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A nucleotide metabolite controls stress-responsive gene expression and plant development. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26661. [PMID: 22028934 PMCID: PMC3197580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress, such as drought and high salinity, activates a network of signaling cascades that lead to the expression of many stress-responsive genes in plants. The Arabidopsis FIERY1 (FRY1) protein is a negative regulator of stress and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and exhibits both an inositol polyphosphatase and a 3′,5′-bisphosphate nucleotidase activity in vitro. The FRY1 nucleotidase degrades the sulfation byproduct 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphate (PAP), yet its in vivo functions and particularly its roles in stress gene regulation remain unclear. Here we developed a LC-MS/MS method to quantitatively measure PAP levels in plants and investigated the roles of this nucleotidase activity in stress response and plant development. It was found that PAP level was tightly controlled in plants and did not accumulate to any significant level either under normal conditions or under NaCl, LiCl, cold, or ABA treatments. In contrast, high levels of PAP were detected in multiple mutant alleles of FRY1 but not in mutants of other FRY1 family members, indicating that FRY1 is the major enzyme that hydrolyzes PAP in vivo. By genetically reducing PAP levels in fry1 mutants either through overexpression of a yeast PAP nucleotidase or by generating a triple mutant of fry1 apk1 apk2 that is defective in the biosynthesis of the PAP precursor 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), we demonstrated that the developmental defects and superinduction of stress-responsive genes in fry1 mutants correlate with PAP accumulation in planta. We also found that the hypersensitive stress gene regulation in fry1 requires ABH1 but not ABI1, two other negative regulators in ABA signaling pathways. Unlike in yeast, however, FRY1 overexpression in Arabidopsis could not enhance salt tolerance. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PAP is critical for stress gene regulation and plant development, yet the FRY1 nucleotidase that catabolizes PAP may not be an in vivo salt toxicity target in Arabidopsis.
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Dejima K, Murata D, Mizuguchi S, Nomura KH, Izumikawa T, Kitagawa H, Gengyo-Ando K, Yoshina S, Ichimiya T, Nishihara S, Mitani S, Nomura K. Two Golgi-resident 3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transporters play distinct roles in heparan sulfate modifications and embryonic and larval development in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24717-28. [PMID: 20529843 PMCID: PMC2915708 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.088229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of extracellular sulfated molecules requires active 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). For sulfation to occur, PAPS must pass through the Golgi membrane, which is facilitated by Golgi-resident PAPS transporters. Caenorhabditis elegans PAPS transporters are encoded by two genes, pst-1 and pst-2. Using the yeast heterologous expression system, we characterized PST-1 and PST-2 as PAPS transporters. We created deletion mutants to study the importance of PAPS transporter activity. The pst-1 deletion mutant exhibited defects in cuticle formation, post-embryonic seam cell development, vulval morphogenesis, cell migration, and embryogenesis. The pst-2 mutant exhibited a wild-type phenotype. The defects observed in the pst-1 mutant could be rescued by transgenic expression of pst-1 and hPAPST1 but not pst-2 or hPAPST2. Moreover, the phenotype of a pst-1;pst-2 double mutant were similar to those of the pst-1 single mutant, except that larval cuticle formation was more severely defected. Disaccharide analysis revealed that heparan sulfate from these mutants was undersulfated. Gene expression reporter analysis revealed that these PAPS transporters exhibited different tissue distributions and subcellular localizations. These data suggest that pst-1 and pst-2 play different physiological roles in heparan sulfate modification and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsufumi Dejima
- From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 33, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Daisuke Murata
- From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 33, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Souhei Mizuguchi
- From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 33, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuko H. Nomura
- From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 33, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Keiko Gengyo-Ando
- the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- the Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan, and
| | - Sawako Yoshina
- the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- the Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan, and
| | - Tomomi Ichimiya
- the Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- the Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Shohei Mitani
- the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- the Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan, and
| | - Kazuya Nomura
- From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 33, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Hirschberg CB, Robbins PW, Abeijon C. Transporters of nucleotide sugars, ATP, and nucleotide sulfate in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Annu Rev Biochem 1998; 67:49-69. [PMID: 9759482 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The lumens of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are the subcellular sites where glycosylation, sulfation, and phosphorylation of secretory and membrane-bound proteins, proteoglycans, and lipids occur. Nucleotide sugars, nucleotide sulfate, and ATP are substrates for these reactions. ATP is also used as an energy source in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum during protein folding and degradation. The above nucleotide derivatives and ATP must first be translocated across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and/or Golgi apparatus before they can serve as substrates in the above lumenal reactions. Translocation of the above solutes is mediated for highly specific transporters, which are antiporters with the corresponding nucleoside monophosphates as shown by biochemical and genetic approaches. Mutants in mammals, yeast, and protozoa showed that a defect in a specific translocator activity results in selective impairments of the above posttranslational modifications, including loss of virulence of pathogenic protozoa. Several of these transporters have been purified and cloned. Experiments with yeast and mammalian cells demonstrate that these transporters play a regulatory role in the above reactions. Future studies will address the structure of the above proteins, how they are targeted to different organelles, their potential as drug targets, their role during development, and the possible occurrence of specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Hirschberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Massachusetts 02118-2392, USA
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Schwartz NB, Lyle S, Ozeran JD, Li H, Deyrup A, Ng K, Westley J. Sulfate activation and transport in mammals: system components and mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 1998; 109:143-51. [PMID: 9566742 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(97)00129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies on the mammalian sulfate-activating enzymes and PAPS translocase have enhanced our understanding of the overall pathway of sulfate activation and utilization. Isolation of the PAPS-synthesizing activities from rat chondrosarcoma and preparation of stable non-hydrolyzable analogs of APS and PAPS have facilitated the kinetic characterization of mammalian ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase. These studies provided the basis for further experimental work showing that APS, the labile intermediate product, is channeled directly between the sulfurylase and kinase active sites. The defect in the brachymorphic mutant mouse lies in this channeling mechanism, thus interfering with efficient PAPS production. The rat chondrosarcoma ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase activities, in fact, reside in a single bifunctional cytoplasmic protein, which has now been cloned and expressed. The mechanism by which PAPS reaches its sites of utilization in the Golgi lumen has also been elucidated: The PAPS translocase is a 230-kDa integral Golgi membrane protein which functions as an antiport.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Hospitals, IL 60637, USA.
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Ng K, D'Souza M, Callahan L, Geller DH, Kearns AE, Lyle S, Schwartz NB. Synthesis and utilization of a nonhydrolyzable phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate analog. Anal Biochem 1991; 198:60-7. [PMID: 1665019 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90506-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) functions as the high-energy sulfate donor for sulfate ester synthesis in all higher organisms. This activated sulfate, like its adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate precursor, is both chemically labile and vulnerable to sulfohydrolase degradation. These obstacles have limited the utility of the native PAPS in the purification and mechanistic description of the numerous PAPS-utilizing enzymes. This paper describes the synthesis of the 2'- and 3'-isomers of a nonhydrolysable, and thus stable, PAPS analog, beta-methylene-PAPS, from the previously described beta-methylene-APS (L. Callahan et al., Anal. Biochem. 177, 67-71, 1989). The method involves phosphorylation of beta-methylene-APS with trimetaphosphate and separation of the resulting mixed 2'(3')-isomers by ion-pair reverse-phase HPLC. The utilization of this analog as an inhibitor of APS kinase and PAPS translocase, two of the numerous PAPS-utilizing activities, as well as an affinity ligand for purification of APS kinase, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Mental Retardation Research Center, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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