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Hand AR, Abramson CXG, Dressler KA. Tlx1 regulates acinar and duct development in mouse salivary glands. J Anat 2024; 244:343-357. [PMID: 37837237 PMCID: PMC10780161 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tlx1 encodes a transcription factor expressed in several craniofacial structures of developing mice. The role of Tlx1 in salivary gland development was examined using morphological and immunohistochemical analyses of Tlx1 null mice. Tlx1 is expressed in submandibular and sublingual glands but not parotid glands of neonatal and adult male and female C57Bl/6J (Tlx1+/+ ) mice. TLX1 protein was localized to the nuclei of terminal tubule cells, developing duct cells and mesenchymal cells in neonatal submandibular and sublingual glands, and to nuclei of duct cells and connective tissue cells in adult glands. Occasionally, TLX1 was observed in nuclei of epithelial cells in or adjacent to the acini. Submandibular glands were smaller and sublingual glands were larger in size in mutant mice (Tlx1-/- ) compared to wild-type mice. Differentiation of terminal tubule and proacinar cells of neonatal Tlx1-/- submandibular glands was abnormal; expression of their characteristic products, submandibular gland protein C and parotid secretory protein, respectively, was reduced. At 3 weeks postnatally, terminal tubule cells at the acinar-intercalated duct junction were poorly developed or absent in Tlx1-/- mice. Granular convoluted ducts in adult mutant mice were decreased, and epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor expression were reduced. Along with normal acinar cell proteins, adult acinar cells of Tlx1-/- mice continued to express neonatal proteins and expressed parotid proteins not normally present in submandibular glands. Sublingual gland mucous acinar and serous demilune cell differentiation were altered. Tlx1 is necessary for proper differentiation of submandibular and sublingual gland acinar cells, and granular convoluted ducts. The mechanism(s) underlying Tlx1 regulation of salivary gland development and differentiation remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R Hand
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cailyn X G Abramson
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Keith A Dressler
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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de Oliveira ACF, Brito VGB, Ramos GHADS, Werlang MLC, Fiais GA, Dornelles RCM, Antoniali C, Nakamune ACMS, Fakhouri WD, Chaves-Neto AH. Analysis of salivary flow rate, biochemical composition, and redox status in orchiectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 152:105732. [PMID: 37257259 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the salivary flow rate, biochemical composition, and redox status in orchiectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) compared to normotensive Wistar rats. DESIGN Thirty-two young adult male SHR and Wistar (3-months-old) rats were randomly distributed into four groups; either castrated bilaterally (ORX) or underwent fictitious surgery (SHAM) as Wistar-SHAM, Wistar-ORX, SHR-SHAM, and SHR-ORX. Two months beyond castration, pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion was collected from 5-month-old rats to analyze salivary flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, total protein, amylase, calcium, phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), carbonyl protein, nitrite, and total antioxidant capacity. RESULTS The salivary flow rate was higher in the Wistar-ORX compared to the Wistar-SHAM group, while remaining similar between the SHR-SHAM and SHR-ORX groups. ORX did not affect pH and salivary buffer capacity in both strains. However, salivary total protein and amylase were significantly reduced in the Wistar-ORX and SHR-ORX compared to the respective SHAM groups. In both ORX groups, salivary total antioxidant capacity and carbonylated protein were increased, while lipid oxidative damage (TBARs) and nitrite concentration were higher only in the Wistar-ORX than in the Wistar-SHAM group. In the Wistar-ORX and SHR-ORX, the salivary calcium, phosphate, and chloride were increased while no change was detected in the SHAM groups. Only salivary buffering capacity, calcium, and chloride in the SHR-ORX adjusted to values similar to Wistar-SHAM group. CONCLUSION Hypertensive phenotype mitigated the orchiectomy-induced salivary dysfunction, since the disturbances were restricted to alterations in the salivary biochemical composition and redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Gustavo Balera Brito
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus Lima Cypriano Werlang
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Odontológica, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Odontológica, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Amano I, Imaizumi Y, Kaji C, Kojima H, Sawa Y. Expression of podoplanin and classical cadherins in salivary gland epithelial cells of klotho-deficient mice. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2011; 44:267-76. [PMID: 22282587 PMCID: PMC3263859 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.11037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that salivary gland myoepithelial cells express podoplanin. Podoplanin indirectly binds the actin filament network which links classical cadherins. The study here is aimed to investigate the expression of podoplanin and cadherins on salivary gland myoepithelial cells and the changes in the aging cells using klotho-deficient (kl/kl) mice. The submandibular glands of kl/kl mouse lack granular ducts which express klotho in wild type mice, suggesting that klotho may be a gene responsible for granular duct development. Although aging resulted in growth suppression of myoepithelial cells because of the sparse distribution of the cells in kl/kl mouse salivary glands, the expression of podoplanin and E-cadherin was shown in aging myoepithelial cells. It is thought that podoplanin participates in the actin-E-cadherin networks which are maintained in aging myoepithelial cells. It was also shown that granular ducts were filled with P-cadherin, and that the P-cadherin amount was larger in the wild type mouse submandibular glands than in the sublingual and parotid glands of wild type mouse, and in the submandibular glands of kl/kl mouse. These findings suggest that the granular duct is an organ secreting soluble P-cadherin into the saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Amano
- Department of Oral Growth & Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Yuri Imaizumi
- Department of Oral Growth & Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Chiaki Kaji
- Department of Oral Growth & Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Hiroshi Kojima
- Department of Oral Growth & Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Yoshihiko Sawa
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College
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Keattikunpairoj S, Wakayama T, Yamamoto M, Nakaya MA, Nakata H, Hipkaeo W, Sakulsak N, Iseki S. Expression of cAMP response element-binding protein in the duct system of the mouse submandibular gland. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 132:647-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Nguyen TVV, Yao M, Pike CJ. Dihydrotestosterone activates CREB signaling in cultured hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 2009; 1298:1-12. [PMID: 19729001 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although androgens induce numerous actions in brain, relatively little is known about which cell signaling pathways androgens activate in neurons. Recent work in our laboratory showed that the androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) activate androgen receptor (AR)-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling. Since the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) is a downstream effector of MAPK/ERK and androgens activate CREB in non-neuronal cells, we investigated whether androgens activate CREB signaling in neurons. First, we observed that DHT rapidly activates CREB in cultured hippocampal neurons, as evidenced by CREB phosphorylation. Further, we observed that DHT-induced CREB phosphorylation is AR-dependent, as it occurs in PC12 cells stably transfected with AR but in neither wild-type nor empty vector-transfected cells. Next, we sought to identify the signal transduction pathways upstream of CREB phosphorylation using pharmacological inhibitors. DHT-induced CREB phosphorylation in neurons was found to be dependent upon protein kinase C (PKC) signaling but independent of MAPK/ERK, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase A, and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV. These results demonstrate that DHT induces PKC-dependent CREB signaling, which may contribute to androgen-mediated neural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Vi V Nguyen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Hipkaeo W, Sakulsak N, Wakayama T, Yamamoto M, Nakaya MA, Keattikunpairoj S, Kurobo M, Iseki S. Coexpression of Menin and JunD during the Duct Cell Differentiation in Mouse Submandibular Gland. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2008; 214:231-45. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.214.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University
| | - Natthiya Sakulsak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University
| | - Tomohiko Wakayama
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University
| | - Miyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University
| | - Masa-Aki Nakaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University
| | - Sunisa Keattikunpairoj
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University
| | - Miho Kurobo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University
| | - Shoichi Iseki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University
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Prestifilippo JP, Fernández-Solari J, de la Cal C, Iribarne M, Suburo AM, Rettori V, McCann SM, Elverdin JC. Inhibition of salivary secretion by activation of cannabinoid receptors. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 231:1421-9. [PMID: 16946411 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that marijuana use decreases saliva secretion. Therefore, we hypothesized that cannabinoid receptors (CBs) are located in salivary glands to mediate that effect. In these experiments, we used the submandibular gland (SMG) of male rats, which is one of the major salivary glands. Mammalian tissues contain at least two types of CBs, CB1 and CB2, mainly located in the nervous system and peripheral tissues, respectively. Both receptors are coupled to Gi protein and respond by inhibiting the activity of adenylyl cyclase. We demonstrated that both CB1 and CB2 are present in the SMG, each showing specific localizations. The best-known endocannabinoid is anandamide (AEA), which binds with high affinity to CB1 and CB2. We showed that AEA markedly reduced forskolin-induced increase of cAMP content in vitro. This effect was blocked by AM251 and AM630 (CB1 and CB2 antagonists, respectively), indicating that both receptors are implicated in SMG physiology. In addition, we showed that AEA injected intraglandularly to anesthetized rats inhibited norepinephrine (NE)- and methacholine (MC)-stimulated saliva secretion in vivo and that both AM251 or AM630 prevented the inhibitory action of AEA. Also, the intraglandular injection of AM251 increased saliva secretion induced by lower doses of NE or MC. This increase was synergized after coinjection with AM630. Therefore, we concluded that AEA decreases saliva secretion in the SMG acting through CB1 and CB2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Prestifilippo
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO-CONICET) (ex CIBIER), Paraguay 2155, piso 16, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina.
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Iseki S, Kim JG, Kudo Y, Naito Y, Hipkaeo W. Impaired induction of cystatin S gene expression by isoproterenol in the submandibular gland of hypophysectomized rats. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:653-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
The transactivation domain of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) consists of two major domains. The glutamine-rich Q2 domain, which interacts with the general transcription factor TAFII130/135, is sufficient for the recruitment of a functional RNA polymerase II complex and allows basal transcriptional activity. The kinase-inducible domain, however, mediates signal-induced activation of CREB-mediated transcription. It is generally believed that recruitment of the coactivators CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300 after signal-induced phosphorylation of this domain at serine-133 strongly enhances CREB-dependent transcription. Transcriptional activity of CREB can also be potentiated by phosphoserine-133-independent mechanisms, and not all stimuli that provoke phosphorylation of serine-133 stimulate CREB-dependent transcription. This review presents an overview of the diversity of stimuli that induce CREB phosphorylation at Ser-133, focuses on phosphoserine-133-dependent and -independent mechanisms that affect CREB-mediated transcription, and discusses different models that may explain the discrepancy between CREB Ser-133 phosphorylation and activation of CREB-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Johannessen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Norway
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Hipkaeo W, Wakayama T, Yamamoto M, Iseki S. Expression and localization of the transcription factor JunD in the duct system of mouse submandibular gland. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:479-90. [PMID: 15033999 DOI: 10.1177/002215540405200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the expression and localization of JunD, a component of the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1), in the mouse submandibular gland with immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. In adult mice, all seven Jun and Fos family members constituting the AP-1 complex were expressed more abundantly in the female gland than in the male gland, and JunD was the most abundant of the members. Immunoreactivity for JunD was localized exclusively in the duct system of the gland, in which it was localized to the nuclei of intercalated duct (ID) cells and a subpopulation of striated duct (SD) cells located adjacent to ID. In contrast, granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells, which are much more abundant in the male gland, were devoid of JunD. During postnatal development of the male gland, JunD was lost from the duct cells as they differentiated to GCT cells at 3-5 weeks postpartum. When GCT differentiation was induced in adult female gland by testosterone administration, many JunD-negative SD cells were temporarily induced to express JunD after 6-24 hr, but those cells lost JunD as they completely converted to GCT cells by 48 hr. These results suggested that JunD is involved in the differentiation of the duct system of mouse submandibular gland, in which there is crosstalk between the androgen/androgen receptor system and the AP-1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Serotonin-immunoreactive Epithelial Cells in the Main Excretory Ducts of Rat Submandibular Glands. J Oral Biosci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(04)80009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zheng Z, Wang ZM, Delbono O. Insulin-like growth factor-1 increases skeletal muscle dihydropyridine receptor alpha 1S transcriptional activity by acting on the cAMP-response element-binding protein element of the promoter region. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:50535-42. [PMID: 12407098 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210526200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work from our laboratory has shown that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) increases the expression of the skeletal muscle dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) alpha(1) subunit by regulating DHPR alpha(1S) nuclear transcription. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which IGF-1 enhances expression of the DHPR alpha(1S) gene. To this end, the promoter region of the mouse DHPR alpha(1S) gene was recently cloned and sequenced and various promoter deletion-luciferase reporter constructs were used. These constructs were transfected into C2C12 cells and IGF-1 effects were measured by recording luciferase activity. IGF-1 significantly enhanced DHPR alpha(1S) transcription in those constructs carrying cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) binding site but not in CREB core binding site mutants. Gel mobility shift assay using a double stranded oligonucleotide for the CREB site in the promoter region, and competition experiments with excess unlabeled or mutated promoter oligonucleotide, and unlabeled consensus CREB oligonucleotide demonstrated that IGF-1 induces CREB binding to the DHPR alpha(1S) promoter. IGF-1-mediated enhancement in charge movement was prevented by incubating the cells with antisense but not with sense oligonucleotides against CREB. These results support the conclusion that IGF-1 regulates DHPR alpha(1S) transcription in muscle cells by acting on the CREB element of the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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Zheng Z, Wang ZM, Delbono O. Charge movement and transcription regulation of L-type calcium channel alpha(1S) in skeletal muscle cells. J Physiol 2002; 540:397-409. [PMID: 11956331 PMCID: PMC2290248 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Several factors, such as Ca(2+), trophic factors and ageing, regulate dihydropyridine-sensitive receptor (DHPR) alpha(1) subunit expression. However, basic mechanisms of DHPR alpha(1S) expression are unknown. To better understand the regulatory elements that control transcription, the 1.2 kb 5'-flanking region fragment immediately upstream of the mouse L-type Ca(2+) channel or DHPR alpha(1S) gene was isolated and sequenced. Luciferase reporter constructs driven by different promoter regions of mouse DHPR alpha(1S) gene were used for transient transfection assays in muscle C2C12 cells. In these preparations we found that three regions corresponding to CREB, GATA-2 and SOX-5 consensus sequence within the 5'-flanking region of the DHPR alpha(1S) gene are important for DHPR alpha(1S) gene transcription. Antisense oligonucleotides against CREB, GATA-2 and SOX-5 significantly reduced charge movement in C2C12 cells. Charge movement was recorded in the whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp technique. Results from cells transfected with antisense (AS) and sense (S) oligonucleotides and nontransfected cells were compared. Charge movement experiments were fitted to a Boltzmann equation. Maximum charge movement (Q(max)) (nC microF(-1), mean +/- S.E.M.) for S- and AS-CREB was 70.3 +/- 2.9 and 52.8 +/- 3.3, respectively (P < 0.05). The same parameter for S- and AS-GATA-2 was 71.3 +/- 3.9 and 48.2 +/- 2.3, respectively (P < 0.05) and for S- and AS-SOX-5 was 70.4 +/- 4.2 and 45.1 +/- 3.2, respectively (P < 0.05). Values recorded in cells transfected with sense S-CREB, S-GATA-2 and S-SOX-5 oligonucleotides were not significantly different from those recorded in nontransfected cells. This study demonstrates that the transcription factors CREB, GATA-2 and SOX-5 play a significant role in the expression of the skeletal muscle DHPR or L-type Ca(2+) channel alpha(1S).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Zheng
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, GerontologyWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest University School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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