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Lan J, Wu Q, Huang N, Zhang H, Yang Y, Chen L, Zhou N, He X. Identification of sulfakinin receptor regulating feeding behavior and hemolymph trehalose homeostasis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14191. [PMID: 38902334 PMCID: PMC11190223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Feeding behavior, the most fundamental physiological activity, is controlled by two opposing groups of factors, orexigenic and anorexigenic factors. The sulfakinin family, an insect analogue of the mammalian satiety factor cholecystokinin (CCK), has been shown to suppress food intake in various insects. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which sulfakinin regulates feeding behavior remain a biological question. This study aimed to elucidate the signaling pathway mediated by the anorexigenic peptide sulfakinin in Bombyx mori. We identified the Bombyx mori neuropeptide G protein-coupled receptor A9 (BNGR-A9) as the receptor for sulfakinin through functional assays. Stimulation with sulfakinin triggered a swift increase in intracellular IP3, Ca2+, and a notable enhancement of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, in a manner sensitive to a Gαq-specific inhibitor. Treatment with synthetic sulfakinin resulted in decreased food consumption and average body weight. Additionally, administering synthetic sulfakinin to silkworms significantly elevated hemolymph trehalose levels, an effect markedly reduced by pre-treatment with BNGR-A9 dsRNA. Consequently, our findings establish the sulfakinin/BNGR-A9 signaling pathway as a critical regulator of feeding behavior and hemolymph trehalose homeostasis in Bombyx mori, highlighting its roles in the negative control of food intake and the positive regulation of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Lan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311399, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
| | - Yuanfei Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
| | - Linjie Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China
| | - Naiming Zhou
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaobai He
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311399, China.
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Cholecystokinin (CCK) and its receptors (CCK1R and CCK2R) in chickens: functional analysis and tissue expression. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102273. [PMID: 36436379 PMCID: PMC9706633 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system, regulating a range of physiological functions by activating its receptors (CCK1R and CCK2R). Compared to those in mammals, the CCK gene and its receptors have already been cloned in various birds, such as chickens. However, knowledge regarding their functionality and tissue expression is limited. In this study, we examined the expression of CCK and its 2 receptors in chicken tissues. In addition, the functionality of the 2 receptors was investigated. Using 3 cell-based luciferase reporter systems and western blots, we demonstrated that chicken (c-) CCK1R could be potently activated by cCCK-8S but not cCCK-4, whereas cCCK2R could be activated by cCCK-8S and cCCK-4 with similar efficiency. Using RNA-sequencing, we revealed that cCCK is abundantly expressed in the testis, ileum, and several brain regions (cerebrum, midbrain, cerebellum, hindbrain, and hypothalamus). The abundant expression of CCK in the hypothalamus was further supported by immunofluorescence. In addition, cCCK1R is highly expressed in the pancreas and moderately expressed in various intestinal regions (ileum, cecum, and rectum) and the pituitary gland, whereas cCCK2R expression is primarily restricted to the brain. Our data reveal the differential specificities of CCK receptors for various CCK peptides. In combination with the differential tissue distribution of CCK and its receptors, the present study helps to understanding the physiological functions of CCK/CCKRs in birds.
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Structural insights into human brain-gut peptide cholecystokinin receptors. Cell Discov 2022; 8:55. [PMID: 35672283 PMCID: PMC9174195 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal hormone and neuromodulator cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors CCK1R and CCK2R act as a signaling hub in brain–gut axis, mediating digestion, emotion, and memory regulation. CCK receptors exhibit distinct preferences for ligands in different posttranslational modification (PTM) states. CCK1R couples to Gs and Gq, whereas CCK2R primarily couples to Gq. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of CCK1R–Gs signaling complexes liganded either by sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) or a CCK1R-selective small-molecule SR146131, and CCK2R–Gq complexes stabilized by either sulfated CCK-8 or a CCK2R-selective ligand gastrin-17. Our structures reveal a location-conserved yet charge-distinct pocket discriminating the effects of ligand PTM states on receptor subtype preference, the unique pocket topology underlying selectivity of SR146131 and gastrin-17, the conformational changes in receptor activation, and key residues contributing to G protein subtype specificity, providing multiple structural templates for drug design targeting the brain–gut axis.
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Liu Q, Yang D, Zhuang Y, Croll TI, Cai X, Dai A, He X, Duan J, Yin W, Ye C, Zhou F, Wu B, Zhao Q, Xu HE, Wang MW, Jiang Y. Ligand recognition and G-protein coupling selectivity of cholecystokinin A receptor. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:1238-1244. [PMID: 34556862 PMCID: PMC8604728 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin A receptor (CCKAR) belongs to family A G-protein-coupled receptors and regulates nutrient homeostasis upon stimulation by cholecystokinin (CCK). It is an attractive drug target for gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases. One distinguishing feature of CCKAR is its ability to interact with a sulfated ligand and to couple with divergent G-protein subtypes, including Gs, Gi and Gq. However, the basis for G-protein coupling promiscuity and ligand recognition by CCKAR remains unknown. Here, we present three cryo-electron microscopy structures of sulfated CCK-8-activated CCKAR in complex with Gs, Gi and Gq heterotrimers, respectively. CCKAR presents a similar conformation in the three structures, whereas conformational differences in the 'wavy hook' of the Gα subunits and ICL3 of the receptor serve as determinants in G-protein coupling selectivity. Our findings provide a framework for understanding G-protein coupling promiscuity by CCKAR and uncover the mechanism of receptor recognition by sulfated CCK-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufeng Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Youwen Zhuang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tristan I. Croll
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Antao Dai
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinheng He
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Duan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanchao Yin
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyu Ye
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fulai Zhou
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Beili Wu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.440637.20000 0004 4657 8879School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - H. Eric Xu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.440637.20000 0004 4657 8879School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.440637.20000 0004 4657 8879School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Identification, Functional Characterization, and Pharmacological Analysis of Two Sulfakinin Receptors in the Medically-Important Insect Rhodnius prolixus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13437. [PMID: 31530854 PMCID: PMC6748952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The chordate gastrin/cholecystokinin and ecdysozoan sulfakinin (SK)-signaling systems are functionally and structurally homologous. In the present study, we isolated the cDNA sequences encoding the SK receptors in Rhodnius prolixus (Rhopr-SKR-1 and Rhopr-SKR-2). The Rhopr-SKRs have been functionally characterized and their intracellular signaling pathways analysed via a functional receptor assay. Both Rhopr-SKRs are exclusively activated via the two native R. prolixus sulfakinins, Rhopr-SK-1 and Rhopr-SK-2, but not via nonsulfated Rhopr-SK-1. The Rhopr-SKRs are each linked to the intracellular Ca2+ second messenger pathway, and not to the cyclic AMP pathway. Spatial transcript expression analyses revealed that each Rhopr-SKR is predominantly expressed in the central nervous system with lower expression throughout peripheral tissues. The critical importance of the SK-signaling pathway in the blood-feeding behaviour of R. prolixus was demonstrated by knockdown of the transcripts for Rhopr-SKs and Rhopr-SKRs, which results in an increase in the mass of blood meal taken. The parasite causing Chagas disease is transmitted to the host after R. prolixus has taken a blood meal, and characterization of the SKRs provides further understanding of the coordination of feeding and satiation, and ultimately the transmission of the parasite.
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Moody TW, Nuche-Berenguer B, Moreno P, Jensen RT. CI-988 Inhibits EGFR Transactivation and Proliferation Caused by Addition of CCK/Gastrin to Lung Cancer Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:663-72. [PMID: 25761747 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) which are present on lung cancer cells. CCK-8 stimulates the proliferation of lung cancer cells, whereas the CCK2R receptor antagonist CI-988 inhibits proliferation. GPCR for some gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters mediate lung cancer growth by causing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation. Here, the role of CCK/gastrin and CI-988 on EGFR transactivation and lung cancer proliferation was investigated. Addition of CCK-8 or gastrin-17 (100 nM) to NCI-H727 human lung cancer cells increased EGFR Tyr(1068) phosphorylation after 2 min. The ability of CCK-8 to cause EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation was blocked by CI-988, gefitinib (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor), PP2 (Src inhibitor), GM6001 (matrix metalloprotease inhibitor), and tiron (superoxide scavenger). CCK-8 nonsulfated and gastrin-17 caused EGFR transactivation and bound with high affinity to NCI-H727 cells, suggesting that the CCK2R is present. CI-988 inhibited the ability of CCK-8 to cause ERK phosphorylation and elevate cytosolic Ca(2+). CI-988 or gefitinib inhibited the basal growth of NCI-H727 cells or that stimulated by CCK-8. The results indicate that CCK/gastrin may increase lung cancer proliferation in an EGFR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 2 W-130, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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Caruso MA, Sheridan MA. Differential regulation of the multiple insulin and insulin receptor mRNAs by somatostatin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 384:126-33. [PMID: 24486191 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We used rainbow trout as a model to study the regulation of the multiple and distinct insulin (INS) and insulin receptor (IR) mRNAs by somatostatin (SS). Implantation of SS reduced growth of animals without affecting food intake. SS decreased INS1 and INS2 expression in Brockmann bodies, but increased INS1 and INS2 expression in adipose and INS1 expression in brain. SS reduced mRNA levels of IR 2 and IR 3 in adipose tissue; of IR1 and IR 4 in Brockmann bodies; of IR1, IR2, IR3, and IR4 in cardiac muscle; of IR2 and IR4 in liver; of IR 3 and IR 4 in gill; and of IR4 in skeletal muscle. The direct effects of SS were examined in Brockmann bodies and liver in vitro. SS decreased INS and IR mRNAs in both tissues in a concentration-, time-, and isoform/subtype-dependent manner. These results indicate that SS regulates the expression of INS- and IR-encoding mRNAs and that independent mechanisms may serve to regulate the various INS isoforms and IR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Caruso
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Stevens Hall, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Mark A Sheridan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Stevens Hall, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
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The Role of Cholecystokinin Receptors in the Short-Term Control of Food Intake. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:277-316. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Chen P, Lingen M, Sonis ST, Walsh-Reitz MM, Toback FG. Role of AMP-18 in oral mucositis. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:831-9. [PMID: 21737340 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucositis (OM) is a devasting toxicity associated with cytotoxic cancer therapy. Antrum mucosal protein (AMP)-18 and a synthetic peptide surrogate, exhibit cell protective and mitogenic properties in in vitro and in vivo models of gastrointestinal epithelial cell injury. The mucosal barrier-protective effects may be mediated by AMP-18's capacity to increase accumulation of specific tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction proteins, and also protect against their loss after injury. Here we asked if AMP peptide could protect the oral mucosa and speed healing from radiation-induced injury. We found AMP peptide prevented radiation-induced OM in a murine model. The peptide also stimulated HaCaT cell growth used to model the oral mucosa. Binding of recombinant human (rh) AMP-18 to the plasma membrane of keratinocytes in normal human oral mucosal tissue suggested that its effects may be receptor mediated. Using an immobilized His-tagged rhAMP-18 fusion protein the receptor was identified as the cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor (CCKBR) by affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis. CCKBR was expressed and co-immunoprecipitated with exogenous rhAMP-18 in diverse epithelial cell lines. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that rhAMP-18 colocalized with CCKBR on the surface of CCKBR-transfected cells. Furthermore, rhAMP-18-stimulated signaling pathways were blocked by a CCKBR-specific antagonist, YM022. rhAMP-18 enhanced viability and growth of CCKBR-transfected, but not empty vector-transfected cells. These results suggest the importance of epithelial junctional integrity in the pathogenesis of OM and demonstrate that AMP-18, by targeting TJ proteins through the activation of CCKBR, could provide a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
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El-Kouhen K, Morisset J. Cholecystokinin and Somatostatin Negatively Affect Growth of the Somatostatin-RIN-14B Cells. Int J Endocrinol 2009; 2009:875167. [PMID: 20011057 PMCID: PMC2778184 DOI: 10.1155/2009/875167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
With the exclusive presence of the pancreatic CCK-2 receptors on the pancreatic delta cells of six different species, this study was undertaken to determine the role of cholecystokinin and gastrin on growth of these somatostatin (SS) cells. For this study, the SS-RIN-14B cells were used in culture and their growth was evaluated by cell counting. Results. To our surprise, we established by Western blot that these RIN cells possess the two CCK receptor subtypes, CCK-1 and CCK-2. Occupation of the CCK-1 receptors by caerulein, a CCK analog, led to inhibition of cell proliferation, an effect prevented by a specific CCK-1 receptor antagonist. Occupation of the CCK-2 receptors by the gastrin agonist pentagastrin had no effect on cell growth. Proliferation was not affected by SS released from these cells but was inhibited by exogenous SS. Conclusions. Growth of the SS-RIN-14B cells can be negatively affected by occupation of their CCK-1 receptors and by exogenous somatostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim El-Kouhen
- Service de Gastroentréologie, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Jean Morisset
- Service de Gastroentréologie, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4
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Yu HG, Schäfer H, Mergler S, Müerköster S, Cramer T, Höcker M, Herzig KH, Schmidt WE, Schmitz F. Valine-286 residue in the third intracellular loop of the cholecystokinin 2 receptor exerts a pivotal role in cholecystokinin 2 receptor mediated intracellular signal transduction in human colon cancer cells. Cell Signal 2006; 17:1505-15. [PMID: 15951156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although expression of the gastrin/cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R) is widely reported in human colorectal cancer, little is known on its role in mediating mature amidated gastrin (gastrin-17 amide, G-17) induced intracellular signal transduction in colon cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to explore the intracellular events of colorectal cancer cells after gastrin binding to CCK2R. Meanwhile, the influence of a natural point mutation 286V-->F in the third intracellular loop of CCK2R on gastrin-envoked intracellular signal transduction was also investigated. Firstly, Colo320 cells were stably transfected with wild type (Colo320 WT) and mutant CCK2R (Colo320 M), respectively. The intracellular signal transduction events in response to gastrin were investigated in both Colo320 WT and Colo320 M cells. In Colo320 WT cells, G-17 induced formation of intracellular cyclic AMP and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and stimulated intracellular calcium mobilization. G-17 also stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of ERKl/2, p38, FAK, and paxillin, and up-regulated the mRNA expression of early response gene c-Jun and c-Fos. However, G-17 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in Colo320 WT cells. Mutation 286V-->F in the third intracellular loop of CCK2R blocked G-17 induced biological without affecting binding affinity of CCK2R to G-17. Our results suggest that activation of CCK2R by gastrin stimulates heterotrimeric G-protein Gq and G(12/13) mediated intracellular signal transduction pathway in colon cancer cells. The valine-287 residue in third intracellular loop of CCK2R plays a pivotal role in CCK2R mediated intracellular signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gang Yu
- Laboratory for Experimental Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, D-44791 Bochum
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13
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Abstract
Cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors (CCK1R and CCK2R) are G protein-coupled receptors that have been the subject of intensive research in the last 10 years with corresponding advances in the understanding of their functioning and physiology. In this review, we first describe general properties of the receptors, such as the different signaling pathways used to exert short- and long-term effects and the structural data that explain their binding properties, activation, and regulation. We then focus on peripheral cholecystokinin receptors by describing their tissue distribution and physiological actions. Finally, pathophysiological peripheral actions of cholecystokinin receptors and their relevance in clinical disorders are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Dufresne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U. 531, Institut Louis Bugnard, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, France
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Sturany S, Van Lint J, Gilchrist A, Vandenheede JR, Adler G, Seufferlein T. Mechanism of activation of protein kinase D2(PKD2) by the CCK(B)/gastrin receptor. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:29431-6. [PMID: 12058027 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200934200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we cloned a novel serine/threonine kinase termed protein kinase D2 (PKD2). PKD2 can be activated by phorbol esters both in vivo and in vitro but also by gastrin via the cholecystokinin/CCK(B) receptor in human gastric cancer cells stably transfected with the CCK(B)/gastrin receptor (AGS-B cells). Here we identify the mechanisms of gastrin-induced PKD2 activation in AGS-B cells. PKD2 phosphorylation in response to gastrin was rapid, reaching a maximum after 10 min of incubation. Our data demonstrate that gastrin-stimulated PKD2 activation involves a heterotrimeric G alpha(q) protein as well as the activation of phospholipase C. Furthermore, we show that PKD2 can be activated by classical and novel members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family such as PKC alpha, PKC epsilon, and PKC eta. These PKCs are activated by gastrin in AGS-B cells. Thus, PKD2 is likely to be a novel downstream target of specific PKCs upon the stimulation of AGS-B cells with gastrin. Our data suggest a two-step mechanism of activation of PKD2 via endogenously produced diacylglycerol and the activation of PKCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Sturany
- Department of Internal Medicine l, Medical University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Thommesen L, Hofsli E, Paulssen RH, Anthonsen MW, Laegreid A. Molecular mechanisms involved in gastrin-mediated regulation of cAMP-responsive promoter elements. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 281:E1316-25. [PMID: 11701448 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.6.e1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we explore the role of cAMP-responsive (CRE) promoter elements in gastrin-mediated gene activation. By using the minimal CRE promoter reporter plasmid, pCRELuc, we show that gastrin can activate CRE. This activation is blocked by H-89 and GF 109203x, which inhibit protein kinases A and C, respectively. Moreover, Ca(2+)-activated pathways seem to be involved, because the calmodulin inhibitor W-7 reduced gastrin-mediated activation of pCRELuc. Deletion of CRE from the c-fos promoter rendered this promoter completely unresponsive to gastrin, indicating that CRE plays a central role in c-fos transactivation. Interestingly, gastrin-induced expression of the inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER), a gene that is known to be regulated by CRE promoter elements, was not reduced by H-89, W-7, or GF 109203x. Furthermore, bandshift analyses indicated that the region of the ICER promoter containing the CRE-like elements CARE 3-4 binds transcription factors that are not members of the CRE-binding protein-CRE modulator protein-activating transcription factor, or CREB/CREM/ATF-1, family. Our results underline the significance of the CRE promoter element in gastrin-mediated gene regulation and indicate that a variety of signaling mechanisms are involved, depending on the CRE promoter context.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Thommesen
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Abstract
Rat islets express several isoforms of adenylyl cyclase (AC), and the regulation of AC activity in isolated islets by Ca(2+) and protein kinase C (PKC) was investigated. At basal 2.8 mmol/l glucose, the muscarinic receptor agonist carbamylcholine chloride (CCh) evoked a concentration-dependent increase in cAMP generation with a maximum increase at least 4.5-fold above control. In contrast, forskolin and glucagon-like peptide 1 fragment 7-36 amide increased cAMP accumulation 23-fold and almost 10-fold, respectively. Cholecystokinin 26-33 sulfated amide (CCK) also stimulated cAMP production by up to eightfold, as did the phorbol ester, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu). PDBu and CCh or CCK responses were not additive. The effects of phorbol ester, CCh, and CCK were inhibited by as much as 75% by the PKC inhibitors GF 109203X and Ro-32-0432 and after PKC downregulation. In the absence of extracellular Ca(2+), PDBu-, CCh-, and CCK-induced cAMP production was inhibited by approximately 50% in each case. Chelation of intracellular Ca(2+) with 1,2-bis(o-amino-5-fluorophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetraacetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA/AM) inhibited CCh- and CCK-stimulated cAMP generation by approximately 50% but did not inhibit the stimulatory effect of PDBu. Stringent Ca(2+) depletion by removal of extracellular Ca(2+) and inclusion of BAPTA/AM allowed for increased cAMP production in response to CCh and CCK; PKC inhibitors and PKC downregulation prevented this stimulation. Glucose stimulation also increased islet cAMP production, but PDBu did not potentiate the glucose response. The results suggest that Ca(2+) influx, Ca(2+) mobilization, and PKC activation play important roles in the modulation of AC activity in pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, the State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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Stantchev TS, Broder CC. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and chemokines: beyond competition for common cellular receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2001; 12:219-43. [PMID: 11325604 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(00)00033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemokines and their receptors have been receiving exceptional attention in recent years following the discoveries that some chemokines could specifically block human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and that certain chemokine receptors were the long-sought coreceptors which, along with CD4, are required for the productive entry of HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates. Several chemokine receptors or orphan chemokine receptor-like molecules can support the entry of various viral strains, but the clinical significance of the CXCR4 and CCR5 coreceptors appear to overshadow a critical role for any of the other coreceptors and all HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains best employ one or both of these coreceptors. Binding of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 subunit to CD4 and/or an appropriate chemokine receptor triggers conformational changes in the envelope glycoprotein oligomer that allow it to facilitate the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. During these interactions, gp120 appears to be capable of inducing a variety of signaling events, all of which are still not defined in detail. In addition, the more recently observed dichotomous effects, of both inhibition and enhancement, that chemokines and their receptor signaling events elicit on the HIV-1 entry and replication processes has once again highlighted the intricate and complex balance of factors that govern the pathogenic process. Here, we will review and discuss these new observations summarizing the potential significance these processes may have in HIV-1 infection. Understanding the complexities and significance of the signaling processes that the chemokines and viral products induce may substantially enhance our understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis, and perhaps facilitate the discovery of new ways for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Stantchev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
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