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Moreira AJ, Rodrigues GR, Bona S, Fratta LXS, Weber GR, Picada JN, Dos Santos JL, Cerski CT, Marroni CA, Marroni NP. Ductular reaction, cytokeratin 7 positivity, and gamma-glutamyl transferase in multistage hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:911-920. [PMID: 27525410 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver and is characterized by multistage formation. The presence of ductular reaction, cytokeratin 7 positivity (PCK7), and increased levels of gamma glutamyltransferase (γGT) has been observed during liver carcinogenesis and contribute to tumor progression. Our goal was to evaluate the ductular reaction in multistage carcinogenesis and to correlate PCK7 and γGT levels with tumor incidence, histological characteristics, liver DNA damage index, and the expression of oxidative stress proteins. HCC was induced in 24 male Wistar rats weighing 145-150 g by chronic and intermittent exposure to 50 or 100 mg/kg diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Six control animals received only vehicle. Blood was collected to determine hepatic enzyme levels. Animals were divided into three groups: control (CO), precancerous lesions (PL), and advanced HCC. Liver samples were obtained for immunohistochemical analyses and the measurement of protein expression. Statistical analyses included Tukey's test and Pearson's correlation analyses. We observed an extensive ductular reaction in advanced HCC and a strong correlation between PCK7 and levels of γGT and the poor prognosis and aggressiveness of HCC. The extent of PCK7 and high γGT levels were associated with overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and heat shock factor protein 1 (HSF-1). However, PCK7 and γGT levels were negatively correlated with protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and inducible heat shock protein 70 (iHSP70). These findings suggest that ductular reaction is involved in the progression of multistage hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Janz Moreira
- Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Physical Therapy of Porto Alegre Institute, IPA, Rua Joaquim Pedro Salgado, 80, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Graziella Ramos Rodrigues
- Gene Therapy Center, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Silvia Bona
- Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leila Xavier Sinigaglia Fratta
- Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovana Regina Weber
- Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Jorge Luiz Dos Santos
- Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Pediatric Hepatology Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Thadeu Cerski
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Claudio Augusto Marroni
- Program in Liver Diseases, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Norma Possa Marroni
- Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Biological Sciences: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Canoas, Brazil.
- , Rua José Kanan Aranha 102, 91760-470, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Endotoxemia exacerbates kidney injury and increases asymmetric dimethylarginine in young bile duct-ligated rats. Shock 2012; 37:441-8. [PMID: 22193869 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e318244b787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cirrhosis increases the risk of kidney injury and sepsis, leading to increased mortality. Elevated levels of plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) occur in patients critically ill with cirrhosis, renal failure, and sepsis. We used a rat model of cirrhosis with superimposed sepsis to assess the relationship of plasma and tissue ADMA profiles with acute kidney injury and survival. Seventeen-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 37) were randomly assigned to four groups: (1) sham operation plus diet control (n = 6); (2) bile duct ligation (BDL, n = 8); (3) sham operation plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS, n = 9); and (4) BDL plus LPS (n = 14). Lipopolysaccharide was given by intraperitoneal injection (1 mg/kg in saline) 3 h before sacrifice. All rats were sacrificed 14 days after surgery. Lipopolysaccharide increased the rate of BDL-associated death and dysfunction of the liver and kidneys. These results were supported by increased levels of plasma ADMA and a decreased L-arginine/ADMA ratio (AAR). Plasma and tissue levels of ADMA and AAR were not correlated. Lipopolysaccharide restored BDL-induced ADMA level elevation in the liver but increased ADMA level in the kidneys. Lipopolysaccharide increased hepatic AAR, decreased renal AAR, and paradoxically mediated the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-β in the liver and kidneys. A novel mechanism underlies the LPS-mediated L-arginine-ADMA-nitric oxide pathway activation and exacerbation of kidney injury and mortality in our BDL model. In the presence of cirrhosis with superimposed sepsis, simultaneous lowering of ADMA levels and enhancement of L-arginine levels to restore plasma and renal AARs may be an optimal strategy for the treatment of kidney injury.
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Abstract
AIM In patients with cirrhosis, endotoxemia is frequent and the vitally important capacity for urea synthesis is impaired. The patients' mortality of infection is markedly increased, which could be related to adverse metabolic effects of endotoxins. The effects of endotoxins on in vivo urea synthesis and on urea cycle genes during cirrhosis are unknown. METHODS We examined the effects of a low dose of 0.5 mg/kg ip lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the basal urea nitrogen synthesis rate (UNSR), the capacity of urea nitrogen synthesis (CUNS), liver tissue mRNA levels of urea cycle enzyme genes, and on the metabolic liver function measured by the galactose elimination capacity (GEC) in rats with cirrhosis induced by bile duct ligation and in control animals. RESULTS LPS and cirrhosis + LPS decreased UNSR by 40% (P < 0.05). Cirrhosis and LPS each tended to decrease CUNS and cirrhosis + LPS decreased CUNS by 40% (P < 0.05). Cirrhosis and LPS each decreased the mRNA level of the gene for the flux-generating urea cycle enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) and the mRNA for the rate-limiting urea cycle enzyme arginine succinate synthetase (ASS) (P < 0.05). Cirrhosis + LPS left the mRNA level of CPS unchanged and decreased that of ASS (P < 0.05). The GEC did not differ among the study groups. CONCLUSION Endotoxemia in rats with experimental cirrhosis markedly impaired the ability of the animals' livers to synthesize urea, suggesting a pathophysiological mechanism underlying the severe consequences of endotoxemia in human cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schouw Nielsen
- Department of Medicine V (Hepatology and Gastroenterology), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Natarajan SK, Basivireddy J, Ramachandran A, Thomas S, Ramamoorthy P, Pulimood AB, Jacob M, Balasubramanian KA. Renal damage in experimentally-induced cirrhosis in rats: Role of oxygen free radicals. Hepatology 2006; 43:1248-56. [PMID: 16729302 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cirrhosis with ascites is associated with impaired renal function accompanied by sodium and water retention. Although it has been suggested that mediators such as nitric oxide play a role in the development of renal failure in this situation, other mechanisms underlying the process are not well understood. This study examined the role of oxidative stress in mediating renal damage during the development of cirrhosis in order to understand mechanisms involved in the process. It was shown that carbon tetrachloride- or thioacetamide-induced cirrhosis in rats results in oxidative stress in the kidney as seen by increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, accompanied by altered antioxidant status. Cirrhosis was also found to affect renal mitochondrial function, as assessed by measurement of the respiratory control ratio, the swelling of mitochondria, and calcium flux across mitochondrial membranes. Increased lipid peroxidation and changes in lipid composition were evident in the renal brush border membranes, with compromised transport of 14C glucose across these membranes. In conclusion, renal alterations produced as a result of cirrhosis in the rat are possibly mediated by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kumar Natarajan
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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