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Schnauß J, Kunschmann T, Grosser S, Mollenkopf P, Zech T, Freitag JS, Prascevic D, Stange R, Röttger LS, Rönicke S, Smith DM, Bayerl TM, Käs JA. Cells in Slow Motion: Apparent Undercooling Increases Glassy Behavior at Physiological Temperatures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101840. [PMID: 34085345 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solvent conditions are unexpectedly sufficient to drastically and reversibly slow down cells. In vitro on the molecular level, protein-solvent interactions drastically change in the presence of heavy water (D2 O) and its stronger hydrogen bonds. Adding D2 O to the cell medium of living cells increases the molecular intracellular viscosity. While cell morphology and phenotype remain unchanged, cellular dynamics transform into slow motion in a changeable manner. This is exemplified in the slowdown of cell proliferation and migration, which is caused by a reversible gelation of the cytoplasm. In analogy to the time-temperature superposition principle, where temperature is replaced by D2 O, an increase in viscosity slows down the effective time. Actin networks, crucial structures in the cytoplasm, switch from a power-law-like viscoelastic to a more rubber-like elastic behavior. The resulting intracellular resistance and dissipation impair cell movement. Since cells are highly adaptive non-equilibrium systems, they usually respond irreversibly from a thermodynamic perspective. D2 O induced changes, however, are fully reversible and their effects are independent of signaling as well as expression. The stronger hydrogen bonds lead to glass-like, drawn-out intramolecular dynamics, which may facilitate longer storage times of biological matter, for instance, during transport of organ transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schnauß
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Unconventional Computing Lab, Department of Computer Science and Creative Technologies, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Tom Kunschmann
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Grosser
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Mollenkopf
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Zech
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Jessica S Freitag
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dusan Prascevic
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Stange
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luisa S Röttger
- D2 Bioscience Group Ltd, Trinity Hall, 43 Cedar Ave., Hamilton, HM LX, Bermuda
| | - Susanne Rönicke
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David M Smith
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig Medical Faculty, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Gandhinagar, 382007, India
| | - Thomas M Bayerl
- D2 Bioscience Group Ltd, Trinity Hall, 43 Cedar Ave., Hamilton, HM LX, Bermuda
| | - Josef A Käs
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Jandova J, Hua AB, Fimbres J, Wondrak GT. Deuterium Oxide (D 2O) Induces Early Stress Response Gene Expression and Impairs Growth and Metastasis of Experimental Malignant Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:605. [PMID: 33546433 PMCID: PMC7913703 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two stable isotopes of hydrogen, protium (1H) and deuterium (2H; D). Cellular stress response dysregulation in cancer represents both a major pathological driving force and a promising therapeutic target, but the molecular consequences and potential therapeutic impact of deuterium (2H)-stress on cancer cells remain largely unexplored. We have examined the anti-proliferative and apoptogenic effects of deuterium oxide (D2O; 'heavy water') together with stress response gene expression profiling in panels of malignant melanoma (A375V600E, A375NRAS, G361, LOX-IMVI), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PANC-1, Capan-2, or MIA PaCa-2) cells with inclusion of human diploid Hs27 skin fibroblasts. Moreover, we have examined the efficacy of D2O-based pharmacological intervention in murine models of human melanoma tumor growth and metastasis. D2O-induction of apoptosis was substantiated by AV-PI flow cytometry, immunodetection of PARP-1, and pro-caspase 3 cleavage, and rescue by pan-caspase inhibition. Differential array analysis revealed early modulation of stress response gene expression in both A375 melanoma and PANC-1 adenocarcinoma cells elicited by D2O (90%; ≤6 h) (upregulated: CDKN1A, DDIT3, EGR1, GADD45A, HMOX1, NFKBIA, or SOD2 (up to 9-fold; p < 0.01)) confirmed by independent RT-qPCR analysis. Immunoblot analysis revealed rapid onset of D2O-induced stress response phospho-protein activation (p-ERK, p-JNK, p-eIF2α, or p-H2AX) or attenuation (p-AKT). Feasibility of D2O-based chemotherapeutic intervention (drinking water (30% w/w)) was demonstrated in a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse melanoma metastasis model using luciferase-expressing A375-Luc2 cells. Lung tumor burden (visualized by bioluminescence imaging) was attenuated by D2O, and inhibition of invasiveness was also confirmed in an in vitro Matrigel transwell invasion assay. D2O supplementation also suppressed tumor growth in a murine xenograft model of human melanoma, and median survival was significantly increased without causing adverse effects. These data demonstrate for the first time that systemic D2O administration impairs growth and metastasis of malignant melanoma through the pharmacological induction of deuterium (2H)-stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georg T. Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (J.J.); (A.B.H.); (J.F.)
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Kalkur RS, Ballast AC, Triplett AR, Spendier K. Effects of deuterium oxide on cell growth and vesicle speed in RBL-2H3 cells. PeerJ 2014; 2:e553. [PMID: 25237603 PMCID: PMC4157235 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time we show the effects of deuterium oxide on cell growth and vesicle transport in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. RBL-2H3 cells cultured with 15 moles/L deuterium showed decreased cell growth which was attributed to cells not doubling their DNA content. Experimental observations also showed an increase in vesicle speed for cells cultured in deuterium oxide. This increase in vesicle speed was not observed in deuterium oxide cultures treated with a microtubule-destabilizing drug, suggesting that deuterium oxide affects microtubule-dependent vesicle transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni S Kalkur
- BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Andrew C Ballast
- BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.,Department of Physics and Energy Science, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Ashley R Triplett
- BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Kathrin Spendier
- BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.,Department of Physics and Energy Science, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
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Maloney A, Herskowitz LJ, Koch SJ. Effect of (2)H and (18)O water isotopes in kinesin-1 gliding assay. PeerJ 2014; 2:e284. [PMID: 24711961 PMCID: PMC3970804 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We show for the first time the effects of heavy-hydrogen water (2H2O) and heavy-oxygen water (H218O) on the gliding speed of microtubules on kinesin-1 coated surfaces. Increased fractions of isotopic waters used in the motility solution decreased the gliding speed of microtubules by a maximum of 21% for heavy-hydrogen and 5% for heavy-oxygen water. We also show that gliding microtubule speed returns to its original speed after being treated with heavy-hydrogen water. We discuss possible interpretations of these results and the importance for future studies of water effects on kinesin and microtubules. We also discuss the implication for using heavy waters in biomolecular devices incorporating molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Maloney
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX , USA
| | | | - Steven J Koch
- College of University Libraries & Learning Sciences, The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM , USA
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Wazawa T, Yasui SI, Morimoto N, Suzuki M. 1,3-Diethylurea-enhanced Mg-ATPase activity of skeletal muscle myosin with a converse effect on the sliding motility. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2620-9. [PMID: 23954499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of urea and its derivatives on the ATPase activity and on the in vitro motility of chicken skeletal muscle actomyosin. Mg-ATPase rate of myosin subfragment-1 (S1) is increased by 4-fold by 0.3M 1,3-diethylurea (DEU), but it is unaffected by urea, thiourea, and 1,3-dimethylurea at ≤1M concentration. Thus, we further examine the effects of DEU in comparison to those of urea as reference. In in vitro motility assay, we find that in the presence of 0.3M DEU, the sliding speeds of actin filaments driven by myosin and heavy meromyosin (HMM) are significantly decreased to 1/16 and 1/6.6, respectively, compared with the controls. However, the measurement of the actin-activated ATPase activity of HMM shows that the maximal rate, Vmax, is almost unchanged with DEU. Thus, the myosin-driven sliding motility of actin filaments is significantly impeded in the presence of 0.3M DEU, whereas the cyclic interaction of myosin with F-actin occurs during the ATP turnover, the rate of which is close to that without DEU. In contrast to DEU, 0.3M urea exhibits only modest effects on both actin-activated ATPase and sliding motility of actomyosin. Thus, DEU has the effect of uncoupling the sliding motility of actomyosin from its ATP turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuichi Wazawa
- Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 02, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Kobayashi T, Saeki Y, Chaen S, Shirakawa I, Sugi H. Effect of deuterium oxide on contraction characteristics and ATPase activity in glycerinated single rabbit skeletal muscle fibers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2004; 1659:46-51. [PMID: 15511526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of deuterium oxide (D(2)O) on contraction characteristics and ATPase activity of single glycerinated muscle fibers of rabbit psoas. D(2)O increased the maximum isometric force P(0) by about 20%, while the force versus stiffness relation did not change appreciably. The maximum shortening velocity under zero load V(max) did not change appreciably in D(2)O, so that the force-velocity (P-V) curve was scaled depending on the value of P(0). The Mg-ATPase activity of the fibers during generation of steady isometric force P(0) was reduced by about 50% in D(2)O. Based on the Huxley contraction model, these results can be accounted for in terms of D(2)O-induced changes in the rate constants f(1) and g(1) for making and breaking actin-myosin linkages in the isometric condition, in such a way that f(1)/(f(1)+g(1)) increases by about 20%, while (f(1)+g(1)) remains unchanged. The D(2)O effect at the molecular level is discussed in connection with biochemical studies on actomyosin ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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