, Rodrigues ML, Farias SE, Almeida IC, Pinto MR, Barreto-Bergter E. Glucosylceramides inColletotrichum gloeosporioidesare involved in the differentiation of conidia into mycelial cells. FEBS Lett 2004; 561:137-43. [PMID: 15013765 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Revised: 01/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucosylceramides (GlcCer) were extracted from the plant pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and purified by several chromatographic steps. By using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, GlcCer from C. gloeosporioides were identified as N-2'-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-1-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine and N-2'-hydroxyoctadecenoyl-1-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine. Monoclonal antibodies against these structures were produced and used as tools for the evaluation of the role of GlcCer in the morphological transition of C. gloeosporioides. In the presence of antibodies to GlcCer, the differentiation of conidia into mycelia was blocked. Since GlcCer is present in several plant pathogens, the inhibitory activity of external ligands recognizing these structures may be applicable in other models of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F C da Silva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco I, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
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