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Ceylan SS. Investigation of the relationship between disasters and sleep problems in adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2714-2723. [PMID: 37839082 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2269875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine relationship between disasters and sleep problems in adolescents. In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, 407 adolescents aged 10-18 years were included. The data were collected with Descriptive Characteristics Form, Disaster Fear Form, and Bergen Insomnia Scale. 86.5% of the adolescents had experienced at least one disaster. It was found that 67.3% of adolescents experienced sleep problems after disasters. A positive correlation was found between the mean scores of Fear Disaster Form and Bergen Insomnia Scale. In addition, mean Bergen Insomnia Scale scores of adolescents who experienced earthquakes, pandemic disease, traffic accidents, and floods were statistically higher than those who did not (p < 0.05). By screening for sleep problems in adolescents who have experienced disasters and planning and implementing appropriate interventions, adolescents who are already at risk for sleep problems can develop healthy sleep habits and prevent physiological, mental, and cognitive problems due to sleep problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Serap Ceylan
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Pamukkale University Faculty of Health Sciences, Denizli, Türkiye
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Something Scary is Out There II: the Interplay of Childhood Experiences, Relict Sexual Dinichism, and Cross-cultural Differences in Spatial Fears. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-021-00289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChildren’s nighttime fear is hypothesized as a cognitive relict reflecting a long history of natural selection for anticipating the direction of nighttime predatory attacks on the presumed human ancestor, Australopithecus afarensis, whose small-bodied females nesting in trees would have anticipated predatory attacks from below. Heavier males nesting on the ground would have anticipated nighttime predatory attacks from their sides. Previous research on preschool children and adults supports this cognitive-relict hypothesis by showing developmental consistencies in their remembrances of the location of a “scary thing” relative to their beds. The current study expands this research by investigating whether nighttime fear in childhood, including the effect of parental threats to behave, influenced adult spatial fears in different biotic and abiotic situations. A 25-item questionnaire employing ordinal scales was given to 474 foreign-born Vietnamese and ethnic Chinese adults living in the USA. Univariate analyses of adult remembrances of childhood indicated that females were more fearful of something scary below their beds than males. To examine the influence of childhood nighttime fear on adult fears, exploratory factor analyses supported three factors: (1) indeterminate agents, indicated something scary under the bed, the difficulty locating unspecific threats, and the brief appearances of large apparitions; (2) environmental uncertainty, indicated by potential encounters with unseen animate threats; (3) predictable animals, as the relative comfort of viewing animals in zoo exhibits. Using structural equation modeling, the results suggest that childhood nighttime fear influenced only the latent variable, indeterminate agents, in both groups via the mediating variable, parental threats.
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Collings SJ, Gopal ND. Towards a comprehensive test specification for normative adolescent fears: a conservation of resources perspective. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2016; 28:123-37. [PMID: 27562000 DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2016.1200583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the extent to which the primary tenets of Conservation of Resources theory provide an adequate basis for categorising and conceptualising normative adolescent fears. METHOD Initial descriptive research, using data obtained from a sample of South African adolescents (n = 163), used systematic emergent content analysis to develop a test specification (i.e., content domains and manifestations of content domains) relevant to measures of normative adolescent fears, with subsequent a priori content analyses being used to explore the content validity of the test specification with respect to the item-content of selected normative childhood and adolescent fear schedules. RESULTS Analyses suggest that content domains proposed by Conservation of Resources theory provide an adequate (exhaustive and mutually exclusive) basis for reliably conceptualising and categorising normative adolescent fears and for predicting the valence of specific adolescent fears. CONCLUSIONS A Conservation of Resources perspective was found to be of heuristic value in exploring content domains relevant to normative adolescent fears, and would appear to hold promise as a useful conceptual framework for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Collings
- a School of Applied Human Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| | - Nirmala D Gopal
- a School of Applied Human Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
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Muris P, Ollendick TH, Roelofs J, Austin K. The short form of the fear survey schedule for children-revised (FSSC-R-SF): an efficient, reliable, and valid scale for measuring fear in children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:957-65. [PMID: 25445086 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Short Form of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R-SF) in non-clinical and clinically referred children and adolescents from the Netherlands and the United States. Exploratory as well as confirmatory factor analyses of the FSSC-R-SF yielded support for the hypothesized five-factor structure representing fears in the domains of (1) failure and criticism, (2) the unknown, (3) animals, (4) danger and death, and (5) medical affairs. The FSSC-R-SF showed satisfactory reliability and was capable of assessing gender and age differences in youths' fears and fearfulness that have been documented in previous research. Further, the convergent validity of the scale was good as shown by substantial and meaningful correlations with the full-length FSSC-R and alternative childhood anxiety measures. Finally, support was found for the discriminant validity of the scale. That is, clinically referred children and adolescents exhibited higher scores on the FSSC-R-SF total scale and most subscales as compared to their non-clinical counterparts. Moreover, within the clinical sample, children and adolescents with a major anxiety disorder generally displayed higher FSSC-R-SF scores than youths without such a diagnosis. Altogether, these findings indicate that the FSSC-R-SF is a brief, reliable, and valid scale for assessing fear sensitivities in children and adolescents.
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Makashvili M, Kaishauri N, Azmaiparashvili T. The Role of Knowledge in Overcoming Snake Fear. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractThe present study examined common childhood fears in 9- to 13-year-old South-African children (N = 404) from white, coloured, and black cultural groups. Fears were assessed by means of two methods — the fear list method and the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R). Results showed that fear rank orders as obtained with the fear list method were quite different from those derived from the FSSC-R. Furthermore, clear differences in fear levels were found among the three cultural groups. More specifically, coloured and black South-African children displayed significantly higher fear levels than white children. Finally, differences were also found as to the content of prevalent fears in the three cultural groups. For example, common fears in coloured and black children were more frequently related to violence than in white children.
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Burnham JJ. Contemporary Fears of Children and Adolescents: Coping and Resiliency in the 21st Century. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2009.tb00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Although fears are part of normal development, the living environment of HIV/AIDS affected children is conducive to the development of particular fears. This study examined the fears of 39 South African children (7-13 years) living in a low socioeconomic community with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. The aim was to consider if these children were a special population with regard to their fears. The Free Option Method was used to identify the children's fears. Data were analyzed by means of a priori thematic analysis, followed by a qualitative analysis. The expressed fears could be described with fear categories previously reported by normative samples. The wild animal category and specifically snake fears were reported most. The second analysis revealed a substantial minority of fears reflecting life in the South African HIV/AIDS affected context. It was concluded that the children represented a normative population who experienced particular fears due to their special circumstances. Further investigation of HIV/AIDS affected children's fears and related psychological issues is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Zwemstra
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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Riso DD, Salcuni S, Chessa D, Lis A. The Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised: Normative Developmental Data in Italy. Percept Mot Skills 2010; 110:625-46. [DOI: 10.2466/pms.110.2.625-646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore children's fear content. Using the Italian Fear Survey Schedule for Children, an Italian-language version of Ollendick's Fear Survey Schedule for Children–Revised (1983), the study assessed the reliability of the survey and reported intensity, prevalence, and content of fears in children aged six to 10 years, using this questionnaire. 1,845 school children (931 girls, 914 boys; M age = 8.3 yr., SD = 1.4) were asked to complete the survey, indicating what they thought were their fears, and the intensity of those fears. Sex and age differences were also examined. Girls endorsed significantly higher fearfulness than did boys. Few age differences were found, with seven-year-olds appearing more fearful than 10- to 11-year-old children. Results were interpreted in relation to developmental changes. Cross-national comparisons were discussed.
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Keeton CP, Kolos AC, Walkup JT. Pediatric generalized anxiety disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Paediatr Drugs 2009; 11:171-83. [PMID: 19445546 DOI: 10.2165/00148581-200911030-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about a variety of events and is accompanied by physical symptoms such as headaches, tension, restlessness, gastrointestinal distress, and heart palpitations. Symptoms impose marked distress and interfere with social, emotional, and educational functioning. GAD occurs in over 10% of children and adolescents, has an average age of onset of 8.5 years, and is more often reported in girls. Common co-occurring conditions include separation anxiety disorder and social phobia. Assessment involves a multi-informant, multi-method approach involving the child, parents, and school teachers. A clinical interview should be conducted to assess for the three primary ways anxiety presents: behaviors, thoughts, and somatic symptoms. Several semi-structured diagnostic interviews are available, and the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule is increasingly used. Rating scales completed by the patient, caregivers, and teachers provide useful information for diagnosis and symptom monitoring. Several scales are available to assess patients for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition) GAD diagnosis; however, instruments generally cannot distinguish children with GAD from children with similar anxiety disorders. Both cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders including GAD. Evidence suggests that the combination of CBT plus sertraline offers additional benefit compared with either treatment alone. With pharmacotherapy, systematic tracking of treatment-emergent adverse events such as headaches, stomach aches, behavioral activation, worsening symptoms, and emerging suicidal thoughts is important. Recommended starting doses are fluvoxamine 25 mg/day, fluoxetine 10 mg/day, and sertraline 25 mg/day, though lower starting doses are possible. Dosing can be adjusted as often as weekly with the goal of achieving a high-quality response, while minimizing side effects. Long-term treatment with medication has not been well studied; however, to achieve optimal long-term outcome extended use of medication may be required. It is recommended to continue medication for approximately 1 year following remission in symptoms, and when discontinuing medication to choose a stress-free time of the year. If symptoms return, medication re-initiation should be considered seriously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Pierce Keeton
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Rosenbloom T, Nemrodov D, Ben-Eliyahu A, Eldror E. Fear and danger appraisals of a road-crossing scenario: a developmental perspective. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2008; 40:1619-1626. [PMID: 18606298 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Children's actual performance of visual timing task is possibly deficient, and road-crossing training programs focusing on visual timing elements result in questionable improvement in performance. The present study focused on conceptual, rather than perceptual, examination of the visual timing elements of distance and speed, as integrated into appraisals of risks related to a traffic scenario. Preschool children, third-grade children and adults appraised pedestrian fear and danger associated with four scenarios conceptually depicted using a table-top model. Each scenario described either a child or an adult pedestrian approached by a vehicle at various distances (near/far) and speeds (slow/fast). Results suggest that whereas the adult subjects integrated the danger and fear appraisals by giving separate weights to both distance and speed concepts, preschoolers failed to properly realize the danger associated with speed, and third-graders failed to integrate both concepts in their appraisals. In addition, children seem to be unaware of their underprivileged pedestrian status compared to adult pedestrians, as evidenced by similar appraisal patterns for both pedestrian age groups. The safety implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tova Rosenbloom
- Research Institute of Human Factors in Road Safety, Academic Studies, College of Management, Behavioral Sciences, 7 Rabin Street, Rishon Lezion, Israel.
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Su L, Wang K, Fan F, Su Y, Gao X. Reliability and validity of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED) in Chinese children. J Anxiety Disord 2008; 22:612-21. [PMID: 17628391 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the psychometric properties of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED) in a large community sample of Chinese children. The 41-item version of the SCARED was administered to 1559 primary and junior high school students (774 boys and 785 girls, mean age 11.8+/-2.11) in 12 Chinese cities. The SCARED demonstrated moderate to high internal consistency (alpha=0.43-0.89) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients=0.46-0.77 over 2 weeks and 0.24-0.67 over 12 weeks), moderate parent-child correlation (r=0.49-0.59) and good discriminant validity (between anxiety and non-anxiety disorders). The SCARED total score was significantly correlated with the internalizing factor of the child behavior checklist (0.41). Factor analyses revealed the same five-factor structure as the original SCARED. These findings support that the SCARED is a reliable and valid anxiety screening instrument in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Su
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
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Abstract
As the demand to include children in research increases, researchers are discovering that few methods exist that are specifically designed with children in mind. In this article, the author introduces the draw-and-tell conversation as a child-centered and child-directed approach to data collection and illustrates its use in a qualitative study of children's fear experiences. Twenty-two children, ages 7 and 8 years, participated. Sequential mixed qualitative analyses suggest that children's draw-and-tell conversations provide new insight into how children describe and experience fear and highlight the unique nature of information accessed when using this approach.
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Sharlin SA, Moin V, Yahav R. When disaster becomes commonplace reaction of children and adolescents to prolonged terrorist attacks in Israel. SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2006; 43:95-114. [PMID: 16956855 DOI: 10.1300/j010v43n02_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine, in conditions of prolonged terror, the possible influences of yet another terrorist attack as an additional traumatic event on children's reactions in the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive spheres, and to identify any mediating factors. The sample included 747 students in junior high schools in three Israeli cities. None of the participants was directly exposed to terrorist attacks, but they all lived with the possibility of daily terror. The research focused on fear as the most common and widespread reaction to terror and war. Short-term and long-term symptoms of fear were studied. It was found that an additional terrorist attack had no significant influence on children's emotional, cognitive, or behavioral spheres. Terror that has become habitual becomes negligible. Children learn to adjust to loss without experiencing grief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo A Sharlin
- The Center for Research and Study of the Family, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel.
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Moraes ABAD, Ambrosano GMB, Possobon RDF, Costa Junior ÁL. Fear assessment in brazilian children: the relevance of dental fear. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-37722004000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear frequently interferes with dental treatment procedures, producing delays and poor technical quality results. Patients exhibit avoidance and escape behaviors that may be related to aversive childhood experiences in dental treatment situations. The aim of this study was to identify the most frequent children's fears, including dental ones, using an adaptation of the FSSC-R. This instrument was used to assess 549 children divided in three groups: (G1) private school children, (G2) public school children and (G3) public school children who were surveyed during dental treatment. Results indicated higher dental fear scores for females when compared with male children. Considering all groups studied, "injection" was the 5th higher fear for the group G3, 8th for the group G1 and 14th for the group G2. Family relationship items such as "parents fighting", "parents yelling at you", "hearing my parents argue", were considered frequent fears, suggesting that family conflicts may contribute to children's emotional problems.
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