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Rao VB, Zhu J. Bacteriophage T4 as a nanovehicle for delivery of genes and therapeutics into human cells. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 55:101255. [PMID: 35952598 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to deliver therapeutic genes and biomolecules into a human cell and restore a defective function has been the holy grail of medicine. Adeno-associated viruses and lentiviruses have been extensively used as delivery vehicles, but their capacity is limited to one (or two) gene(s). Bacteriophages are emerging as novel vehicles for gene therapy. The large 120 × 86-nm T4 capsid allows engineering of both its surface and its interior to incorporate combinations of DNAs, RNAs, proteins, and their complexes. In vitro assembly using purified components allows customization for various applications and for individualized therapies. Its large capacity, cell-targeting capability, safety, and inexpensive manufacturing could open unprecedented new possibilities for gene, cancer, and stem cell therapies. However, efficient entry into primary human cells and intracellular trafficking are significant barriers that must be overcome by gene engineering and evolution in order to translate phage-delivery technology from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venigalla B Rao
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
| | - Jingen Zhu
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
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Bakhshinejad B, Sadeghizadeh M. Bacteriophages as vehicles for gene delivery into mammalian cells: prospects and problems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1561-74. [PMID: 24955860 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.927437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification of more efficient gene delivery vehicles (GDVs) is essential to fulfill the expectations of clinical gene therapy. Bacteriophages, due to their excellent safety profile, extreme stability under a variety of harsh environmental conditions and the capability for being genetically manipulated, have drawn a flurry of interest to be applied as a newly arisen category of gene delivery platforms. AREAS COVERED The incessant evolutionary interaction of bacteriophages with human cells has turned them into a part of our body's natural ecosystem. However, these carriers represent several barriers to gene transduction of mammalian cells. The lack of evolvement of specialized machinery for targeted cellular internalization, endosomal, lysosomal and proteasomal escape, cytoplasmic entry, nuclear localization and intranuclear transcription poses major challenges to the expression of the phage-carried gene. In this review, we describe pros and cons of bacteriophages as GDVs, provide an insight into numerous barriers that bacteriophages face for entry into and subsequent trafficking inside mammalian cells and elaborate on the strategies used to bypass these barriers. EXPERT OPINION Tremendous genetic flexibility of bacteriophages to undergo numerous surface modifications through phage display technology has proven to be a turning point in the uncompromising efforts to surmount the limitations of phage-mediated gene expression. The revelatory outcomes of the studies undertaken within the recent years have been promising for phage-mediated gene delivery to move from concept to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Bakhshinejad
- Tarbiat Modares University, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Saeedi A, Ghaemi A, Tabarraei A, Moradi A, Gorji A, Semnani S, Soleimanjahi H, Adli AH, Hosseini SY, Vakili MA. Enhanced cell immune responses to hepatitis c virus core by novel heterologous DNA prime/lambda nanoparticles boost in mice. Virus Genes 2014; 49:11-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Kogure K, Akita H, Harashima H. [Development of various multifunctional envelope-type nano device MEND based on novel assembly technologies]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:219-32. [PMID: 18239369 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-viral vectors need to overcome several barriers such as the plasma membrane, the endosomal membrane and the nuclear membrane for efficient gene delivery to the nucleus of target cells. To overcome these obstacles, the delivery system must be equipped with various functional devices. However, it is difficult to package all these needed devices into a single system to exert each of their functions at the appropriate time and at the correct location. Thus, our group proposed a new packaging concept, "Programmed Packaging". A multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND) was developed for use as an efficient non-viral system for the delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA), oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) and siRNA. Various types of MEND were developed as to strategy and situations. For example, the octaarginine (R8)-modified MEND (R8-MEND) encapsulating pDNA showed significantly high transfection activity comparable to adenovirus, and the up-take pathway of the R8-MEND was macropinocytosis, which can avoid lysosomal degradation. The R8-MEND successfully delivered a gene to hair follicles of mouse skin by in vivo topical application. Consequently, our group succeeded in the development of the MEND based on the Programmed Packaging, and found this to be a promising new delivery system of pDNA and functional nucleic acids.
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Stewart KM, Horton KL, Kelley SO. Cell-penetrating peptides as delivery vehicles for biology and medicine. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2242-55. [DOI: 10.1039/b719950c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vandenbroucke RE, Lucas B, Demeester J, De Smedt SC, Sanders NN. Nuclear accumulation of plasmid DNA can be enhanced by non-selective gating of the nuclear pore. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:e86. [PMID: 17584788 PMCID: PMC1919477 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles in non-viral gene transfer is the nuclear membrane. Attempts to improve the transport of DNA to the nucleus through the use of nuclear localization signals or importin-β have achieved limited success. It has been proposed that the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) through which nucleocytoplasmic transport occurs are filled with a hydrophobic phase through which hydrophobic importins can dissolve. Therefore, considering the hydrophobic nature of the NPC channel, we evaluated whether a non-selective gating of nuclear pores by trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol (TCHD), an amphipathic alcohol that reversibly collapses the permeability barrier of the NPCs, could be obtained and used as an alternative method to facilitate nuclear entry of plasmid DNA. Our data demonstrate for the first time that TCHD makes the nucleus permeable for both high molecular weight dextrans and plasmid DNA (pDNA) at non-toxic concentrations. Furthermore, in line with these observations, TCHD enhanced the transfection efficacy of both naked DNA and lipoplexes. In conclusion, based on the proposed structure of NPCs we succeeded to temporarily open the NPCs for macromolecules as large as pDNAs and demonstrated that this can significantly enhance non-viral gene delivery.
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Zanghi CN, Sapinoro R, Bradel-Tretheway B, Dewhurst S. A tractable method for simultaneous modifications to the head and tail of bacteriophage lambda and its application to enhancing phage-mediated gene delivery. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:e59. [PMID: 17392341 PMCID: PMC1885665 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the use of bacteriophage vectors for mammalian cell gene transfer applications, due to their stability, excellent safety profile and inexpensive mass production. However, to date, phage vectors have been plagued by mediocre performance as gene transfer agents. This may reflect the complexity of the viral infection process in mammalian cells and the need to refine each step of this process in order to arrive at an optimal, phage-based gene transfer system. Therefore, a flexible system was designed that alowed for the introduction of multiple modifications on the surface of bacteriophage lambda. Using this novel method, multiple peptides were displayed simultaneously from both the phage head and tail. Surface head display of an ubiquitinylation motif greatly increased the efficiency of phage-mediated gene transfer in a murine macrophage cell line. Gene transfer was further increased when this peptide was displayed in combination with a tail-displayed CD40-binding motif. Overall, this work provides a novel system that can be used to rationally improve bacteriophage gene transfer vectors and shows it may be possible to enhance the efficiency of phage-mediated gene transfer by targeting and optimizing multiple steps within the viral infection pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N. Zanghi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA and Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ramil Sapinoro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA and Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Birgit Bradel-Tretheway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA and Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA and Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed +1-(585) 275 3216+1-(585) 473 2361
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Fujita S, Eguchi A, Okabe J, Harada A, Sasaki K, Ogiwara N, Inoue Y, Ito T, Matsuda H, Kataoka K, Kato A, Hasegawa M, Nakanishi M. Sendai virus-mediated gene delivery into hepatocytes via isolated hepatic perfusion. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1728-34. [PMID: 16880633 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant Sendai virus vector is a promising tool for human gene therapy, capable of inducing high-level expression of therapeutic genes in tissue cells in situ. The target tissues include airway epithelium, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, retina and the central nervous system, but application to hepatic tissues has not yet been achieved, because direct intraportal injection of the vector is not feasible. We report an efficient and harmless procedure of gene delivery by recombinant Sendai virus into rat parenchymal hepatocytes, based on isolated hepatic perfusion with controlled inflow. Critical parameters for successful hepatic gene delivery are a brief preperfusion period (25 degrees C, 5 min); appropriate vector concentration in the perfusate (10(7) pfu/ml); moderate portal vein pressure (12 mmHg) and a brief hyperthermic postperfusion period (42 degrees C, 5 min). Under these optimized conditions, marker genes were expressed in most parenchymal hepatocytes without significant damage to hepatic tissues. Furthermore, expression of the marker genes was undetectable in nonhepatic tissues, including the gonads, indicating that this approach strictly targets hepatic tissues and thus offers good clinical potential for human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Fujita
- Department of Surgery, E1, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Nakamura T, Moriguchi R, Kogure K, Minoura A, Masuda T, Akita H, Kato K, Hamada H, Ueno M, Futaki S, Harashima H. Delivery of Condensed DNA by Liposomal Non-viral Gene Delivery System into Nucleus of Dendritic Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1290-3. [PMID: 16755037 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed novel double-membranous non-viral gene delivery system modified with SV-40 T antigen-derived nuclear localization signal (NLS-DMEND) for delivery of luciferase plasmid DNA to nucleus of non-dividing mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). Intracellular trafficking and gene expression of NLS-DMEND in the BMDC were evaluated. Condensed DNA was observed in the nucleus by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the NLS-DMEND induced significant luciferase activity in the BMDC. It was suggested that the condensed DNA particle transferred into nucleus via energy dependent manner, since the nuclear transfer was inhibited by metabolic inhibitors. In conclusion, condensed plasmid DNA was delivered into the nucleus of non-dividing BMDC by NLS-DMEND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Zanghi CN, Lankes HA, Bradel-Tretheway B, Wegman J, Dewhurst S. A simple method for displaying recalcitrant proteins on the surface of bacteriophage lambda. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:e160. [PMID: 16224099 PMCID: PMC1258178 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gni158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage lambda (λ) permits the display of many foreign peptides and proteins on the gpD major coat protein. However, some recombinant derivatives of gpD are incompatible with the assembly of stable phage particles. This presents a limitation to current λ display systems. Here we describe a novel, plasmid-based expression system in which gpD deficient λ lysogens can be co-complemented with both wild-type and recombinant forms of gpD. This dual expression system permits the generation of mosaic phage particles that contain otherwise recalcitrant recombinant gpD fusion proteins. Overall, this improved gpD display system is expected to permit the expression of a wide variety of peptides and proteins on the surface of bacteriophage λ and to facilitate the use of modified λ phage vectors in mammalian gene transfer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N. Zanghi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Heather A. Lankes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Birgit Bradel-Tretheway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jessica Wegman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryRochester, NY 14642, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 585 275 3216; Fax: +1 585 473 2361;
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Eguchi A, Furusawa H, Yamamoto A, Akuta T, Hasegawa M, Okahata Y, Nakanishi M. Optimization of nuclear localization signal for nuclear transport of DNA-encapsulating particles. J Control Release 2005; 104:507-19. [PMID: 15911050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 02/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear membrane is a tight barrier against the delivery of therapeutic genes into non-dividing tissue cells. Overcoming this barrier with the aid of peptidic nuclear localization signals (NLS) is crucial for improving the performance of synthetic gene-delivery vehicles. In this article, we examine the nuclear transport of lambda phage particles displaying various peptides containing the minimum NLS of SV40 T antigen on their surface. As the minimum NLS (PKKKRKV) is a binding domain to importin alpha, recombinant proteins and molecular conjugates containing this peptide accumulate into the nucleus efficiently. However, we find that the C-terminal and N-terminal structures besides the minimum NLS profoundly affect the efficiency of the nuclear transport of the phage particles as well as their binding capacity to importin alpha: either truncation of a few amino acid residues from the C-terminus or the replacement of the N-terminus with a FLAG- or c-myc-tag abolish both of these biological activities. The structure of the optimized NLS is unpredictable from conventional protein transport assay and from the structural analysis in silico. Our results reveal that the objects with 50 nm in diameter can pass through the nuclear pore complex when the optimized NLS is displayed at a sufficient density on their surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Eguchi
- Gene Function Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan
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