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Fereiro JA, Bendikov T, Herrmann A, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D. Protein Orientation Defines Rectification of Electronic Current via Solid-State Junction of Entire Photosystem-1 Complex. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2973-2982. [PMID: 36940422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the direction of current rectification via one of nature's most efficient light-harvesting systems, the photosystem 1 complex (PS1), can be controlled by its orientation on Au substrates. Molecular self-assembly of the PS1 complex using four different linkers with distinct functional head groups that interact by electrostatic and hydrogen bonds with different surface parts of the entire protein PS1 complex was used to tailor the PS1 orientation. We observe an orientation-dependent rectification in the current-voltage characteristics for linker/PS1 molecule junctions. Results of an earlier study using a surface two-site PS1 mutant complex having its orientation set by covalent binding to the Au substrate supports our conclusion. Current-voltage-temperature measurements on the linker/PS1 complex indicate off-resonant tunneling as the main electron transport mechanism. Our ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy results highlight the importance of the protein orientation for the energy level alignment and provide insight into the charge transport mechanism via the PS1 transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry A Fereiro
- Department of Molecular Chemistry & Materials Science, Weizmann Inst. of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- School of Chemistry, Indian Inst. of Science Education & Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Tatyana Bendikov
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Inst. of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Israel Pecht
- Department of Immunology & Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Inst. of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Department of Molecular Chemistry & Materials Science, Weizmann Inst. of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - David Cahen
- Department of Molecular Chemistry & Materials Science, Weizmann Inst. of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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2
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Çoruh O, Frank A, Tanaka H, Kawamoto A, El-Mohsnawy E, Kato T, Namba K, Gerle C, Nowaczyk MM, Kurisu G. Cryo-EM structure of a functional monomeric Photosystem I from Thermosynechococcus elongatus reveals red chlorophyll cluster. Commun Biol 2021; 4:304. [PMID: 33686186 PMCID: PMC7940658 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-resolution structure of trimeric cyanobacterial Photosystem I (PSI) from Thermosynechococcus elongatus was reported as the first atomic model of PSI almost 20 years ago. However, the monomeric PSI structure has not yet been reported despite long-standing interest in its structure and extensive spectroscopic characterization of the loss of red chlorophylls upon monomerization. Here, we describe the structure of monomeric PSI from Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1. Comparison with the trimer structure gave detailed insights into monomerization-induced changes in both the central trimerization domain and the peripheral regions of the complex. Monomerization-induced loss of red chlorophylls is assigned to a cluster of chlorophylls adjacent to PsaX. Based on our findings, we propose a role of PsaX in the stabilization of red chlorophylls and that lipids of the surrounding membrane present a major source of thermal energy for uphill excitation energy transfer from red chlorophylls to P700.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Çoruh
- Laboratory for Protein Crystallography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Anna Frank
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hideaki Tanaka
- Laboratory for Protein Crystallography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawamoto
- Laboratory for Protein Crystallography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eithar El-Mohsnawy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Al Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Takayuki Kato
- Laboratory of CryoEM Structural Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research and SPring-8 Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Christoph Gerle
- Laboratory for Protein Crystallography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Marc M Nowaczyk
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Genji Kurisu
- Laboratory for Protein Crystallography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
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3
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Fromme P, Witt HT. Improved isolation and crystallization of photosystem I for structural analysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(98)00059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Cladera J, Rigaud JL, Bottin H, Duñach M. Functional reconstitution of photosystem I reaction center from cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC6803 into liposomes using a new reconstitution procedure. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1996; 28:503-15. [PMID: 8953382 DOI: 10.1007/bf02110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem I reaction center from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC6803 was reconstituted into phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidic acid liposomes. Liposomes prepared by reversephase evaporation were treated with various amounts of different detergents and protein incorporation was analyzed at each step of the solubilization process. After detergent removal the activities of the resulting proteoliposomes were measured. The most efficient reconstitution was obtained by insertion of the protein complex into preformed liposomes destabilized by saturating amounts of octylglucoside. In the presence of N-methylphenazonium methosulfate and ascorbic acid, liposomes containing the reaction center catalyzed a light-dependent net H+ uptake as measured by the 9-aminoacridine fluorescence quenching and the pH meter. An important benefit of the new reconstitution procedure is that it produces a homogeneous population of large-size proteoliposomes with a low ionic permeability and with a majority inwardly directed H+ transport activity. In optimal conditions, a light-induced delta pH of about 1.8 units could be sustained at 20 degrees C in the presence of valinomycin. In the absence of valinomycin, a "back-pressure" effect of an electrical transmembrane potential decreased both the rate and the extent of the H+ transport. The reaction center was also co-reconstituted with F0F1 H(+)-ATPases from chloroplasts and from the thermophilic bacterium, PS3. The co-reconstituted system was shown to catalyze a light-dependent phosphorylation which could only be measured in the presence of a high concentration of PSI (low lipid/PSI ratios) while no delta pH could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cladera
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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5
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Turconi S, Kruip J, Schweitzer G, Rögner M, Holzwarth AR. A comparative fluorescence kinetics study of Photosystem I monomers and trimers from Synechocystis PCC 6803. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1996; 49:263-268. [PMID: 24271704 DOI: 10.1007/bf00034787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/1995] [Accepted: 07/30/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence measurements have been performed as a function of emission wavelengths in order to investigate the possible functional differences between monomeric and trimeric Photosystem I (PS I) particles from a cyanobacterium Synechocystis. Applying global analysis, four kinetic components were found necessary to describe the fluorescecne decay for both monomers and trimers of PS I. The lifetimes and spectra of the respective components are quite similar, indicating that they can be attributed to identical processes in both the monomers and trimers. It is concluded that both forms of PS I are capable of efficient energy transfer and charge separation, in agreement with a physiological role of both forms. Small differences in the fluorescence decays are discussed in terms of a slightly higher ratio of red emitting pigments per reaction centre in trimers of PS I. A comparison to Synechococcus PS I particles reveals the higher red chlorophyll content of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Turconi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstr. 34-36, D-45470, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
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6
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Tsiotis G, Haase W, Engel A, Michel H. Isolation and Structural Characterization of Trimeric Cyanobacterial Photosystem I Complex with the Help of Recombinant Antibody Fragments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0823d.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Boekema EJ, Boonstra AF, Dekker JP, Rögner M. Electron microscopic structural analysis of Photosystem I, Photosystem II, and the cytochrome b6/f complex from green plants and cyanobacteria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1994; 26:17-29. [PMID: 8027020 DOI: 10.1007/bf00763217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) in combination with image analysis is a powerful technique to study protein structure at low- and high resolution. Since electron micrographs of biological objects are very noisy, substantial improvement of image quality can be obtained by averaging individual projections. Crystallographic and noncrystallographic averaging methods are available and have been applied to study projections of the large protein complexes embedded in photosynthetic membranes from cyanobacteria and higher plants. Results of EM on monomeric and trimeric Photosystem I complexes, on monomeric and dimeric Photosystem II complexes, and on the monomeric cytochrome b6/f complex are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Boekema
- BIOSON Research Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Chitnis VP, Chitnis PR. PsaL subunit is required for the formation of photosystem I trimers in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. FEBS Lett 1993; 336:330-4. [PMID: 8262256 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80831-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
When membranes of the wild type strain of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were solubilized with detergents and fractionated by sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation, photosystem I could be obtained as trimers and monomers. We could not obtain trimers from the membranes of any mutant strain that lacked PsaL subunit. In contrast, absence of PsaE, PsaD, PsaF, or PsaJ did not completely abolish the ability of photosystem I to form trimers. Furthermore, PsaL is accessible to digestion by thermolysin in the monomers but not in the trimers of photosystem I purified from wild type membranes. Therefore, PsaL is necessary for trimerization of photosystem I and may constitute the trimer-forming domain in the structure of photosystem I.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Chitnis
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-4901
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Kruip J, Boekema E, Bald D, Boonstra A, Rögner M. Isolation and structural characterization of monomeric and trimeric photosystem I complexes (P700.FA/FB and P700.FX) from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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10
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van der Staay GW, Boekema EJ, Dekker JP, Matthijs HC. Characterization of trimeric Photosystem I particles from the prochlorophyte Prochlorothrix hollandica by electron microscopy and image analysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(93)90101-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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van der Staay GW, Brouwer A, Baard RL, van Mourik F, Matthijs HC. Separation of Photosystems I and II from the oxychlorobacterium (prochlorophyte) Prochlorothrix hollandica and association of chlorophyll b binding antennae with Photosystem II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90513-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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van der Staay GW, Brouwer A, Baard RL, van Mourik F, Matthijs HC. Separation of Photosystems I and II from the oxychlorobacterium (prochlorophyte) Prochlorothrix hollandica and association of chlorophyll b binding antennae with Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(92)90103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Böttcher B, Gräber P, Boekema EJ. The structure of Photosystem I from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. determined by electron microscopy of two-dimensional crystals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1100:125-36. [PMID: 1610871 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(92)90073-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the Photosystem I (PS I) complex from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. has been investigated by electron microscopy and image analysis of two-dimensional crystals. Crystals were obtained from isolated PS I by removal of detergents with Bio-Beads. After negative staining, either single layers or two superimposed layers with a rotational different orientation were observed. The layers have a rectangular unit cell of 16.0 x 15.0 nm, which contains two PS I monomers. The monomers are arranged alternating up and down in each layer. For double-layer crystals, the images of the two layers could be separately processed by a combination of Fourier-peak-filtering and correlation averaging. Features in the two-dimensional plane can be seen with a resolution up to 1.5-1.8 nm. A model for the PS I structure was obtained by combining three-dimensional reconstructions from three tilt-series. The model shows an asymmetric PS I complex. On one side (presumably the stromal side) there is a 3 nm high ridge. This is most likely comprised of the psaC, psaD and psaE subunits. The other side (presumably the lumenal side) is rather flat, but in the center there is a 3 nm deep indentation, which possibly separates partly the two large subunits psaA and psaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Böttcher
- BIOSON Research Institute, University of Groningen, Netherlands
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14
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Chapter 4 High-resolution crystal structures of bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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15
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Hladík J, Sofrová D. Does the trimeric form of the Photosystem 1 reaction center of cyanobacteria in vivo exist? PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1991; 29:171-175. [PMID: 24415154 DOI: 10.1007/bf00036220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/1991] [Accepted: 06/23/1991] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
When isolating Photosystem 1 from the thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria, a multiplicity of photosystem complexes can be encountered, which has not yet been observed in any other phototrophic organisms: After solubilisation of thylakoid membranes with detergents, trimeric, dimeric and monomeric forms of Photosystem 1 can be separated. The question must now be answered, which of the stable Photosystem 1 forms is the functional form in vivo-monomeric or trimeric? The two possibilities are discussed, though we mainly present arguments for the existence of the trimeric form of Photosystem 1 in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hladík
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czechoslovakia
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16
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Almog O, Lotan O, Shoham G, Nechushtai R. The composition and organization of photosystem I. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 1991; 2:123-40. [PMID: 1797091 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.1991.2.3.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem I, extensively studied in the past decade, was shown to be homologous in all photosynthetic organisms of the higher plants type. Its core complex was found to be highly conserved through evolution from cyanobacteria to higher plants. The genes coding for the subunits of CCI were isolated and the resulting sequences provided information about secondary structural elements. These suggested secondary structures enabled the prediction of the topology of these subunits in the photosynthetic membrane. Structural studies using both electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography, on isolated particles as well as on the complexes in the photosynthetic membrane, led to a better understanding of the overall structure of CCI. Recently two forms of three dimensional crystals of CCI were obtained. These crystals contain all the original components of CCI (both protein and pigments); these components have not been altered by crystallization. It is expected that a detailed crystallographic analysis of these crystals, together with biochemical, spectroscopical and molecular biology studies, will eventually lead to the elucidation of the high resolution structure of the photosystem I core complex and to the understanding of the exact role and mode of action of this complex in the photosynthetic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Almog
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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18
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Boekema EJ, Wynn R, Malkin R. The structure of spinach Photosystem I studied by electron microscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Purification and characterization of photosystem I and photosystem II core complexes from wild-type and phycocyanin-deficient strains of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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20
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Mono-, di- and trimeric PS I reaction center complexes isolated from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90074-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Boekema EJ. The present state of two-dimensional crystallization of membrane proteins. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY REVIEWS 1990; 3:87-96. [PMID: 2103339 DOI: 10.1016/0892-0354(90)90015-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the present literature on two-dimensional crystallization of membrane proteins, with emphasis on the technical aspects. It includes all the intrinsic membrane proteins that have been crystallized after solubilization. Four general ways of making crystals are described in detail. Furthermore, suggestions for improving crystallization conditions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Boekema
- Biochemisch Laboratorium, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
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