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Gao D, Li Y, Xiang S, Zhang J. Key Targets and Molecular Mechanisms of the Fat-soluble Components of Ginseng for Lung Cancer Treatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:6495-6515. [PMID: 36870024 PMCID: PMC10643425 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04409-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the regulatory effects and key targets of the fat-soluble components of ginseng in lung cancer. METHODS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform were used to analyze and identify the fat-soluble components of ginseng. Network pharmacology was used to analyze the therapeutic targets of the fat-soluble components of ginseng in lung cancer and screen key proteins. In vitro assays were conducted to verify the effects of the active fat-soluble components of ginseng on proliferation and apoptosis in lung cancer cells and to verify the regulation of key proteins. RESULTS Ten active fat-soluble components of ginseng were screened for follow-up. Network pharmacology showed 33 overlapping targets between the active fat-soluble components of ginseng and lung cancer, and functional enrichment of the targets showed involvement of response to nitrogen, hormone response, membrane raft, and positive regulation of external stimulus. Pathway enrichment analysis showed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, adipocyte lipolysis regulation, chronic myelogenous leukemia, endocrine resistance, and NSCLC-related pathways. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed, and the top 10 targets were selected in accordance with their scores. Ultimately, five target genes (EGFR, KDR, MAPK3, PTPN11, and CTNNB1) were selected in combination with literature mining for subsequent experimental verification. Proliferation assays showed that the growth of lung cancer cells was significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner in the fat-soluble components of ginseng intervention group compared with controls. Flow cytometry showed that active fat-soluble components of ginseng promoted apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in lung cancer cells. Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR showed that levels of the five key proteins and mRNAs were significantly decreased in the intervention group; furthermore, histone protein and mRNA levels were significantly higher in the high-concentration intervention group compared with the low-concentration group. CONCLUSION The active fat-soluble components of ginseng inhibited the growth of lung cancer cells and promoted apoptosis. The underlying regulatory mechanisms may be related to signaling pathways involving EGFR, KDR, MAPK3, PTPN11, and CTNNB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Gao
- Department of Oncology, Zhumadian Central Hospital, 463000, Zhumadian, China
| | - Yingyue Li
- Medical Engineering Technology and Data Mining Institute, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sen Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Zhumadian Central Hospital, 463000, Zhumadian, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Medicine, Huanghuai University, 463000, Zhumadian, China.
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2
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Li J, Yuan J, Li Y, Wang J, Gong D, Xie Q, Ma R, Wang J, Ren M, Lu D, Xu Z. d-Borneol enhances cisplatin sensitivity via p21/p27-mediated S-phase arrest and cell apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells and a murine xenograft model. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:61. [PMID: 35883026 PMCID: PMC9327246 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cisplatin (CDDP) is commonly used to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the appearance of drug resistance greatly hinders its efficacy. Borneol may promote drug absorption; however, synergism between borneol and CDDP in suppressing NSCLC is not clearly understood. Hence, we investigated borneol as a novel chemosensitizer to support chemotherapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects. Methods We compared viability after exposure to d-borneol, l-borneol, and synthetic borneol in two NSCLC cell lines, A549 and H460, and selected the most sensitive cells. We then assessed synergy between borneol forms and CDDP in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells, H460/CDDP. Next, we identified effective concentrations and exposure times. Subsequently, we evaluated cell migration via wound healing and cell proliferation via clone formation assay. Then, we focused on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function, cell cycle, apoptosis, and RNA sequencing to elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms for synergy. Finally, we used an H460/CDDP xenograft tumor model to verify antitumor activity and safety in vivo. Data were examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for multiple datasets or t-test for comparisons between two variables. Results d-Borneol was more effective in H460 than A549 cells. d-Borneol combined with CDDP showed greater inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and clone formation in H460/CDDP cells than CDDP alone. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis identified differentially expressed genes enriched in cell cycle pathways. The impact of d-borneol on CDDP chemosensitivity involved arrest of the cell cycle at S phase via p27/p21-mediated cyclinA2/D3-CDK2/6 signaling and activation of intrinsic apoptosis via p21-mediated Bax/Bcl-2/caspase3 signaling. Further, d-borneol ameliorated drug resistance by suppressing levels and activity of P-gp. Cotreatment with d-borneol and CDDP inhibited tumor growth in vivo and reduced CDDP-caused liver and kidney toxicity. Conclusions d-Borneol increased the efficacy of cisplatin and reduced its toxicity. This compound has the potential to become a useful chemosensitizer for drug-resistance NSCLC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11658-022-00362-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianmei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Daoyin Gong
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Danni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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3
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Zhou T, Qin R, Shi S, Zhang H, Niu C, Ju G, Miao S. DTYMK promote hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation by regulating cell cycle. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:1681-1691. [PMID: 34369850 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1958502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of DTYMK is related with tumorigenesis and progression in several human tumors. However, the role of upregulated DTYMK in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients still remains unclear. In this study, the DTYMK expression in HCC tumors was evaluated in three GEO series (GSE14520, GSE54236, GSE63898), TCGA-LIHC, and ICGC-IRLR-JP cohorts. Survival analysis of DTYMK based on TCGA-LIHC and ICGC-LIRI-JP cohorts was conducted. We found that DTYMK was dramatically upregulated in tumor tissue compared with that in adjacent liver tissue. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high expression of DTYMK in HCC patients' tumor tissue was significantly corresponded to worse overall survival (OS) (P < 0.05). Further analysis showed that overexpressing DTYMK led to poor relapse free survival (RFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, DTYMK is upregulated in tumors and correlated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. In our report, DTYMK is higher expression in HCC cancer tissue and cell line than tumor adjacent tissue and normal liver cell line. Knocking down DTYMK can inhabit tumor cell proliferation by interfering cell cycle, whereas overexpression of DTYMK can promote tumor cell proliferation. These findings indicate that upregulation of DTYMK enhances tumor growth and proliferation by promoting cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Qin
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Susu Shi
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chuanling Niu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Gaoda Ju
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Miao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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4
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Chikkegowda P, Pookunoth BC, Bovilla VR, Veeresh PM, Leihang Z, Thippeswamy T, Padukudru MA, Hathur B, Kanchugarakoppal RS, Madhunapantula SV. Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure Studies of Nrf2 Modulators for Inhibiting Cancer Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10054-10071. [PMID: 34056161 PMCID: PMC8153663 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 is one of the important therapeutic targets studied extensively in several cancers including the carcinomas of the colon and rectum. However, to date, not many Nrf2 inhibitors showed promising results for retarding the growth of colorectal cancers (CRCs). Therefore, in this study, first, we have demonstrated the therapeutic effect of siRNA-mediated downmodulation of Nrf2 on the proliferation rate of CRC cell lines. Next, we have designed, synthesized, characterized, and determined the crystal structures for a series of tetrahydrocarbazoles (THCs) and assessed their potential to modulate the activity of Nrf2 target gene NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) activity by treating colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT-116. Later, the cytotoxic potential of compounds was assessed against cell lines expressing varying amounts of Nrf2, viz., breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and T47D (low functionally active Nrf2), HCT-116 (moderately active Nrf2), and lung cancer cell line A549 (highly active Nrf2), and the lead compound 5b was tested for its effect on cell cycle progression in vitro and for retarding the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinomas (EACs) in mice. Data from our study demonstrated that among various compounds 5b exhibited better therapeutic index and retarded the growth of EAC cells in mice. Therefore, compound 5b is recommended for further development to target cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathima Chikkegowda
- Department
of Pharmacology, JSS Medical College, JSS
Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Baburajeev C. Pookunoth
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Studies in Organic Chemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore 570005, Karnataka, India
| | - Venugopal R. Bovilla
- Department
of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Center
of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR,
DST-FIST Supported Center), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashanthkumar M. Veeresh
- Department
of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Center
of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR,
DST-FIST Supported Center), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Zonunsiami Leihang
- Department
of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Center
of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR,
DST-FIST Supported Center), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Thippeswamy Thippeswamy
- Department
of General Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahesh A. Padukudru
- Department
of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Basavanagowdappa Hathur
- Center
of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR,
DST-FIST Supported Center), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Department
of General Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Faculty
of Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- JSS
Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy
of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Special
Interest Group in Patient Care Management, JSS Medical College and
Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education
& Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | | | - SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula
- Department
of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- . Mobile: +91-810-527-8621
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5
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Ren S, Xing Y, Wang C, Jiang F, Liu G, Li Z, Jiang T, Zhu Y, Piao D. Fraxetin inhibits the growth of colon adenocarcinoma cells via the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signalling pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 125:105777. [PMID: 32504672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fraxetin, extracted from the bark of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, has been shown to exhibit antitumour and anti-inflammatory pharmacological properties. However, the mechanism underlying its anticancer activity towards colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is not well understood. We aimed to determine the antitumour effect of fraxetin on COAD cell lines and elucidate its biochemical and molecular targets. METHODS The cell lines HCT116 and DLD-1 were used to evaluate the in vitro antitumour efficacy of fraxetin. Cytotoxicity and viability were assessed by CCK-8 and plate colony formation assays. Flow cytometry was used to assess apoptosis and cell cycle progression in fraxetin-treated COAD cells. Western blot, RT-qPCR, molecular docking, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence analyses were used to gain insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms. Preclinical curative effects were evaluated in nude mouse xenograft models. RESULTS Fraxetin significantly inhibited COAD cell proliferation in both dose- and time-dependent manners, specifically by inducing S-phase cell cycle arrest and triggering intrinsic apoptosis. Additionally, the level of p-JAK2 was decreased by fraxetin via the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signalling pathway. Interestingly, in COAD cells, fraxetin directly targeted the Y1007 and Y1008 residues of JAK2 to suppress its auto- or transphosphorylation, leading to decreased activation of its downstream effector STAT3 and blocking its nuclear translocation. Finally, fraxetin exhibited good tumour growth suppression activity and low toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Fraxetin inhibits the proliferation of COAD cells by regulating the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway, providing evidence that targeting JAK2 with fraxetin may offer a novel potential auxiliary therapy for COAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Ren
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengbo Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fengqi Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangyu Liu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuekun Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Daxun Piao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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6
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Bioactive C 17 and C 18 Acetylenic Oxylipins from Terrestrial Plants as Potential Lead Compounds for Anticancer Drug Development. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112568. [PMID: 32486470 PMCID: PMC7321150 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive C17 and C18 acetylenic oxylipins have shown to contribute to the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer properties of terrestrial plants. These acetylenic oxylipins are widely distributed in plants belonging to the families Apiaceae, Araliaceae, and Asteraceae, and have shown to induce cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro and to exert a chemopreventive effect on cancer development in vivo. The triple bond functionality of these oxylipins transform them into highly alkylating compounds being reactive to proteins and other biomolecules. This enables them to induce the formation of anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective phase 2 enzymes via activation of the Keap1–Nrf2 signaling pathway, inhibition of proinflammatory peptides and proteins, and/or induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, which, to some extent, may explain their chemopreventive effects. In addition, these acetylenic oxylipins have shown to act as ligands for the nuclear receptor PPARγ, which play a central role in growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of cancer cells. Bioactive C17 and C18 acetylenic oxylipins appear, therefore, to constitute a group of promising lead compounds for the development of anticancer drugs. In this review, the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of C17 and C18 acetylenic oxylipins from terrestrial plants are presented and their possible mechanisms of action and structural requirements for optimal cytotoxicity are discussed.
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7
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El-Bialy BES, Abd Eldaim MA, Hassan A, Abdel-Daim MM. Ginseng aqueous extract ameliorates lambda-cyhalothrin-acetamiprid insecticide mixture for hepatorenal toxicity in rats: Role of oxidative stress-mediated proinflammatory and proapoptotic protein expressions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:124-135. [PMID: 31566303 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the protective effects of Panax ginseng aqueous extract (GAE) against hepatorenal toxicity induced by lambda-cyhalothrin-acetamiprid insecticide mixture in rats. A total of 32 male albino rats were assigned into four groups. Normal control group received distilled water. Insecticide control group intoxicated with the insecticide at a dose of 2.14 mg/kg b.wt orally day after day for 45 days. GAE control group was treated with GAE at a dose 200 mg/kg b.wt orally. GAE experimental group was administered GAE 1 hour before insecticide administration. Intoxication of rats with the insecticide caused a significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities and urea and creatinine levels as well as malondialdehyde concentration and proteins expression of caspase-3 and induced nitric oxide synthase in hepatic and renal tissues. However, it decreased the serum levels of total protein and globulin and reduced the glutathione content and catalase activity in hepatic and renal tissues. In addition, insecticide induced histopathological alterations in both hepatic and renal tissues. In contrast, GAE modulated insecticide-induced alterations in liver and kidney functions and structures as it ameliorated the effects of insecticide on the above mentioned parameters. These results indicated that GAE was a potent antioxidant agent that could protect rats against insecticide-induced hepatorenal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr E S El-Bialy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mabrouk A Abd Eldaim
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Sheben Elkom, Egypt
| | - Azza Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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8
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Lee JH, Leem DG, Chung KS, Kim KT, Choi SY, Lee KT. Panaxydol Derived from Panax ginseng Inhibits G 1 Cell Cycle Progression in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer via Upregulation of Intracellular Ca 2+ Levels. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 41:1701-1707. [PMID: 30381670 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Panaxydol, a polyacetylenic compound derived from Panax ginseng has been reported to suppress the growth of cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cell cycle arrest by this compound in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are unknown. Our study found that panaxydol treatment induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in NSCLC cells. The cell cycle arrest was accompanied by down-regulation of the protein expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D1 and cyclin E, and decrease in the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Furthermore, up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p21CIP1/WAF1 and p27KIP1 was observed in panaxydol-treated NSCLC cells. In addition, panaxydol also induced accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). (Acetyloxy)methyl 2-({2-[(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxoethyl}[2-(2-{2-[bis({2-[(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxoethyl})amino]phenoxy}ethoxy)phenyl]amino)acetate (BAPTA-AM), the Ca2+ chelator, attenuated not only panaxydol-induced accumulation of [Ca2+]i, but also G1 cell cycle arrest and decrease of CDK6 and cyclin D1 protein expression level. These results demonstrated that the anti-proliferative effects of panaxydol were caused by cell cycle arrest, which is closely linked to the up-regulation of [Ca2+]i and represents a promising approach for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Dong Gyu Leem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Kyung-Tack Kim
- Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute
| | - Sang Yoon Choi
- Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
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9
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Zhang H, Liu J, Li G, Wei J, Chen H, Zhang C, Zhao J, Wang Y, Dang S, Li X, Fang X, Liu L, Liu M. Fresh red raspberry phytochemicals suppress the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by PTEN/AKT pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104:55-65. [PMID: 30195065 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is a common fruit worldwide and its extract has been found to inhibit the growth of many types of tumors, mainly because it is rich in bioactive phytochemicals. However, the mechanism underlying its anticancer activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not well understood. Herein, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of red raspberry phytochemicals on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and to elucidate its biochemical and molecular targets. CCK8 and colony formation, as well as flow cytometry assays, were employed to determine the effects of red raspberry extract (RRE) on cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution in HCC cells. Our results showed that RRE significantly inhibited cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle progression at the S phase in HCC cells. RRE increased the expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) by reducing the methylation status of the PTEN gene promoter and inhibiting DNMT1 expression and regulated AKT signaling pathway. These findings show that red raspberry phytochemicals inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells by regulating PTEN/AKT signaling pathway, providing evidence that RRE may be used as a potential auxiliary therapy for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiaren Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiufeng Wei
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chunpeng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jinlu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Shuwei Dang
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xinglong Li
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xuan Fang
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lianxin Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of General Surgery & Bio-Bank of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
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10
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Zhong S, Li YG, Ji DF, Lin TB, Lv ZQ. Protocatechualdehyde Induces S-Phase Arrest and Apoptosis by Stimulating the p27(KIP1)-Cyclin A/D1-CDK2 and Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathways in HT-29 Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070934. [PMID: 27447597 PMCID: PMC6274009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocatechualdehyde (PCA) extracted from Phellinus gilvus exhibits anti-cancer activity in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HT-29). However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We performed an in vitro study involving MTT, flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and western blot analyses to investigate the effects of PCA treatment on cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, and expression of several cell cycle-related genes in HT-29 cells. The treatment enhanced S-phase cell cycle and apoptosis in HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot results showed that PCA treatment decreased the expression levels of cyclin A, cyclin D1, and p27KIP1 but increased those of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) in HT-29 cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) and B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-xL (Bcl-xL) were down-regulated, whereas the levels of BH3-interacting domain death agonist (Bid), Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak), and cytosolic cytochrome c were significantly upregulated. Thus, the enzymes caspases-9, -3, -8, and -6 were found to be activated in HT-29 cells with PCA treatment. These results indicate that PCA-induced S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis involve p27KIP1-mediated activation of the cyclin-A/D1-Cdk2 signaling pathway and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhong
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - You-Gui Li
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Dong-Feng Ji
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Tian-Bao Lin
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Zhi-Qiang Lv
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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11
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Mao J, Li S, Zhong J, Wang B, Jin J, Gao Z, Yang H, Bian Q. Total synthesis of panaxydol and its stereoisomers as potential anticancer agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kim HS, Lim JM, Kim JY, Kim Y, Park S, Sohn J. Panaxydol, a component ofPanax ginseng, induces apoptosis in cancer cells through EGFR activation and ER stress and inhibits tumor growth in mouse models. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1432-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemisty; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Korea Institute of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition; Seoul Korea
| | - Jang Mi Lim
- Department of Biochemisty; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Korea Institute of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition; Seoul Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Department of Biochemisty; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Korea Institute of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition; Seoul Korea
| | - Yongjin Kim
- Department of Biochemisty; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Korea Institute of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition; Seoul Korea
| | - Serkin Park
- Department of Biochemisty; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Korea Institute of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition; Seoul Korea
| | - Jeongwon Sohn
- Department of Biochemisty; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Korea Institute of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition; Seoul Korea
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Wang HC, Tseng YH, Wu HR, Chu FH, Kuo YH, Wang SY. Anti-proliferation Effect on Human Breast Cancer Cells via Inhibition of pRb Phosphorylation by Taiwanin E Isolated from Eleutherococcus trifoliatus. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleutherococcus trifoliatus has been used as a folk medicine since ancient times, especially as refreshing qi medicines. In our current study, taiwanin E, which possesses strong cytotoxicity, was isolated from the branches of E. trifoliatus by using a bioactivity guided fractionation procedure. Taiwanin E presented a potent anti-proliferation activity on the growth of a human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7), with an IC50 value for cytotoxicity of 1.47 μM. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase increased in a dose-dependent manner (from 79.4% to 90.2%) after 48 h exposure to taiwanin E at a dosage range from 0.5 to 4μM. After treatment with taiwanin E, phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) in MCF-7 cells was inhibited, accompanied by a decrease in the levels of cyclin D1, cyclin D3 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) and cdk6; in addition, there was an increase in the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21WAF-1/Cip1 and p27Kip1. The results suggest that taiwanin E inhibits cell cycle progression of MCF-7 at the G0/G1 transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsueh Tseng
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Rong Wu
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Hua Chu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Bao R, Shu Y, Wu X, Weng H, Ding Q, Cao Y, Li M, Mu J, Wu W, Ding Q, Tan Z, Liu T, Jiang L, Hu Y, Gu J, Liu Y. Oridonin induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of gallbladder cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:217. [PMID: 24655726 PMCID: PMC3994450 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gallbladder cancer is the most frequent malignancy of the bile duct with high aggressive and extremely poor prognosis. The main objective of the paper was to investigate the inhibitory effects of oridonin, a diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia rubescens, on gallbladder cancer both in vitro and in vivo and to explore the mechanisms underlying oridonin-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Methods The anti-tumor activity of oridonin on SGC996 and NOZ cells was assessed by the MTT and colony forming assays. Cell cycle changes were detected by flow cytometric analysis. Apoptosis was detected by annexin V/PI double-staining and Hoechst 33342 staining assays. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was observed by Rhodamine 123 staining. The in vivo efficacy of oridonin was evaluated using a NOZ xenograft model in athymic nude mice. The expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related proteins in vitro and in vivo was analyzed by western blot analysis. Activation of caspases (caspase-3, -8 and -9) was measured by caspases activity assay. Results Oridonin induced potent growth inhibition, S-phase arrest, apoptosis, and colony-forming inhibition in SGC996 and NOZ cells in a dose-dependent manner. Intraperitoneal injection of oridonin (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg) for 3 weeks significantly inhibited the growth of NOZ xenografts in athymic nude mice. We demonstrated that oridonin regulated cell cycle-related proteins in response to S-phase arrest by western blot analysis. In contrast, we observed inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation and an increase Bax/Bcl-2 ratio accompanied by activated caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP-1 cleavage after treatment with oridonin, which indicate that the mitochondrial pathway is involved in oridonin-mediated apoptosis. Conclusions Oridonin possesses potent anti-gallbladder cancer activities that correlate with regulation of the mitochondrial pathway, which is critical for apoptosis and S-phase arrest. Therefore, oridonin has potential as a novel anti-tumor therapy for the treatment of gallbladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianfeng Gu
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Kang K, Song DG, Lee EH, Lee KM, Park YG, Jung SH, Pan CH, Nho CW. Secretome profiling reveals the signaling molecules of apoptotic HCT116 cells induced by the dietary polyacetylene gymnasterkoreayne B. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2353-2363. [PMID: 24571669 DOI: 10.1021/jf404047z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dietary polyacetylenes from various foods have been receiving attention as promising cancer chemopreventive agents. However, until now, the detailed molecular mechanism and the regulatory proteins underlying these effects have not been elucidated. We investigated the effects of gymnasterkoreayne B (GKB), a model dietary polyacetylene from wild vegetables, on the programmed cell death of HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells. GKB inhibited HCT116 cell proliferation by inducing apoptotic cell death. GKB treatment resulted in ROS accumulation, leading to the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathway. We also found that FN1, TGFB1, APP, SERPINE1, HSPD1, SOD1, TXN, and ACTN4 may act as secretory signaling molecules during GKB-induced apoptotic cell death using LC-MS/MS identification followed by spectrum counting, statistical calculation, and gene ontology analysis. The secretory proteins suggested in this study may be promising candidates involved in apoptotic cell death of cancer cells induced by GKB that warrant further functional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsu Kang
- Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-340, Republic of Korea
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Zhong S, Ji DF, Li YG, Lin TB, Lv ZQ, Chen HP. Activation of P27kip1-cyclin D1/E-CDK2 pathway by polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus leads to S-phase arrest in HT-29 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:222-9. [PMID: 24060681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that polysaccharide (P1) from Phellinus linteus exhibits a significant inhibitive activity on human colorectal carcinoma cells (HT-29). However its novel molecular mechanism remains unknown. To obtain insights into P1's mechanism of action, we examined its effects on cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, autophagy, and expression of several cell cycle interrelated proteins in HT-29 cells. Interestingly, we found that volume and weight of the solid tumor significantly decreased in P1 (200mg/kg)-treated mice compared with the control. However, slightly increased the body weight of the P1 treated tumor-bearing mice, with no significant increased ALT, AST levels in serum and LPO concentration in liver and kidney indicated that P1 has no toxicity to mammals at a dose of 200mg/kg. Furthermore, P1 caused a significantly dose-dependent increase in the S-phase cell cycle, but no apoptosis and autophagy in HT-29 cells. RT-PCR and Western blot results showed significantly down-regulated expressions of cyclin D1, cyclin E, and CDK2, as well as increased expressions of P27kip1 in P1 (100 μg/mL)-treated HT-29 cells. These results suggested that the activation of P27kip1-cyclin D1/E-CDK2 pathway is involved in P1-induced S-phase cell cycle arrest in HT-29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhong
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China
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17
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Hai J, Lin Q, Lu Y, Yi J, Zhang H. Growth inhibition and induction of differentiation by panaxydol in rat C6 glioma cells. Neurol Res 2013; 30:99-105. [PMID: 17767808 DOI: 10.1179/016164107x228697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Panaxydol is a naturally occurring non-peptidyl small molecule isolated from the lipophilic fractions of Panax notoginseng, a well-known Chinese traditional medicine. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of panaxydol on growth inhibition and its mechanisms in C6 rat glioma cells. METHODS The effects of panaxydol on cell proliferation, morphologic changes, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and cell cycle regulation in rat C6 cells were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometric analysis and Western blot respectively. RESULTS Panaxydol markedly inhibited the proliferation of C6 cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 of 39.5 +/- 2.3 microM. In addition, the cell morphologic changes and increased expression of GFAP in C6 cells in the presence of panaxydol implied a cellular differentiation. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that panaxydol-treated cells accumulated in G0/G1 phase with a marked decrease in the number of C6 cells at S phase. Western blot analysis demonstrated that panaxydol resulted in an increase in the protein expression of p27 in C6 cells as early as 3 hours after treatment consistent with the differentiation response, but protein expression of p53, p21, p16 and pRb remained unchanged. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that panaxydol inhibits the proliferation of C6 cells via G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in association with induction of p27 expression and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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A limited role of p53 on the ability of a Hexane fraction of American ginseng to suppress mouse colitis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:785739. [PMID: 22899889 PMCID: PMC3414200 DOI: 10.1155/2012/785739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is debilitating and carries a high colon cancer risk. Apoptosis of inflammatory cells is a key mechanism regulating UC. We have recently shown that American ginseng (AG), and to a greater extent, a Hexane fraction of AG (HAG) can cause apoptosis and suppress mouse colitis through a p53-mediated mechanism. Here, we tested the hypothesis that HAG suppresses colitis through a p53 mechanism. We found only a limited impact of p53 in the ability of HAG to induce inflammatory cell apoptosis and suppress mouse colitis in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we asked whether HAG could cause cell cycle arrest of HCT116 colon cancer cells in vitro. Interestingly, HAG caused a G1 arrest of such cells independent of p53 status. Findings are significant because HAG suppresses colitis and associated colon cancer, and mutation in p53 is observed in most colitis-driven colon cancers. Therefore, HAG might be very effective in targeting the inflammatory cells and cancer cells since it induces apoptosis of inflammatory cells and cell cycle arrest in both p53−/− and WT p53 colon cancer cells.
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Herrmann F, Sporer F, Tahrani A, Wink M. Antitrypanosomal properties of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer: new possibilities for a remarkable traditional drug. Phytother Res 2012; 27:86-98. [PMID: 22473703 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is still a major health problem in many sub-Saharan countries in Africa. We investigated the effects of three preparations of Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng, isolated ginsenosides, and the polyacetylene panaxynol on Trypanosoma brucei brucei and the human cancer cell line HeLa. Hexane extracts and the pure panaxynol were toxic and at the same time highly selective against T. b. brucei, whereas methanol extracts and 12 isolated ginsenosides were significantly less toxic and showed only weak selectivity. Panaxynol was cytotoxic against T. b. brucei at the concentration of 0.01 µg/mL with a selectivity index of 858, superior even to established antitrypanosomal drugs. We suggest that the inhibition of trypanothione reductase, which is only found in trypanosomes, might explain the observed selectivity. The high selectivity together with a cytotoxic concentration in the range of the bioavailability makes panaxynol and other polyacetylenes in general very promising lead compounds for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Herrmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Germany.
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Wang ZJ, Song L, Guo LC, Yin M, Sun YN. Induction of differentiation by panaxydol in human hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cells via cAMP and MAP kinase dependent mechanism. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2012; 131:993-1000. [PMID: 21628989 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Panaxydol (PND) is one of the main non-peptidyl small molecules isolated from the lipophilic fractions of Panax notoginseng. The present study was carried out to demonstrate the potential effects of panaxydol on the induction of differentiation of human liver carcinoma cell lines SMMC-7721. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT method and Trypan blue exclusion assay respectively. The changes of morphology were detected by transmission electron microscope. Inhibitors were applied to detect the signaling pathway of differentiation. The level of intracellular cyclic AMP was determined by radioimmunoassay. The expression of p-ERK, Id1, and p21 were determined by Western blot. We found that panaxydol inhibit the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells and caused the morphology and ultrastructure changes of SMMC-7721. Moreover, panaxydol dose-dependently increased the secretion of albumin and alkaline phosphatase activity, and decreased the secretion of AFP correspondingly. These changes of differentiation markers in SMMC-7721 can be reversed by the protein kinase A inhibitor RpcAMPS and by MAP kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor U0126 or sorafenib. Intracellular cAMP was elevated by panaxydol in SMMC-7721 cells. Panaxydol dose-dependently decreased the expression of regulatory factors Id1 and increased the protein levels of p21 and p-ERK1/2 correspondingly. It suggested panaxydol might be of value for further exploration as a potential anti-cancer agent via cAMP and MAP kinase-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Panaxydol induces apoptosis through an increased intracellular calcium level, activation of JNK and p38 MAPK and NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species. Apoptosis 2011; 16:347-58. [PMID: 21190085 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Panaxydol, a polyacetylenic compound derived from Panax ginseng roots, has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrated that panaxydol induced apoptosis preferentially in transformed cells with a minimal effect on non-transformed cells. Furthermore, panaxydol was shown to induce apoptosis through an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), activation of JNK and p38 MAPK, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) initially by NADPH oxidase and then by mitochondria. Panaxydol-induced apoptosis was caspase-dependent and occurred through a mitochondrial pathway. ROS generation by NADPH oxidase was critical for panaxydol-induced apoptosis. Mitochondrial ROS production was also required, however, it appeared to be secondary to the ROS generation by NADPH oxidase. Activation of NADPH oxidase was demonstrated by the membrane translocation of regulatory p47(phox) and p67(phox) subunits and shown to be necessary for ROS generation by panaxydol treatment. Panaxydol triggered a rapid and sustained increase of [Ca(2+)](i), which resulted in activation of JNK and p38 MAPK. JNK and p38 MAPK play a key role in activation of NADPH oxidase, since inhibition of their expression or activity abrogated membrane translocation of p47(phox) and p67(phox) subunits and ROS generation. In summary, these data indicate that panaxydol induces apoptosis preferentially in cancer cells, and the signaling mechanisms involve a [Ca(2+)](i) increase, JNK and p38 MAPK activation, and ROS generation through NADPH oxidase and mitochondria.
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Liu X, Yang JM, Zhang SS, Liu XY, Liu DX. Induction of cell cycle arrest at G1 and S phases and cAMP-dependent differentiation in C6 glioma by low concentration of cycloheximide. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:684. [PMID: 21159181 PMCID: PMC3009684 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Differentiation therapy has been shown effective in treatment of several types of cancer cells and may prove to be effective in treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor. Although extensively used as a reagent to inhibit protein synthesis in mammalian cells, whether cycloheximide treatment leads to glioma cell differentiation has not been reported. Methods C6 glioma cell was treated with or without cycloheximide at low concentrations (0.5-1 μg/ml) for 1, 2 and 3 days. Cell proliferation rate was assessed by direct cell counting and colony formation assays. Apoptosis was assessed by Hoechst 33258 staining and FACS analysis. Changes in several cell cycle regulators such as Cyclins D1 and E, PCNA and Ki67, and several apoptosis-related regulators such as p53, p-JNK, p-AKT, and PARP were determined by Western blot analysis. C6 glioma differentiation was determined by morphological characterization, immunostaining and Western blot analysis on upregulation of GFAP and o p-STAT3 expression, and upregulation of intracellular cAMP. Results Treatment of C6 cell with low concentration of cycloheximide inhibited cell proliferation and depleted cells at both G2 and M phases, suggesting blockade at G1 and S phases. While no cell death was observed, cells underwent profound morphological transformation that indicated cell differentiation. Western blotting and immunostaining analyses further indicated that changes in expression of several cell cycle regulators and the differentiation marker GFAP were accompanied with cycloheximide-induced cell cycle arrest and cell differentiation. Increase in intracellular cAMP, a known promoter for C6 cell differentiation, was found to be elevated and required for cycloheximide-promoted C6 cell differentiation. Conclusion Our results suggest that partial inhibition of protein synthesis in C6 glioma by low concentration of cycloheximide induces cell cycle arrest at G1 and M phases and cAMP-dependent cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijun Liu
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Sun S, Du GJ, Qi LW, Williams S, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. Hydrophobic constituents and their potential anticancer activities from Devil's Club (Oplopanax horridus Miq.). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 132:280-5. [PMID: 20723598 PMCID: PMC3050531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Devil's Club (Oplopanax horridus) is one of the most important spiritual and medicinal plants to many indigenous peoples of Alaska and the Pacific Northwest. It is widely used for external and internal infections as well as arthritis, respiratory ailments, digestive tract ailments, broken bones, fever, headaches, and cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate hydrophobic constituents and their potential anticancer activity from Devil's Club, Oplopanax horridus. MATERIALS AND METHODS The root bark extract of Oplopanax horridus was isolated by chromatographic techniques. Structures of isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods and comparison with published data. The anti-proliferation of isolated hydrophobic constituents in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, human colon cancer SW-480 and HCT-116 cells were tested. The potential mechanism of anti-proliferation was also investigated using cell cycle and apoptosis assays. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Six compounds were isolated and structurally identified as 9,17-octadecadiene-12,14-diyne-1,11,16-triol, 1-acetate (1), oplopandiol acetate (2), falcarindiol (3), oplopandiol (4), trans-nerolidol (5) and t-cadinol (6). These compounds showed potential anticancer activities on human breast cancer and colon cancer cells, of which compound 3 possesses the strongest activity. Further cell cycle and apoptosis tests by flow cytometry showed the polyacetylenes 1-4 induced HCT-116 cell arresting in G2/M phase and inhibited proliferation by the induction of apoptosis at both earlier and later stages. CONCLUSION These results provide promising baseline information for the potential use of Oplopanax horridus, as well as some of the isolated compounds in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Sun
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guang-Jian Du
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stainley Williams
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Corresponding author at: Chun-Su Yuan, M.D., Ph.D. Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, Illinois 60637. Tel: (773) 702-1916; fax: (773) 834-0601.
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Baek SH, Lee JG, Park SY, Bae ON, Kim DH, Park JH. Pectic Polysaccharides from Panax ginseng as the Antirotavirus Principals in Ginseng. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2044-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100397p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hoon Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
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NMR-based metabolomics approach for the differentiation of ginseng (Panax ginseng) roots from different origins. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:330-6. [PMID: 18409046 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Agro-herbal materials vary in prices and qualities depending on the origin and age and the differentiation is both scientific and public health issue. Here, we describe a metabolomics approach used to discriminate ginseng roots from different sources. Six different types of ginseng roots from China and Korea were analyzed by NMR-based metabolomics. Chinese Dangsam showed prominent differences and was easily differentiated. The difference was mainly due to the large signals in the sugar region. We further analyzed the metabolomics results in subgroups. Jeonra (Korean), Choongcheong (Korean), and Chinese ginseng in subgroup 1 could be easily differentiated by the first two principal components. The loading plot for PC1 showed that the Jeonra and Chinese ginseng roots were mainly separated by sugar signals and methyl signals but that they were reverse-correlated. A diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) analysis showed that the methyl signals are from high molecular weight compounds and that the sugar signals are either from oligosaccharides or ginsenosides. In subgroup 2, composed of Korean Choongcheong ginseng at different ages, we were able to see age-dependent transitions in the score plot. We believe our approach can be applied to detecting the adulteration of ginseng root powders and other herbal products from different origins.
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Park YS, Abd El-Aty AM, Choi JH, Cho SK, Shin DH, Shim JH. Pesticide multiresidue analysis in Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer) by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with electron capture and nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:29-39. [PMID: 17120302 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An analytical multi-residue method using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector was investigated for the simultaneous determination of 18 commonly used insecticides and fungicides in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Samples were previously extracted with an acetonitrile and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The calibration curves were linear, with determination coefficients higher than 0.989. Recoveries at concentrations between 0.01 and 14.9 ppm ranged from 72.3 to 117.2%, with precision, which was expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), at values lower than 5%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of pesticide levels from 12 ginseng samples, taken from four different agricultural areas of Jeonnam province, where several insecticides and fungicides were applied. Except in one sample, tolclofos-m was the only pesticide contained at a level lower than the maximum residue limits (MRL) authorized by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) in real ginseng samples grown for 4, 5 and 6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seok Park
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, 300 Yong-Bong Dong, Buk-Ku, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Yoo HH, Yokozawa T, Satoh A, Kang KS, Kim HY. Effects of ginseng on the proliferation of human lung fibroblasts. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2006; 34:137-46. [PMID: 16437746 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x06003709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of methanolic extracts of white ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER) and two kinds of heat-treated ginseng made by steaming fresh ginseng at 100 degrees C for 3 hours (HTG-100) or 120 degrees C for 3 hours (HTG-120) on the cell growth of human fibroblasts. All of the tested ginseng extracts stimulated cell growth, although the effect of HTG-120 was weaker than that of the other extracts. However, none of the ginseng extracts exhibited any effect on the growth of old cells with a population doubling level (PDL) of 48.7. Flow cytometric analysis showed that ginseng extracts raised the population of cells in G0/G1 phase after treatment for 24 hours, but did not exert any effect after treatment for 48 hours. These results suggest that ginsengs exert their cell growth-promoting action mainly on younger cells at an early stage of the cell cycle, and that this effect is closely associated with an increase in the population of cells in the G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Corbit RM, Ferreira JFS, Ebbs SD, Murphy LL. Simplified extraction of ginsenosides from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) for high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:9867-73. [PMID: 16366667 DOI: 10.1021/jf051504p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Four methods were tested for extraction and recovery of six major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1) found in roots of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius): method A, sonication in 100% methanol (MeOH) at room temperature (rt); method B, sonication in 70% aqueous MeOH at rt; method C, water extraction (90 degrees C) with gentle agitation; and method D, refluxing (60 degrees C) in 100% MeOH. After 0.5-1 h, the samples were filtered and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV. A second extraction by methods C and D was done, but 85-90% of ginsenosides were obtained during the first extraction. Lyophilization of extracts did not influence ginsenoside recovery. Method D resulted in the highest significant recoveries of all ginsenosides, except Rg1. Method C was the next most effective method, while method A resulted in the lowest ginsenoside recoveries. Method B led to similar recoveries as method C. All methods used one filtration step, omitted time-consuming cleanup, but maintained clear peak resolution by HPLC, and can be used for quantitative screening of ginsenosides from roots and commercial ginseng preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Corbit
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
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Kang KA, Kim YW, Kim SU, Chae S, Koh YS, Kim HS, Choo MK, Kim DH, Hyun JW. G1 phase arrest of the cell cycle by a ginseng metabolite, compound K, in U937 human monocytic leukamia cells. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28:685-90. [PMID: 16042078 DOI: 10.1007/bf02969359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that the ginseng saponin metabolite, compound K (20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, IH901), inhibits the growth of U937 cells through caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway. In this study, we further characterized the effects of compound K on U937 cells and found that, in addition to apoptosis, compound K induced the arrest of the G1 phase. The compound K treated U937 cells showed increased p21 expression; an inhibitory protein of cyclin-cdk complex. The up-regulation of p21 was followed by the inactivation of cyclin D and the cdk4 protein, which act at the early G1 phase, and cyclin E, which acts at the late G1 phase. Furthermore, compound K induced the activation of JNK and the transcription factor AP-1, which is a downstream target of JNK. These findings suggest that the up-regulation of p21 and activation of JNK in the compound K treated cells contribute to the arrest of the G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Cheju National University, 66 Jejudaehakno, Jeju-si 690-756 Korea
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Abstract
Panax ginseng is a plant that has been used in traditional medicine in China for thousands of years. It is used as a general tonic or adaptogen with chronically ill patients and is frequently featured in traditional medicine prescriptions from China, Japan, and Korea used by cancer patients. The putative active compounds are the ginsenosides, of which there are more than two dozen. These compounds are found in both Panax ginseng and in other Panax species that are used in herbal medicine. Analysis of ginsenosides is being used in developing quality control assessments for ginseng, which has frequently been adulterated due to its high cost; many currently available standardized extracts do appear to contain the amounts of ginsenosides listed on package labeling. The toxicity of ginseng appears to be low: some of the reports of toxic episodes of ginseng may actually pertain to other components of multicomponent preparations. Very low incidence of toxicity has been observed in ginseng clinical trials using well-characterized preparations. Numerous pharmacological activities of ginseng and the ginsenosides have been explored: the authors review here the activities relating to cancer. Immune system modulation, antistress activities, and antihyperglycemic activities are among the most notable features of ginseng noted in laboratory and clinical analyses. Much testing has been done in humans to explore ginseng's purported antifatigue properties, but this area remains controversial. A number of investigations point to antitumor properties and other pharmacological activities related to cancer, but no trials have yet confirmed a clinically significant anticancer activity. Cancer patients may empirically find ginseng to be useful when they are fatigued, although clinical trials should be conducted to confirm its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan S Chang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Modulation of protein phosphorylation by natural products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(02)80049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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