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Vulović S, Todorović A, Toljić B, Nikolić-Jakoba N, Tovilović TV, Milić-Lemić A. Evaluation of early bacterial adhesion on CAD/CAM dental materials: an in situ study. Odontology 2024:10.1007/s10266-024-00944-y. [PMID: 38705962 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine if there are differences in early bacterial adhesion among CAD/CAM dental materials after 24 h exposure in the oral environment. One hundred twenty specimens were prepared according to the manufacturer's recommendations and divided into six groups: RBC (resin-based composite), PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), PEEK (polyether ether ketone), ZP (zirconia polished), ZG (zirconia glazed), and cobalt-chromium alloy (CoCr alloy). Twenty healthy participants were instructed to carry an intraoral device with six specimens, one per group, for 24 h. Thereafter, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses enabled quantification and 2D view of biofilm formed on the specimens' surfaces. Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post hoc analysis were used for inter-group comparison and data were presented as median (minimum-maximum). RBC specimens accumulated less bacteria, in comparison with ZG (p = 0.017) and PEEK specimens (p = 0.030), that dominated with the highest amount of adhered bacterial biofilm. PMMA, CoCr, and ZP specimens adhered more bacteria than RBC (p > 0.05), and less than ZG (p > 0.05) and PEEK (p > 0.05). The bacterial number varied considerably among participants. The obtained results enable a closer view into the susceptibility of CAD/CAM materials to microorganisms during the presence in the oral environment, which can be beneficial for a proper selection of these materials for a variety of dental restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vulović
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandar Todorović
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Boško Toljić
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Nikolić-Jakoba
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Vlajić Tovilović
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Milić-Lemić
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Meier D, Astasov-Frauenhoffer M, Waltimo T, Zaugg LK, Rohr N, Zitzmann NU. Biofilm formation on metal alloys and coatings, zirconia, and hydroxyapatite as implant materials in vivo. Clin Oral Implants Res 2023; 34:1118-1126. [PMID: 37489537 DOI: 10.1111/clr.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Composition of implant material and its surface structure is decisive for oral biofilm accumulation. This study investigated biofilm formation on eight different materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen healthy subjects wore intraoral splints fitted with two sets of eight materials for 24 h: zirconia [ZrO2 ]; silver-gold-palladium [AgAuPd]; titanium zirconium [TiZr]; Pagalinor [PA]; hydroxyapatite [HA]; silver-platinum [AgPt]; titanium aluminum niobium [TAN]; titanium grade4 [TiGr4]. Total biomass was stained by safranin to assess plaque accumulation while conventional culturing (CFU) was conducted to investigate viable parts of the biofilm. Cell viability of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) was assessed in vitro. Statistical evaluation was performed with linear mixed-effects models to compare materials (geometric mean ratios, 95% CI), with the level of significance set at ɑ = .05. RESULTS Less biofilm mass and CFU were found on noble metal alloys (AgPt, AgAuPd, and PA). Compared to AgPt, PA had 2.7-times higher biofilm mass value, AgAuPd was 3.9-times, TiGr4 was 4.1-times, TiZr was 5.9-times, TAN was 7.7-times, HA was 7.8-times, and ZrO2 was 9.1-times higher (each p < .001). Similarly, CFU data were significantly lower on AgPt, AgAuPd had 4.1-times higher CFU values, PA was 8.9-times, TiGr4 was 11.2-times, HA was 12.5-times, TiZr was 13.3-times, TAN was 16.9-times, and ZrO2 was 18.5-times higher (each p < .001). HGF-1 viability varied between 47 ± 24.5% (HA) and 94.4 ± 24.6% (PA). CONCLUSION Noble alloys are considered as beneficial materials for the transmucosal part of oral implants, as less biofilm mass, lower bacterial counts, and greater cell viability were detected than on titanium- or zirconia-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donat Meier
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monika Astasov-Frauenhoffer
- Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tuomas Waltimo
- Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia K Zaugg
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Rohr
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola U Zitzmann
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Velsko IM, Semerau L, Inskip SA, García-Collado MI, Ziesemer K, Ruber MS, Benítez de Lugo Enrich L, Molero García JM, Valle DG, Peña Ruiz AC, Salazar-García DC, Hoogland MLP, Warinner C. Ancient dental calculus preserves signatures of biofilm succession and interindividual variation independent of dental pathology. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac148. [PMID: 36714834 PMCID: PMC9802386 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dental calculus preserves oral microbes, enabling comparative studies of the oral microbiome and health through time. However, small sample sizes and limited dental health metadata have hindered health-focused investigations to date. Here, we investigate the relationship between tobacco pipe smoking and dental calculus microbiomes. Dental calculus from 75 individuals from the 19th century Middenbeemster skeletal collection (Netherlands) were analyzed by metagenomics. Demographic and dental health parameters were systematically recorded, including the presence/number of pipe notches. Comparative data sets from European populations before and after the introduction of tobacco were also analyzed. Calculus species profiles were compared with oral pathology to examine associations between microbiome community, smoking behavior, and oral health status. The Middenbeemster individuals exhibited relatively poor oral health, with a high prevalence of periodontal disease, caries, heavy calculus deposits, and antemortem tooth loss. No associations between pipe notches and dental pathologies, or microbial species composition, were found. Calculus samples before and after the introduction of tobacco showed highly similar species profiles. Observed interindividual microbiome differences were consistent with previously described variation in human populations from the Upper Paleolithic to the present. Dental calculus may not preserve microbial indicators of health and disease status as distinctly as dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina M Velsko
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Lena Semerau
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Sarah A Inskip
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Maite I García-Collado
- GIPYPAC, Department of Geography, Prehistory and Archaeology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Kirsten Ziesemer
- University Library, Vrije Universiteit, Einsteinweg 2, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Serrano Ruber
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Luis Benítez de Lugo Enrich
- Departmento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | | | - David Gallego Valle
- Facultad de Letras, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real 13004, Spain
| | | | - Domingo C Salazar-García
- Departament de Prehistòria, Historia i Arqueología, Universitat de València, València 46010, Spain
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Menno L P Hoogland
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07743, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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4
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Jaeggi M, Gyr S, Astasov-Frauenhoffer M, Zitzmann NU, Fischer J, Rohr N. Influence of different zirconia surface treatments on biofilm formation in vitro and in situ. Clin Oral Implants Res 2022; 33:424-432. [PMID: 35137461 PMCID: PMC9304171 DOI: 10.1111/clr.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if the surface treatment of zirconia affects biofilm formation in an in vitro three-species biofilm model and in situ. MATERIAL AND METHODS Zirconia surfaces considered for the transmucosal portion of a zirconia implant were compared with polished pure titanium grade 4 (Tp). Discs 13 mm in diameter of either polished (Zp), polished and heat-treated (Zpt), machined (Zm), machined and heat-treated (Zmt) and sandblasted, etched and heat-treated (Z14) zirconia were fabricated. Surface roughness and wettability of specimens was measured. Biofilm formation was evaluated by safranin staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a three-species model, and intraorally with 16 volunteers carrying oral splints in two independent experiments. Relative biofilm formation was compared with Kruskal-Wallis followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test (α=0.05). RESULTS In vitro biofilm formation with optical density values on Zp (0.14±0.01), Zpt (0.14±0.02), Zm (0.13±0.01) and Zmt (0.13±0.01) was significantly lower than on Tp (0.21±0.05) and Z14 (0.20±0.04) (p<0.05). In situ biofilm formation was significantly higher on Z14 (0.56±0.45) (p<0.05), while no significant differences in optical density were observed among Zp (0.25±0.20), Zm (0.36±0.34) and Tp (0.28±0.22). SEM analysis supported quantitative findings. CONCLUSIONS In the in vitro three-species biofilm model differences in material and surface roughness affected biofilm formation. In situ biofilm formation was mainly affected by the surface roughness of the specimens. Polishing of zirconia is recommended to reduce biofilm formation while heat-treatment has no significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Jaeggi
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Gyr
- Biomaterials and Technology, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monika Astasov-Frauenhoffer
- Department of Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola U Zitzmann
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Fischer
- Biomaterials and Technology, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Rohr
- Biomaterials and Technology, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Rusu D, Stratul SI, Calniceanu H, Boariu M, Ogodescu A, Milicescu S, Didilescu A, Roman A, Surlin P, Locovei C, Chiperi M, Solomon S, Nica L. A qualitative and semiquantitative SEM study of the morphology of the biofilm on root surfaces of human teeth with endodontic-periodontal lesions. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:201. [PMID: 33133249 PMCID: PMC7593830 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) proved to be invaluable for ultrastructural investigation, allowing imaging of the overall appearance and/or specific features of oral biofilms, e.g., microbial colonies and individual cells, glycocalyx, the presence of inorganic products. The aim of this study was the observation and evaluation of the morphology of the biofilm of endodontic-periodontal lesions (EPL) with a modified protocol involving a simplified histologic sample preparation and a low-vacuum SEM examination method. Twenty-one teeth with endodontic-periodontal involvement, extracted for periodontal reasons, were carefully washed with saline, underwent fixation in modified Karnovsky solution and were dehydrated in alcohol series. Samples were examined under low-vacuum SEM. Radicular surfaces were evaluated qualitatively and semiquantitatively for several characteristics, including the presence of bacterial types, the biofilm morphology and the content of root resorptions. Radicular surfaces were divided in four conventional zones Surfaces were evaluated for several characteristics: Presence of bacterial types, biofilm morphology, presence of root resorptions. High-quality images, relevant for endodontic-periodontal biofilms were collected. Continuous, established biofilm was found on all examined surfaces, its detection varying from 19% of the samples on the wall of cemental cone to 52.3% on the radicular surface of the periodontal pocket. Observed microorganisms included cocci, rods an filaments. Spirils and motile bacteria were only accidentally found. SEM investigation of surfaces involved in EPL revealed less surfaces covered by mature biofilm (in only 28.5% of the samples in the ‘transition zone’), especially rods and filaments associated with cemental resorptions and calculus. Biofilm elements were better represented in periodontal pockets than in other zones of EPL (detected in up to 81% of the samples). A strong correlation between mature biofilm and the presence of cocci appears on all investigated zones (P<0.01). Microbiota appeared to be morphologically similar in apical and periodontal areas, especially in old EPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darian Rusu
- Department of Periodontology, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefan-Ioan Stratul
- Department of Periodontology, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Horia Calniceanu
- Department of Periodontology, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Boariu
- Department of Endodontics, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandru Ogodescu
- Department of Pedodontics, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefan Milicescu
- Department of Prosthodontics, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Didilescu
- Department of Embryology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Roman
- Department of Periodontology, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Petra Surlin
- Department of Periodontology, University of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Cosmin Locovei
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Timisoara 300006, Romania
| | | | - Sorina Solomon
- Department of Periodontology, 'Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700020 Iasi, Romania
| | - Luminita Nica
- Department of Endodontics, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Zeller B, Stöckli S, Zaugg LK, Astasov‐Frauenhoffer M, Hauser‐Gerspach I, Waltimo T, Zitzmann NU. Biofilm formation on metal alloys, zirconia and polyetherketoneketone as implant materials in vivo. Clin Oral Implants Res 2020; 31:1078-1086. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zeller
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry University Center for Dental Medicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Simone Stöckli
- Department of Oral Health and Medicine University Center for Dental Medicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Lucia K. Zaugg
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry University Center for Dental Medicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Irmgard Hauser‐Gerspach
- Department Research University Center for Dental Medicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Tuomas Waltimo
- Department of Oral Health and Medicine University Center for Dental Medicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Nicola U. Zitzmann
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry University Center for Dental Medicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
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Abdulbaqi HR, Himratul-Aznita WH, Baharuddin NA. Evaluation of Salvadora persica L. and green tea anti-plaque effect: a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:493. [PMID: 27903262 PMCID: PMC5131433 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background In the author’s earlier in vitro investigation, a combination of 0.25 mg/ml green tea and 7.82 mg/ml Salvadora persica L. aqueous extracts was found to exhibit significant synergistic anti-bacterial and anti-adherence effects against primary plaque colonizers biofilm. A clinical trial was needed to support these preliminary in vitro results and to investigate its efficacy as a mouthwash in the control of dental plaque. Methods A 24 h plaque re-growth, double-blinded, randomized crossover trial was carried out. Participants (n = 14) randomly rinsed with test formulation, 0.12% chlorhexidine (control) and placebo mouthwashes for 24 h. A week before the trial, all participants received scaling, polishing and oral hygiene education. On the trial day, the participants received polishing at baseline and rinsed with 15 ml of randomly allocated mouthwash twice daily without oral hygiene measures. After 24 h, plaque index was scored and then the participants entered a 6-days washout period with regular oral hygiene measures. The same protocol was repeated for the next 2 mouthwashes. Results The results were expressed as mean (±SD) plaque index. The test mouthwash (0.931 ± 0.372) significantly reduced plaque accumulation when compared with placebo (1.440 ± 0.498, p < 0.0167) and chlorhexidine (1.317 ± 0.344, p < 0.0167) mouthwashes. No significant difference was found between chlorhexidine and placebo (p > 0.0167). Conclusions The test mouthwash has an anti-plaque effect for a 24 h period. Longer-term clinical studies are highly encouraged to investigate its anti-plaque effect for longer periods. Trial registration This study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT02624336 in December 3, 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1487-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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8
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Zaugg LK, Astasov-Frauenhoffer M, Braissant O, Hauser-Gerspach I, Waltimo T, Zitzmann NU. Determinants of biofilm formation and cleanability of titanium surfaces. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016; 28:469-475. [PMID: 26992098 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to analyze biofilm formation on four different titanium-based surfaces (machined titanium zirconium (TiZr) alloy, M; machined, acid-etched TiZr alloy, modMA; machined, sandblasted, acid-etched TiZr alloy, modSLA; and micro-grooved titanium aluminum vanadium alloy, TAV MG) in an experimental human model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Custom-made discs were mounted in individual intraoral splint housings and worn by 16 volunteers for 24 h. The safranin staining assay, isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC), and SEM were applied before and after surface cleaning. RESULTS The hydrophilic surfaces modMA and modSLA with greater surface micro-roughness exhibited significantly more biofilm than the hydrophobic surfaces TAV MG and M. The standardized cleaning procedure substantially reduced the biofilm mass on all surfaces. After cleaning, the IMC analyses demonstrated a longer lag time of the growth curve on TAV MG compared to modSLA. Inter- and intraindividual variations in biofilm formation on the titanium discs were evident throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS Surface hydrophilicity and roughness enhanced biofilm formation in vivo, whereas surface topography was the most influential factor that determined surface cleanability. While the grooved surface retained larger amounts of initial biofilm, the machined surface was easier to clean, but proliferation indicated by increased metabolic activity (growth rate) in IMC occurred despite mechanical biofilm removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia K Zaugg
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monika Astasov-Frauenhoffer
- Clinic for Preventive Dentistry and Oral Microbiology, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Braissant
- Center of Biomechanics & Biocalorimetry, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irmgard Hauser-Gerspach
- Clinic for Preventive Dentistry and Oral Microbiology, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tuomas Waltimo
- Clinic for Preventive Dentistry and Oral Microbiology, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola U Zitzmann
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Marchetti E, Mummolo S, Di Mattia J, Casalena F, Di Martino S, Mattei A, Marzo G. Efficacy of essential oil mouthwash with and without alcohol: a 3-day plaque accumulation model. Trials 2011; 12:262. [PMID: 22171999 PMCID: PMC3292473 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiplaque effect of a new alcohol free essential oil mouthwash with respect to a control of an essential oil with alcohol mouthwash, using an in vivo plaque regrowth model of 3-days. Methods The study was designed as a double-masked, randomized, crossover clinical trial, involving 30 volunteers to compare two different essential oil containing mouthwashes, during a 3-day plaque accumulation model. After receiving a thorough professional prophylaxis at the baseline, over the next 3-days each volunteer refrained from all oral hygiene measures and had two daily rinses with 20 ml of the test mouthwash (alcohol free essential oil) or the control mouthwash (essential oil with alcohol). At the end of the each experimental period, plaque was assessed and the panelists filled out a questionnaire. Each subject underwent a 14 days washout period and there was a second allocation. Results The essential oil mouthwash with ethanol shows a better inhibitory effect of plaque regrowth in 3-days than the mouthwash test with only essential oil in the whole mouth (plaque index = 2.18 against 2.46, respectively, p < 0.05); for the lower jaw (plaque index = 2.28 against 2.57, respectively, p < 0.05); for the upper jaw (plaque index = 2.08 against 2.35, respectively, p < 0.05); for the incisors (plaque index = 1.93 against 2.27, respectively, p < 0.05); and the canines (plaque index = 1.99 against 2.47, respectively, p < 0.05). Conclusion The essential oil containing mouthwash without alcohol seems to have a less inhibiting effect on the plaque regrowth than the traditional alcoholic solution. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01411618
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Marchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of L'Aquila, P.le G. Liberatore, Ed. Delta 6, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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Low B, Lee W, Seneviratne CJ, Samaranayake LP, Hagg U. Ultrastructure and morphology of biofilms on thermoplastic orthodontic appliances in 'fast' and 'slow' plaque formers. Eur J Orthod 2010; 33:577-83. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjq126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Versteeg PA, Rosema NAM, Hoenderdos NL, Slot DE, Van der Weijden GA. The plaque inhibitory effect of a CPC mouthrinse in a 3-day plaque accumulation model - a cross-over study. Int J Dent Hyg 2009; 8:269-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Hoenderdos NL, Rosema NAM, Slot DE, Timmerman MF, van der Velden U, van der Weijden GA. The influence of a hydrogen peroxide and glycerol containing mouthrinse on plaque accumulation: a 3-day non-brushing model. Int J Dent Hyg 2009; 7:294-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Paraskevas S, Rosema NAM, Versteeg P, Van der Velden U, Van der Weijden GA. Chlorine dioxide and chlorhexidine mouthrinses compared in a 3-day plaque accumulation model. J Periodontol 2008; 79:1395-400. [PMID: 18672988 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibiting effect of a chlorine dioxide mouthrinse as opposed to a mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine (0.20%) during 3 days of plaque accumulation. METHODS At baseline, all participants (N=77) received a professional prophylaxis and were randomly assigned to the test (chlorine dioxide) or (positive) control (chlorhexidine) group. On the following 3 days, both groups rinsed twice daily for 1 minute with 10 ml test or control solution. At the end of the experimental period, plaque was assessed, and the panelists filled out a questionnaire. RESULTS Chlorhexidine inhibited plaque growth significantly more than the mouthrinse containing chlorine dioxide (plaque index=1.39 versus 1.96, respectively; P<0.001). The results of the questionnaire showed that the panelists found chlorhexidine easier to use and more effective. However, they preferred the taste of the chlorine dioxide mouthrinse and experienced less taste alterations. CONCLUSION Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse seems to be a less potent plaque inhibitor than chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiros Paraskevas
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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van der Mei HC, Rustema-Abbing M, Bruinsma GM, Gottenbos B, Busscher HJ. Sequence of oral bacterial co-adhesion and non-contact brushing. J Dent Res 2007; 86:421-5. [PMID: 17452561 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-contact plaque removal offers advantages in interproximal spaces, fissures, and pockets. It requires the generation of strong fluid flows and the inclusion of air bubbles to become effective. A pair of co-adhering streptococci and actinomyces has been used previously to demonstrate non-contact removal by sonic brushing. Here we determined the influence of the sequence of co-adhesion of streptococci and actinomyces on non-contact removal from a salivary pellicle by rotary and sonic brushing. After bacterial adhesion, pellicles were brushed in a wet and immersed state, with a distance up to 4 mm to the bristle tips. Bacteria adhering to pellicles from the sequence streptococci followed by actinomyces appeared more difficult to remove and left more large co-aggregates than from the sequence actinomyces followed by streptococci. At contact, rotary and sonic brushing performed equally well in bacterial removal, while at 4 mm, both had lost some efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C van der Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, and University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Slot DE, Lindeboom R, Rosema NAM, Timmerman MF, van der Weijden GA. The effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine dentifrice gel on plaque accumulation: a 3-day non-brushing model. Int J Dent Hyg 2007; 5:45-52. [PMID: 17250578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2007.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining an adequate low level of plaque through daily tooth brushing is often not feasible. Effective chemotherapeutic agents as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control would therefore be valuable. Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash has proved to be an effective inhibitor of plaque accumulation. AIM The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of application of 0.12% CHX dentifrice gel on de novo plaque accumulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was designed as a single blind, randomized three-arm parallel clinical trial. At the beginning of the test period all volunteers received a thorough professional oral prophylaxis. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three regimens. During a 3-day non-brushing period, subjects abstained from all forms of mechanical oral hygiene. One regimen (test group) used 0.12% chlorhexidine dentifrice gel (CHX-DGel, Perio.Aid) applied in a fluoride gel tray, the benchmark control group used a regular dentifrice applied in a fluoride gel tray (RegD, Everclean HEMA). The positive control group rinsed with a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX-MW, Perio.Aid). The Quigley and Hein plaque index (PI) from all subjects was assessed after 3 days of de novo plaque accumulation. Subsequently, all subjects received a questionnaire to evaluate their attitude, appreciation and perception towards the products used employing a Visual Analogue Scale scores. After the experimental period, habitual oral hygiene procedures were resumed. RESULTS Ninety-six systemically healthy subjects completed the study. After 3 days, the full-mouth PI for the CHX-DGel regimen was 1.87 compared with 1.93 for the RegD regimen and 1.55 for the CHX-MW regimen. The two dentifrices (CHX-DGel and RegD) were significantly less effective as the CHX-MW (P=0.0006). No significant difference between scores of the dentifrices was found. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of the present 3-day non-brushing study design, it can be concluded that application of 0.12% CHX dentifrice gel is not significantly different from application of regular dentifrice on plaque accumulation. Use of a 0.12% CHX mouthwash is significantly more effective. CHX-DGel appears a poor alternative for a dentifrice. It is not an effective inhibitor of plaque growth and does not possess fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Slot
- School for Dental Hygiene, Inholland University of Professional Education, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Palmer RJ, Gordon SM, Cisar JO, Kolenbrander PE. Coaggregation-mediated interactions of streptococci and actinomyces detected in initial human dental plaque. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:3400-9. [PMID: 12754239 PMCID: PMC155391 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.11.3400-3409.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococci and actinomyces that initiate colonization of the tooth surface frequently coaggregate with each other as well as with other oral bacteria. These observations have led to the hypothesis that interbacterial adhesion influences spatiotemporal development of plaque. To assess the role of such interactions in oral biofilm formation in vivo, antibodies directed against bacterial surface components that mediate coaggregation interactions were used as direct immunofluorescent probes in conjunction with laser confocal microscopy to determine the distribution and spatial arrangement of bacteria within intact human plaque formed on retrievable enamel chips. In intrageneric coaggregation, streptococci such as Streptococcus gordonii DL1 recognize receptor polysaccharides (RPS) borne on other streptococci such as Streptococcus oralis 34. To define potentially interactive subsets of streptococci in the developing plaque, an antibody against RPS (anti-RPS) was used together with an antibody against S. gordonii DL1 (anti-DL1). These antibodies reacted primarily with single cells in 4-h-old plaque and with mixed-species microcolonies in 8-h-old plaque. Anti-RPS-reactive bacteria frequently formed microcolonies with anti-DL1-reactive bacteria and with other bacteria distinguished by general nucleic acid stains. In intergeneric coaggregation between streptococci and actinomyces, type 2 fimbriae of actinomyces recognize RPS on the streptococci. Cells reactive with antibody against type 2 fimbriae of Actinomyces naeslundii T14V (anti-type-2) were much less frequent than either subset of streptococci. However, bacteria reactive with anti-type-2 were seen in intimate association with anti-RPS-reactive cells. These results are the first direct demonstration of coaggregation-mediated interactions during initial plaque accumulation in vivo. Further, these results demonstrate the spatiotemporal development and prevalence of mixed-species communities in early dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Palmer
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4350, USA
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