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Xi C, Zhang GQ, Sun ZK, Song HJ, Shen CT, Chen XY, Sun JW, Qiu ZL, Luo QY. Interleukins in Thyroid Cancer: From Basic Researches to Applications in Clinical Practice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1124. [PMID: 32655554 PMCID: PMC7325887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is crucial to tumorigenesis and progression of many cancers. Inflammatory molecules in tumor microenvironment exert pro- or anti-tumor effects. Among them, interleukin, mainly produced by CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, is a class of small molecule proteins which play an important role in intercellular communication. Numerous studies have confirmed that interleukins are closely related to thyroid cancer. Interleukins regulate the proliferation and migration of thyroid cancer cells and they have prospects in discriminating benign and malignant thyroid diseases, predicting the risk of tumorigenesis, evaluating the prognosis and monitoring the recurrence of thyroid cancer. Besides, the effective application of interleukins in treatment of thyroid cancer has been confirmed by some cell and animal researches. The present review will introduce the potential mechanisms of interleukins in thyroid cancer and focus on the applications of interleukins in clinical practice of thyroid cancer, which will help update understanding of the progress of interleukins researches in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Xi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Kui Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Jun Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Tian Shen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Wen Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Ling Qiu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Dutta P, Sultana S, Dey R, Bishayi B. Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus-induced CXCR1 expression via inhibition of receptor mobilization and receptor shedding during dual receptor (TNFR1 and IL-1R) neutralization. Immunol Res 2020; 67:241-260. [PMID: 31290001 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-09083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier studies proposed a radically new idea suggesting interdependency between TNF-α/TNFR1 and IL-1β/IL-1R pathways in modulation of Staphylococcus aureus-induced CXCL8/CXCR1 axis. However, the effects of inhibition of cytokine receptor mobilization at intracellular level and surface TNFR1 and IL-1R shedding on S. aureus-induced CXCR1 expression have not been studied so far in peritoneal macrophages. This study aimed to investigate the role of inhibition of receptor mobilization from the intracellular pool (using brefeldin A) and surface receptor shedding (using TAPI-1) on CXCR1 expression during dual receptor (TNFR1 plus IL-1R) neutralization in peritoneal macrophages isolated from wild-type Swiss Albino mice. Release of superoxide anion, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide was measured and cytokine production was done by ELISA. Expression of surface receptors (TNFR1, IL-1R, and CXCR1) and inflammatory mediators was studied by Western blot. It was observed that S. aureus-infected macrophages showed elevated ROS production, secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and CXCL8, along with increased expression of surface receptors (TNFR1, IL-1R, and CXCR1), and inflammatory markers (iNOS and COX-2) compared with control or treated groups (p < 0.05). However, prior treatment of macrophages with BFA or TAPI-1 in the presence of anti-TNFR1 antibody and IRAP during S. aureus infection showed significant reduction of all these parameters (p < 0.05). We can conclude that targeting of TNFR1 and IL-1R (with major focus on surface expression study) either through blockage of intracellular receptor trafficking pathway or via surface receptor shedding diminishes TNFR1/IL-1R interaction and consequently downregulates CXCR1 expression along with inflammatory signalling pathways during bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Dutta
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta, West Bengal, 700009, India
| | - Sahin Sultana
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta, West Bengal, 700009, India
| | - Rajen Dey
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta, West Bengal, 700009, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta, West Bengal, 700009, India.
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Mechera R, Soysal SD, Piscuoglio S, Ng CKY, Zeindler J, Mujagic E, Däster S, Glauser P, Hoffmann H, Kilic E, Droeser RA, Weber WP, Muenst S. Expression of RET is associated with Oestrogen receptor expression but lacks prognostic significance in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:41. [PMID: 30621641 PMCID: PMC6325785 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rearranged during Transfection (RET) protein is overexpressed in a subset of Estrogen Receptor (ER) positive breast cancer, with both signalling pathways functionally interacting. This cross-talk plays a pivotal role in the resistance of breast cancer cells to anti-endocrine therapies, and RET expression is assumed to correlate with poor prognosis based on findings in small patient cohorts. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of RET expression on patient outcome in human breast cancer. METHODS We performed an immunohistochemical analysis of RET protein expression on a tissue microarray encompassing 990 breast cancer patients and correlated its expression with clinicopathological parameters and survival data. RESULTS Expression of RET was detected in 409 out of 990 cases (41.3%). RET and ER expression significantly correlated (p < 0.0001). The Luminal B HER2-positive subtype showed the highest expression rate (48.9%). In univariate and multivariate survival analyses, RET expression had no impact on overall survival. CONCLUSION We confirmed the co-expression of RET and ER, but we did not find RET expression to be an independent prognostic factor in human breast cancer. Clinical trials with newly developed RET inhibitors are needed to evaluate if RET inhibition has a beneficial impact on patient survival in ER positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mechera
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Savas D Soysal
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schoenbeinstrasse 40, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schoenbeinstrasse 40, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Zeindler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edin Mujagic
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Däster
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Glauser
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henry Hoffmann
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ergin Kilic
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Leverkusen, Am Gesundheitspark 11, 51375, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Raoul A Droeser
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter P Weber
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Muenst
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schoenbeinstrasse 40, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
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Nahari E, Razi M. Silymarin amplifies apoptosis in ectopic endometrial tissue in rats with endometriosis; implication on growth factor GDNF, ERK1/2 and Bcl-6b expression. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:757-767. [PMID: 30195499 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present prospective study was done to evaluate the effect of silymarin (SMN) on endometriotic-like legions establishment and growth in experimentally-induced endometriosis. For this purpose, the experimental endometriosis was induced in 12 rats and then the animals subdivided into endometriosis-sole and SMN (50 mg kg-1, orally)+endometriosis groups. Following 28 days, the legions establishment, size, Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), gfrα1, B Cell Lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6b), Bcl-2, extracellular regulator kinase (ERK1/2) expression ratios, angiogenesis, the apoptosis and fibrosis indices were investigated. The SMN significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the enometriotic-like legions establishment and size, decreased mRNA levels of GDNF, gfrα1, Bcl-6b and Bcl-2 and remarkably diminished GDNF, gfrα1, Bcl-6b and Bcl-2-positive cells distribution/mm2 of tissue versus endometriosis-sole group. The SMN + endometriosis group exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) enhancement in ERK1/2 expression and represented diminished vascularized area and increased apoptosis and fibrosis indices, as well. In conclusion, the SMN by down-regulating GDNF and its receptor gfrα1 expression inhibits GDNF-gfrα1 complex generation and consequently suppresses Bcl-6b expression. Moreover, the SMN by enhancing the ERK1/2 expression and by suppressing the Bcl-2 expression promotes the apoptosis pathway. Finally, the SMN by down-regulating the angiogenesis ratio accelerates apoptosis and consequently induces severe fibrosis in endometriotic-like legions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Nahari
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mazdak Razi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. BOC: 1177, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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Castellone MD, Melillo RM. RET-mediated modulation of tumor microenvironment and immune response in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:T105-T119. [PMID: 28931560 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) arise from thyroid parafollicular, calcitonin-producing C-cells and can occur either as sporadic or as hereditary diseases in the context of familial syndromes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A (MEN2A), multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B (MEN2B) and familial MTC (FMTC). In a large fraction of sporadic cases, and virtually in all inherited cases of MTC, activating point mutations of the RET proto-oncogene are found. RET encodes for a receptor tyrosine kinase protein endowed with transforming potential on thyroid parafollicular cells. As in other cancer types, microenvironmental factors play a critical role in MTC. Tumor-associated extracellular matrix, stromal cells and immune cells interact and influence the behavior of cancer cells both in a tumor-promoting and in a tumor-suppressing manner. Several studies have shown that, besides the neoplastic transformation of thyroid C-cells, a profound modification of tumor microenvironment has been associated to the RET FMTC/MEN2-associated oncoproteins. They influence the surrounding stroma, activating cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), promoting cancer-associated inflammation and suppressing anti-cancer immune response. These mechanisms might be exploited to develop innovative anti-cancer therapies and novel prognostic tools in the context of familial, RET-associated MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Marina Melillo
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR 'G. Salvatore'Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie MedicheUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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Fielder GC, Yang TWS, Razdan M, Li Y, Lu J, Perry JK, Lobie PE, Liu DX. The GDNF Family: A Role in Cancer? Neoplasia 2018; 20:99-117. [PMID: 29245123 PMCID: PMC5730419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands (GFLs) comprising of GDNF, neurturin, artemin, and persephin plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the central and peripheral nervous system, renal morphogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Here we review our current understanding of GFL biology, and supported by recent progress in the area, we examine their emerging role in endocrine-related and other non-hormone-dependent solid neoplasms. The ability of GFLs to elicit actions that resemble those perturbed in an oncogenic phenotype, alongside mounting evidence of GFL involvement in tumor progression, presents novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahalakshmi Razdan
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yan Li
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jun Lu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Xu Liu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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7
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Liotti F, Collina F, Pone E, La Sala L, Franco R, Prevete N, Melillo RM. Interleukin-8, but Not the Related Chemokine CXCL1, Sustains an Autocrine Circuit Necessary for the Properties and Functions of Thyroid Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 35:135-146. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Liotti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche; University of Naples “Federico II”; Naples Italy
| | - Francesca Collina
- Struttura Complessa di Anatomia Patologica, Istituto Nazionale Tumori; Fondazione G. Pascale Naples Italy
| | - Emanuela Pone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche; University of Naples “Federico II”; Naples Italy
| | - Lucia La Sala
- Struttura Complessa di Anatomia Patologica, Istituto Nazionale Tumori; Fondazione G. Pascale Naples Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Fisica e Medicina Preventiva; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Nella Prevete
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali; University of Naples “Federico II”; Naples Italy
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR “G. Salvatore”; Naples Italy
| | - Rosa Marina Melillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche; University of Naples “Federico II”; Naples Italy
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR “G. Salvatore”; Naples Italy
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Griseri P, Garrone O, Lo Sardo A, Monteverde M, Rusmini M, Tonissi F, Merlano M, Bruzzi P, Lo Nigro C, Ceccherini I. Genetic and epigenetic factors affect RET gene expression in breast cancer cell lines and influence survival in patients. Oncotarget 2016; 7:26465-79. [PMID: 27034161 PMCID: PMC5041993 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline and somatic mutations play a crucial role in breast cancer (BC), driving the initiation, progression, response to therapy and outcome of the disease. Hormonal therapy is limited to patients with tumors expressing steroid hormone receptors, such as estrogen receptor (ER), nevertheless resistance often limits its success.The RET gene is known to be involved in neurocristopathies such as Hirschsprung disease and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2, in the presence of loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations, respectively. More recently, RET over-expression has emerged as a new player in ER-positive (ER+) BC, and as a potential target to enhance sensitivity and avoid resistance to tamoxifen therapy.Therefore, targeting the RET pathway may lead to new therapies in ER+ BC. To this end, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms which underlie RET overexpression and its possible modulation in two BC cell lines, MCF7 and T47D, showing different RET expression levels. Moreover, we have carried out a pilot association study in 93 ER+ BC patients. Consistent with the adverse role of RET over-expression in BC, increased overall survival was observed in carriers of the variant allele of SNP rs2435357, a RET polymorphism already known to be associated with reduced RET expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Griseri
- UOC Medical Genetics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ornella Garrone
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, S. Croce & Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | | | - Martino Monteverde
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology, S. Croce & Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Marta Rusmini
- UOC Medical Genetics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Tonissi
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology, S. Croce & Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Marco Merlano
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, S. Croce & Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Paolo Bruzzi
- Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS AUO San Martino IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lo Nigro
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology, S. Croce & Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
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Integrated Analysis of Thyroid Cancer Public Datasets Reveals Role of Post-Transcriptional Regulation on Tumor Progression by Targeting of Immune System Mediators. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141726. [PMID: 26536459 PMCID: PMC4633176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a well-differentiated thyroid tumor that accounts for approximately 80% of thyroid cancer cases. On other hand, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a less frequent, but aggressive subtype, with poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs, have emerged as potent post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, which modulate the expression of cancer-related genes. Computational analyses estimate that a single miRNA may modulate hundreds of mRNA targets and, at the same time, cooperate with others to regulate one single mRNA transcript. Due to the large number of predicted targets and possible interactions, only a small number of miRNAs have characterized biological roles, and the panorama of miRNA-mediated regulation in thyroid cancer remains to be understood. Taking into consideration the large amount of gene expression data deposited in public databases we aligned miRNA target prediction and gene expression data from public PTC and ATC datasets to construct a network of post-transcriptional regulation in thyroid cancer. After a gene set enrichment analysis we identified signaling pathways and biological processes potentially modulated by the miRNAs deregulated in PTC and ATC. Our results show miRNA-mRNA interaction that could contribute with the de-regulation of key tumor-host mediators, such as extra-cellular matrix molecules, interleukins and interleukin receptors, which could drive a more aggressive behavior and tumor progression. Moreover, our analysis through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed that aberrant expression of ECM and cytokines genes is frequent in PTC and is associated with aggressive behavior and decreased overall survival rate. In conclusion, we shed light on the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid cancers, revealing a potential role of miRNAs in modulation of tumor-host interaction molecules, particularly ECM molecules and immune system mediators, which could stimulate crosstalk between tumors and the immune system to generate a more aggressive behavior. We propose a novel putative miRNA:mRNA network that could lead to a new path toward functional studies.
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Rusmini M, Griseri P, Matera I, Pontarini E, Ravazzolo R, Mavilio D, Ceccherini I. Expression Variability and Function of the RET Gene in Adult Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:2027-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rusmini
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica; Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Genova Italy
| | - Paola Griseri
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica; Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Genova Italy
| | - Ivana Matera
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica; Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Genova Italy
| | - Elena Pontarini
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Rozzano Milan Italy
| | - Roberto Ravazzolo
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica; Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Genova Italy
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Materno Infantile (DINOGMI); Università di Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center; Rozzano Milan Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Milan Italy
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11
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Interleukins as markers of inflammation in malignant and benign thyroid disease. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:667-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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12
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Kim YH, Lee YA, Kim BJ, Kim KJ, Jung MS, Ha SJ, Yoo HD, Ryu BY. Protein kinase C regulates self-renewal of mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-013-1112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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13
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Ikewaki N, Yamada A, Inoko H. Depolymerization of Actin Filament by Cytochalasin E Induces Interleukin-8 Production and Up-Regulates CD54 in the HeLa Epithelial Cell Line. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 47:775-83. [PMID: 14605444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the depolymerization of actin filament by cytochalasin E enhances low affinity Fcepsilon receptor II (CD23) expression on the human monocyte-like cell line, U937 (J. Clin. Immunol. 20: 235, 2000). In this study, we found that cytochalasin E strongly induces interleukin-8 through an epithelial cell line, HeLa, in dose- and time-dependent manners as assessed by enzyme-linked immunoassay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction techniques. In addition, interleukin-8 production in the HeLa cells cultured with cytochalasin E was blocked in the presence of protein kinase C inhibitors, Go6976 and H-7. On the other hand, it was found that CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1; ICAM-1) expression on the HeLa cells and the secretion of soluble CD54 were significantly up-regulated after culturing with cytochalasin E, and that these up-regulations of CD54 were also suppressed by Go6976. Taken together, these findings indicate that cytochalasin E activates protein kinase C under the depolymerization of actin filament, leading to the induction of interleukin-8 production and the up-regulation of CD54 in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobunao Ikewaki
- Division of Immunology, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Faculty of Health and Science, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
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Couto JP, Almeida A, Daly L, Sobrinho-Simões M, Bromberg JF, Soares P. AZD1480 blocks growth and tumorigenesis of RET- activated thyroid cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46869. [PMID: 23056499 PMCID: PMC3462763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent RET activation is a frequent event in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). In these cancers, RET activates the ERK/MAPK, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and the JAK/STAT3 pathways. Here, we tested the efficacy of a JAK1/2- inhibitor, AZD1480, in the in vitro and in vivo growth of thyroid cancer cell lines expressing oncogenic RET. Thyroid cancer cell lines harboring RET/PTC1 (TPC-1), RET M918T (MZ-CRC1) and RET C634W (TT) alterations, as well as TPC-1 xenografts, were treated with JAK inhibitor, AZD1480. This inhibitor led to growth inhibition and/or apoptosis of the thyroid cancer cell lines in vitro, as well as to tumor regression of TPC-1 xenografts, where it efficiently blocked STAT3 activation in tumor and stromal cells. This inhibition was associated with decreased proliferation, decreased blood vessel density, coupled with increased necrosis. However, AZD1480 repressed the growth of STAT3- deficient TPC-1 cells in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that its effects in this cell line were independent of STAT3 in the tumor cells. In all cell lines, the JAK inhibitor reduced phospho-Y1062 RET levels, and mTOR effector phospho-S6, while JAK1/2 downregulation by siRNA did not affect cell growth nor RET and S6 activation. In conclusion, AZD1480 effectively blocks proliferation and tumor growth of activated RET- thyroid cancer cell lines, likely through direct RET inhibition in cancer cells as well as by modulation of the microenvironment (e.g. via JAK/phospho-STAT3 inhibition in endothelial cells). Thus, AZD1480 should be considered as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of RET- activated thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P Couto
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Cancer Biology, Porto, Portugal
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Prazeres H, Torres J, Rodrigues F, Couto JP, Vinagre J, Sobrinho-Simões M, Soares P. How to Treat a Signal? Current Basis for RET-Genotype-Oriented Choice of Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Medullary Thyroid Cancer. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:678357. [PMID: 21765992 PMCID: PMC3134398 DOI: 10.4061/2011/678357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of RET in thyroid cancer comes from solid evidence that, when inherited, an RET activating mutation primes C-cells to transform into medullary carcinomas. Moreover, environmental exposure to radiation also induces rearranged transforming RET “isoforms” that are found in papillary thyroid cancer. The RET gene codes for a tyrosine kinase receptor that targets a diverse set of intracellular signaling pathways. The nature of RET point mutations predicts differences in the mechanisms by which the receptor becomes activated and correlates with different forms of clinical presentation, age of onset, and biological aggressiveness. A number of RET-targeting Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) are currently undergoing clinical trials to evaluate their effectiveness in the treatment of thyroid cancer, and it is conceivable that the RET genotype may also influence response to these compounds. The question that now emerges is whether, in the future, the rational for treatment of refractory thyroid cancer will be based on the management of an abnormal RET signal. In this paper we address the RET-targeting TKIs and review studies about the signaling properties of distinct RET mutants as a means to predict response and design combinatorial therapies for the soon to be available TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Prazeres
- Cancer Biology Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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16
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Kobawala TP, Patel GH, Gajjar DR, Patel KN, Thakor PB, Parekh UB, Patel KM, Shukla SN, Shah PM. Clinical utility of serum interleukin-8 and interferon-alpha in thyroid diseases. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:270149. [PMID: 21461397 PMCID: PMC3065012 DOI: 10.4061/2011/270149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) levels have been estimated from a total of 88 individuals of which 19 were disease-free healthy individuals, and 69 were patients with thyroid diseases: goitre (N = 21), autoimmune diseases (N = 16), and carcinomas (N = 32). Both IL-8 and IFN-α were significantly higher in all the patients as compared to healthy individuals. Serum IL-8 levels showed significant positive correlation with disease stage in thyroid cancer patients. Higher serum IL-8 levels were associated with advanced disease stage while no significant correlation was observed between serum IFN-α levels and any of the clinicopathological parameters. IL-8 and IFN-α significantly correlated with each other in anaplastic carcinoma patients. Finally concluding, monitoring the serum IL-8 and IFN-α levels can help differentiate patients with thyroid diseases from healthy individuals, and IL-8 seems to have a role in the pathogenesis of thyroid diseases and may represent a target for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toral P Kobawala
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, NCH Compound, Asarwa, Ahmedabad 380 016, India
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17
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Broutin S, Ameur N, Lacroix L, Robert T, Petit B, Oumata N, Talbot M, Caillou B, Schlumberger M, Dupuy C, Bidart JM. Identification of soluble candidate biomarkers of therapeutic response to sunitinib in medullary thyroid carcinoma in preclinical models. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2044-54. [PMID: 21325074 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), an aggressive rare tumor due to activating mutations in the proto-oncogene RET, requires new therapeutic strategies. Sunitinib, a potent inhibitor of RET, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)α/β, has been reported as clinically effective in some patients with advanced MTC. In this study, we examine molecular mechanisms of action of sunitinib and identify candidate soluble biomarkers of response. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Both in vitro and in vivo assays, using the human TT RET(C634W) MTC cell line, were done to assess the activity of sunitinib. Kinetic microarray studies were used to analyze molecular pathways modified by sunitinib and to identify candidate biomarkers that were subsequently investigated in the serum of patients. RESULTS Sunitinib displayed antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities and inhibited RET autophosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling pathways. We showed that sunitinib treatment induced major changes in the expression of genes involved in tissue invasion and metastasis including vimentin (VIM), urokinase plasminogen (PLAU), tenascin-C (TN-C), SPARC, and CD44. Analyzing downregulated genes, we identified those encoding secreted proteins and, among them, interleukin (IL)-8 was found to be modulated in the serum of xenografted mice under sunitinib treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that metastatic MTC patients presented increased serum levels of IL-8 and TGF-β2. CONCLUSIONS Experimental models confirm the clinical efficacy of sunitinib observed in a few studies. Molecular pathways revealed by genomic signatures underline the impact of sunitinib on tissue invasion. Selected soluble candidate biomarkers could be of value for monitoring sunitinib response in metastatic MTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Broutin
- Unité CNRS UMR8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy and Univ Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
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18
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Guarino V, Castellone MD, Avilla E, Melillo RM. Thyroid cancer and inflammation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 321:94-102. [PMID: 19835928 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Some cancer types are strongly associated with chronic inflammatory or infectious diseases whereas others are not, but an inflammatory component is present in most human neoplastic lesions. This review focuses on various aspects of thyroid cancer and inflammation. The incidence of thyroid cancer, in particular of well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), is increased in autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thyroid cancer often has an inflammatory cell infiltrate, which includes lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells, whose role in thyroid cancer is still not completely understood. However, most experimental evidence suggests these cells exert a protumorigenic function. Moreover, oncoproteins typically expressed in human PTCs, such as RET/PTC, RAS, and BRAF, trigger a proinflammatory programme in thyreocytes. These data suggest that inflammatory molecules are promising targets for thyroid cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Guarino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare/Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR G. Salvatore, Italy
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19
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Lundborg C, Hahn-Zoric M, Biber B, Hansson E. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is increased in cerebrospinal fluid but decreased in blood during long-term pain. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 220:108-13. [PMID: 20129677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is involved in inflammation and pain, roles which remain to be delineated clinically. We aimed to evaluate the role of central nervous and peripheral GDNF in long-term pain patients and in controls by analysing intrathecal and blood concentrations of GDNF. Simultaneous measurements of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and chemokine IL-8 served to define inflammatory responses. Generally, blood levels of GDNF were higher than corresponding intrathecal levels. Pain was associated with levels of GDNF that were increased intrathecally, but decreased in blood. IL-8 was uniformly higher in pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lundborg
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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20
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Hickey JG, Myers SM, Tian X, Zhu SJ, V. Shaw JL, Andrew SD, Richardson DS, Brettschneider J, Mulligan LM. RET-mediated gene expression pattern is affected by isoform but not oncogenic mutation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:429-40. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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21
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Borrello MG, Degl'Innocenti D, Pierotti MA. Inflammation and cancer: the oncogene-driven connection. Cancer Lett 2008; 267:262-70. [PMID: 18502035 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has long been suspected to contribute to tumor growth. However, the concept that oncogenes, known for decades as responsible for cell neoplastic transformation, build up an inflammatory pro-tumorigenic microenvironment is emerging only in the last few years. The well known oncogenes RAS and MYC have been causally linked to tumor angiogenesis through different ways. Moreover, in thyroid tumors, where many of the genetic tumor-initiating events have been identified, the oncogenes driving tumorigenesis were proved able to induce an inflammatory program. This minireview will focus on growing evidence implicating the role of intrinsic, oncogene-driven pathways leading to pro-tumoral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Borrello
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Operative Unit Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Growth and Progression, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Foundation, Via G. Venezian, 1 20133 Milan, Italy.
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22
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Oatley JM, Avarbock MR, Brinster RL. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor regulation of genes essential for self-renewal of mouse spermatogonial stem cells is dependent on Src family kinase signaling. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25842-51. [PMID: 17597063 PMCID: PMC4083858 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703474200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-renewal and differentiation by spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is the foundation for continual spermatogenesis. SSC self-renewal is dependent on glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF); however, intracellular mechanisms stimulated by GDNF in SSCs are unknown. To investigate these mechanisms we utilized a culture system that maintains a mouse undifferentiated germ cell population enriched for self-renewing SSCs. In these cultures mRNA for the transcription factors Bcl6b, Erm, and Lhx1 are up-regulated by GDNF and decreased in its absence. The expression of all three molecules was further identified in undifferentiated spermatogonia in vivo. Using small interfering RNA to reduce expression and transplantation to quantify stem cell numbers, Bcl6b, Erm, and Lhx1 were shown to be important for SSC maintenance in vitro. Next, GDNF was shown to activate both Akt and Src family kinase (SFK) signaling in SSCs, and culture of SSCs with inhibitors to Akt or SFKs followed by transplantation analysis showed significant impairment of SSC maintenance in vitro. Apoptosis analysis revealed a significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells when Akt, but not SFK, signaling was impaired, indicating that multiple signaling pathways are responsible for SSC self-renewal and survival. Biochemical and gene expression experiments revealed that GDNF up-regulated expression of Bcl6b, Erm, and Lhx1 transcripts is dependent on SFK signaling. Overall, these data demonstrate that GDNF up-regulation of Bcl6b, Erm, and Lhx1 expression through SFK signaling is a key component of the intracellular mechanism for SSC self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph L. Brinster
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 215-898-8805; Fax: 215-898-0667;
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23
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Wang L, Luo J, Fu Y, He S. Induction of interleukin-8 secretion and activation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK signaling pathways by thrombin in dermal fibroblasts. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:1571-83. [PMID: 16697690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2005] [Revised: 03/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/25/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It was reported that thrombin could induce IL-8 secretion from human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) through activation of proteinase activated receptor (PAR)-1. However, little is known of intracellular signaling pathways involved in the event. In the present study, expression of PARs in primarily cultured HDFs was determined by flow cytometry analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), levels of IL-8 were determined by using ELISA and signaling pathways were examined by using Western blot. It was found that HDFs express PAR-1 and PAR-3, and thrombin induces approximately 7.4-fold increase in IL-8 secretion from HDFs. Hirudin and a PAR-1 blocking antibody completely abolish the action of thrombin. It was also found that PD98059, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway inhibitor and U0126, an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) blocks thrombin-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and IL-8 secretion, indicating the involvement of MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in thrombin-induced IL-8 secretion. p38 MAPK pathway appears also being involved as SB203580, a selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK inhibit phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and thrombin-induced IL-8 secretion. Furthermore, Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, but not phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway may also be activated by thrombin. In conclusion, thrombin potently induce IL-8 release via PAR-1 from HDFs. Thrombin elicited IL-8 release is predominantly conducted through MAPK/ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Discovery of the signaling pathways of thrombin in HDFs may help to understand the role of thrombin in inflammation and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, The Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
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24
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Caristi S, Piraino G, Cucinotta M, Valenti A, Loddo S, Teti D. Prostaglandin E2 induces interleukin-8 gene transcription by activating C/EBP homologous protein in human T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:14433-42. [PMID: 15659384 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410725200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in regulating the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) in T lymphocytes is not yet defined, even though it may reduce or enhance IL-8 synthesis in other cell types. Here, we demonstrate that, in human T cells, PGE(2) induced IL-8 mRNA transcription through prostaglandin E(2) receptors 1- and 4-dependent signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of the transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), never before implicated in IL-8 transcription. Several kinases, including protein kinase C, Src family tyrosine kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and p38 MAPK, were involved in PGE(2)-induced CHOP activation and IL-8 production. The transactivation of the IL-8 promoter by CHOP was NF-kappaB-independent. Our data suggest that PGE(2) acts as a potent pro-inflammatory mediator by inducing IL-8 gene transcription in activated T cells through different signal transduction pathways leading to CHOP activation. These findings show the complexity with which PGE(2) regulates IL-8 synthesis by inhibiting or enhancing its production depending on the cell types and environmental conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Blotting, Western
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- CD28 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Densitometry
- Dinoprostone/physiology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Interleukin-8/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Models, Biological
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/chemistry
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factor CHOP
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Caristi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Microbiology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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25
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Degl'Innocenti D, Arighi E, Popsueva A, Sangregorio R, Alberti L, Rizzetti MG, Ferrario C, Sariola H, Pierotti MA, Borrello MG. Differential requirement of Tyr1062 multidocking site by RET isoforms to promote neural cell scattering and epithelial cell branching. Oncogene 2004; 23:7297-309. [PMID: 15326489 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase RET is alternatively spliced to yield two main isoforms, RET9 and RET51, which differ in their carboxyl terminal. Activated RET induces different biological responses such as morphological transformation, neurite outgrowth, proliferation, cell migration and branching. The two isoforms have been suggested to have separate intracellular signaling pathways and different roles in mouse development. Here we show that both isoforms are able to induce cell scattering of SK-N-MC neuroepithelioma cell line and branching tubule formation in MDCK cell line. However, the Y1062F mutation, which abrogates the transforming activity of both activated RET isoforms in NIH3T3 cells, does not abolish scattering and branching morphogenesis of RET51, whereas impairs these biological effects of RET9. The GDNF-induced biological effects of RET51 are inhibited by the simultaneous abrogation of both Tyr1062 and Tyr1096 docking sites. Thus, Tyr1096 may substitute the functions of Tyr1062. GRB2 is the only known adaptor protein binding to Tyr1096. Dominant-negative GRB2 expressed in MDCK cells together with RET9 or RET51 significantly reduces branching. Therefore, GRB2 is necessary for RET-mediated branching of MDCK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Degl'Innocenti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Unit #3, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G. Venezian, 1 20133 Milan, Italy
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26
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Wu YM, Robinson DR, Kung HJ. Signal Pathways in Up-regulation of Chemokines by Tyrosine Kinase MER/NYK in Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7311-20. [PMID: 15492251 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The AXL/UFO family of tyrosine kinases is characterized by a common N-CAM (neural adhesion molecule)-related extracellular domain and a common ligand, GAS6 (growth arrest-specific protein 6). Family members are prone to transcriptional regulation and carry out diverse functions including the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, phagocytosis, and survival. In this report, we describe a new role of MER/N-CAM-related kinase (NYK), a member of the AXL family of kinases, in the up-regulation of chemokines in prostate cancer cells. We show that NYK has elevated expression in a subset of tumor specimens and prostate cancer cell lines. Activation of NYK in the prostate cancer cell line DU145 does not cause a mitogenic effect; instead, it causes a differentiation phenotype. Microarray analysis revealed that NYK is a strong inducer of endocrine factors including interleukin (IL)-8 and several other angiogenic CXC chemokines as well as bone morphogenic factors. The dramatic increase of IL-8 expression is seen at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. The downstream signals engaged by NYK were characterized, and those responsible for the up-regulation of IL-8 transcription were defined. In contrast to IL-1alpha, NYK-induced up-regulation of IL-8 in DU145 depends on the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/Jun/Fos pathway, but not phosphoinositide 3'-kinase/nuclear factor-kappaB. These data define a new function of the AXL family of kinases and suggest a potential role of NYK in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Mi Wu
- University of California at Davis, University of California Davis Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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27
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Russell JP, Shinohara S, Melillo RM, Castellone MD, Santoro M, Rothstein JL. Tyrosine kinase oncoprotein, RET/PTC3, induces the secretion of myeloid growth and chemotactic factors. Oncogene 2003; 22:4569-77. [PMID: 12881713 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid carcinomas are the most frequent endocrine neoplasms, but account for few cancer-related deaths. Although the indolent growth of these cancers correlates well with longevity, the biological basis for this good prognosis is not known. In contrast, two of the most frequent autoimmune diseases involve the thyroid suggesting a high propensity for this organ to invoke destructive immunity. Unfortunately, the mechanism linking malignancy and autoimmunity is not clear, although the expression of the oncogenic fusion protein RET/PTC3 (RP3) in both of these disorders may provide a clue. Interestingly, the signaling caused by activated RET kinase involves overlapping pathways and some common to the inflammatory response. Accordingly, we analyzed the function of RP3 and a mutant RP3 molecule to induce proinflammatory pathways in thyroid epithelial cells. Indeed, we find that RP3 alone causes increases in nuclear NF-kappaB activity and secretion of MCP-1 and GM-CSF. Finally, transfer of RP3-expressing thyrocytes into mice in vivo attracted dense macrophage infiltrates, which lead to rapid thyroid cell death. Further, cytokine synthesis and inflammation was largely abrogated by mutation of RP3 Tyr588; an important protein-binding site for downstream signaling. Together, these studies implicate oncogene-induced cytokine-signaling pathways in a new mechanism linking inflammation with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Russell
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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