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Klimovich AA, Styshova ON, Popov AM, Moskvina TV, Tsybulsky AV, Derunov DA, Stonik VA. Experimental Study of Therapeutic Efficacy of the Topical Preparation «Kourochitin» in Skin Allergy. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817666200316155643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The researchers of PIBOC RAS developed the dermo-protective topical
drug called «Kourochitin», active substance of which is known quinazoline alkaloid tryptanthrin. In
the present work, therapeutic efficacy of this drug in the treatment of allergic dermatosis was evaluated.
Methods:
Dermo-protective action of «Kourochitin» was studied in tow murine models: 2, 4- dinitrofluorobenzene-
induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and imiquimod-induced psoriasis.
Results and Discussion:
In a model ACD, it was shown that «Kourochitin» exhibits the curative
action on pathophysiological, hematological and immunological parameters in ACD. Namely,
«Kourochitin» 1) reduces the level of erythema in the allergen damaged skin area and increases the
healing index of the epidermis; 2) normalizes the content of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes in
the blood of experimental animals; 3) inhibits the production of main pro-inflammatory cytokines:
interleukins - 1 and 2, interferon-gamma, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In
a murine model of imiquimod-induced psoriasis, it was shown that «Kourochitin» application led to
reduction in psoriasis severity on the inflamed epidermis of experimental animals. Additionally, in
veterinary research, «Kourochitin»-treatment of canine atopic dermatitis almost completely eliminated
signs of allergic manifestations on the epidermis.
Conclusion:
The obtained data suggest that «Kourochitin» as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and
wound healing remedy is a potential drug for therapy of various dermatological diseases, in particular
allergic skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Anatolievna Klimovich
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, st. pr. 100 let Vladivostoku 159/2, Vladivostok 690022, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Nikolaevna Styshova
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, st. pr. 100 let Vladivostoku 159/2, Vladivostok 690022, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Mikhailovich Popov
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, st. pr. 100 let Vladivostoku 159/2, Vladivostok 690022, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | - Valentin Aronovich Stonik
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, st. pr. 100 let Vladivostoku 159/2, Vladivostok 690022, Russian Federation
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Lin CJ, Chang YL, Yang YL, Chen YL. Natural alkaloid tryptanthrin exhibits novel anticryptococcal activity. Med Mycol 2020; 59:myaa074. [PMID: 32823278 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis is a prevalent invasive fungal infection that causes around 180 000 deaths annually. Currently, treatment for cryptococcal meningitis is limited and new therapeutic options are needed. Historically, medicinal plants are used to treat infectious and inflammatory skin infections. Tryptanthrin is a natural product commonly found in these plants. In this study, we demonstrated that tryptanthrin had antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 μg/ml against Cryptococcus species and of 8 μg/ml against Trichophyton rubrum. Further analysis demonstrated that tryptanthrin exerted fungistatic and potent antifungal activity at elevated temperature. In addition, tryptanthrin exhibited a synergistic effect with the calcineurin inhibitors FK506 and cyclosporine A against Cryptococcus neoformans. Furthermore, our data showed that tryptanthrin induced cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase by regulating the expression of genes encoding cyclins and the SBF/MBF complex (CLN1, MBS1, PCL1, and WHI5) in C. neoformans. Screening of a C. neoformans mutant library further revealed that tryptanthrin was associated with various transporters and signaling pathways such as the calcium transporter (Pmc1) and protein kinase A signaling pathway. In conclusion, tryptanthrin exerted novel antifungal activity against Cryptococcus species through a mechanism that interferes with the cell cycle and signaling pathways. LAY SUMMARY The natural product tryptanthrin had antifungal activity against Cryptococcus species by interfering cell cycle and exerted synergistic effects with immunosuppressants FK506 and cyclosporine A. Our findings suggest that tryptanthrin may be a potential drug or adjuvant for the treatment of cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jan Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lin Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lien Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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Isolation and Antibacterial Activity of Indole Alkaloids from Pseudomonas aeruginosa UWI-1. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163744. [PMID: 32824432 PMCID: PMC7464872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the first isolation of three antibiotic indole alkaloid compounds from a Pseudomonad bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa UWI-1. The bacterium was batch fermented in a modified Luria Broth medium and compounds were solvent extracted and isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation. The three compounds were identified as (1) tris(1H-indol-3-yl) methylium, (2) bis(indol-3-yl) phenylmethane, and (3) indolo (2, 1b) quinazoline-6, 12 dione. A combination of 1D and 2D NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry data and comparison from related data from the literature was used to determine the chemical structures of the compounds. Compounds 1–3 were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial activities against a wide range of microorganisms using the broth microdilution technique. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed antibacterial activity against only Gram-positive pathogens, although 1 had significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values than 2. Compound 3 displayed potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a range of Gram positive and negative bacteria. Several genes identified from the genome of P. aeruginosa UWI-1 were postulated to contribute to the biosynthesis of these compounds and we attempted to outline a possible route for bacterial synthesis. This study demonstrated the extended metabolic capability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in synthesizing new chemotypes of bioactive compounds.
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Mexia N, Koutrakis S, He G, Skaltsounis AL, Denison MS, Magiatis P. A Biomimetic, One-Step Transformation of Simple Indolic Compounds to Malassezia-Related Alkaloids with High AhR Potency and Efficacy. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2238-2249. [PMID: 31647221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia furfur isolates from diseased skin preferentially biosynthesize compounds which are among the most active known aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) inducers, such as indirubin, tryptanthrin, indolo[3,2-b]carbazole, and 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole. In our effort to study their production from Malassezia spp., we investigated the role of indole-3-carbaldehyde (I3A), the most abundant metabolite of Malassezia when grown on tryptophan agar, as a possible starting material for the biosynthesis of the alkaloids. Treatment of I3A with H2O2 and use of catalysts like diphenyldiselenide resulted in the simultaneous one-step transformation of I3A to indirubin and tryptanthrin in good yields. The same reaction was first applied on simple indole and then on substituted indoles and indole-3-carbaldehydes, leading to a series of mono- and bisubstituted indirubins and tryptanthrins bearing halogens, alkyl, or carbomethoxy groups. Afterward, they were evaluated for their AhR agonist activity in recombinant human and mouse hepatoma cell lines containing a stably transfected AhR-response luciferase reporter gene. Among them, 3,9-dibromotryptanthrin was found to be equipotent to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as an AhR agonist, and 3-bromotryptanthrin was 10-times more potent than TCDD in the human HG2L7.5c1 cell line. In contrast, 3,9-dibromotryptanthrin and 3-bromotryptanthrin were ∼4000 and >10,000 times less potent than TCDD in the mouse H1L7.5c3 cell line, respectively, demonstrating that they are species-specific AhR agonists. Involvement of the AhR in the action of 3-bromotryptanthrin was confirmed by the ability of the AhR antagonists CH223191 and SR1 to inhibit 3-bromotryptanthrin-dependent reporter gene induction in human HG2L7.5c1 cells. In conclusion, I3A can be the starting material used by Malassezia for the production of both indirubin and tryptanthrin through an oxidation mechanism, and modification of these compounds can produce some highly potent, efficacious and species-selective AhR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikitia Mexia
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Stamatis Koutrakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Guochun He
- Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Michael S Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens 15771 , Greece.,Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Oxenkrug G, Summergrad P. Benserazide, an Inhibitor of Peripheral Kynurenine Metabolism, Attenuates Olanzapine-Induced Weight Gain, Insulin Resistance, and Dyslipidemia in C57Bl/6j Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:135-138. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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Amara R, Awad H, Chaker D, Bentabed‐Ababsa G, Lassagne F, Erb W, Chevallier F, Roisnel T, Dorcet V, Fajloun Z, Vidal J, Mongin F. Conversion of Isatins to Tryptanthrins, Heterocycles Endowed with a Myriad of Bioactivities. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rim Amara
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella BP 1524 El M'Naouer 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Haçan Awad
- Faculty of Sciences 3 Lebanese University Campus El‐Kobbeh Tripoli Lebanon
| | - Diana Chaker
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, EDST Lebanese University 1300 Tripoli Lebanon
| | - Ghenia Bentabed‐Ababsa
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella BP 1524 El M'Naouer 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Frédéric Lassagne
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - William Erb
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Floris Chevallier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Vincent Dorcet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Faculty of Sciences 3 Lebanese University Campus El‐Kobbeh Tripoli Lebanon
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, EDST Lebanese University 1300 Tripoli Lebanon
| | - Joëlle Vidal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Florence Mongin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
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7
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Mane AH, Patil AD, Kamat SR, Salunkhe RS. Biocatalyst Mediated Synthesis of Tryptanthrins Performed Under Ultrasonication. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ananda H. Mane
- Department of ChemistryShivaji University Kolhapur 416004, M.S. India
| | - Audumbar D. Patil
- Department of ChemistryShivaji University Kolhapur 416004, M.S. India
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Weng T, Qiu X, Wang J, Li Z, Bian J. Recent discovery of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors targeting cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:656-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Bock KW. Homeostatic control of xeno- and endobiotics in the drug-metabolizing enzyme system. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Liao X, Zhou X, Mak NK, Leung KN. Tryptanthrin inhibits angiogenesis by targeting the VEGFR2-mediated ERK1/2 signalling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82294. [PMID: 24358167 PMCID: PMC3864955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key step for tumour growth and metastasis, and anti-angiogenesis has been proposed as an important strategy for cancer therapy. Tryptanthrin is a weakly basic alkaloid isolated from the dried roots of medicinal indigo plants and has been shown to possess anti-tumour activities on various cancer cell types. This study aims to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenic activities of tryptanthrin and to unravel its underlying molecular action mechanisms. Our results show that tryptanthrin inhibited the in vitro proliferation, migration, and tube formation of the human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) in a concentration-dependent manner and significantly suppressed angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs in mice. Mechanistic studies indicated that tryptanthrin reduced the expression of several pro-angiogenic factors (Ang-1, PDGFB and MMP2). Tryptanthrin was also found to suppress the VEGFR2-mediated ERK1/2 signalling pathway in HMEC-1 cells and molecular docking simulation indicated that tryptanthrin could bound to the ATP-binding site of VEGFR2. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that tryptanthrin exhibited both in vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenic activities by targeting the VEGFR2-mediated ERK1/2 signalling pathway and might have therapeutic potential for the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liao
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
| | - Xuelin Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
| | - Nai-ki Mak
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, HKSAR, China
| | - Kwok-nam Leung
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
- * E-mail:
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Yang S, Li X, Hu F, Li Y, Yang Y, Yan J, Kuang C, Yang Q. Discovery of Tryptanthrin Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase with Therapeutic Activity in Lewis Lung Cancer (LLC) Tumor-Bearing Mice. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8321-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401195n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Yang
- State Key
Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School
of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xishuai Li
- State Key
Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School
of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fangfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road
1239, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yinlong Li
- State Key
Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School
of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- State Key
Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School
of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junkai Yan
- State Key
Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School
of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunxiang Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road
1239, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key
Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School
of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai 200433, China
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Bock KW. The human Ah receptor: hints from dioxin toxicities to deregulated target genes and physiological functions. Biol Chem 2013; 394:729-39. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Marked species differences of dioxin toxicity prompted the review of three well-studied human dioxin toxicities (chloracne, inflammation and cancer) and deregulated Ah receptor (AhR) target genes to obtain hints as to the physiological functions of this receptor. Dioxin here stands for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Microarray analysis of dermal cysts from a dioxin-poisoned patient revealed, in addition to induced CYP1A1, increased expression of gremlin, an antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins. Dioxin-mediated skin and intestinal inflammation is associated with deregulated T cell differentiation. In the supernatant of CD4+ T cells obtained from the dioxin-poisoned patient, increased interleukin-22 was detected, a cytokine that may be controlled in part by AhR-regulated Notch. Cancer is one of the long-term consequences of chronic inflammation. In line with dioxin-sensitive lymphoid tissue, enhanced death of lymphoid cancer was observed in the dioxin-exposed Seveso population 25 years after poisoning. Accumulating evidence suggests that endogenous AhR ligands, notably the tryptophan photoproduct 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole, in contrast to TCDD, is rapidly metabolized by AhR-induced CYP1A1. The feedback loop between 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole, AhR and CYP1A1 guarantees transient activation that, in contrast to sustained activation by TCDD, may be essential for a putative role of the AhR in stem/progenitor cell homeostasis.
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Jahng Y. Progress in the studies on tryptanthrin, an alkaloid of history. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:517-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liao X, Leung KN. Tryptanthrin induces growth inhibition and neuronal differentiation in the human neuroblastoma LA-N-1 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:512-21. [PMID: 23500671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common extracranial solid cancers found in young children. The prognosis of neuroblastoma patients in advanced stages having N-myc amplification remains poor despite intensive multimodal therapy. Agents that trigger neuroblastoma cells to undergo cellular differentiation and thereby stop proliferation have attracted considerable interest as an alternative therapy. Tryptanthrin (12-dihydro-6,12-dioxoindolo-(2,1-b)-quinazoline) is a weakly basic alkaloid isolated from the dried roots of medicinal indigo plants known as Banlangen. It has been shown to possess various biological activities, such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. However, its effects and mechanism(s) of action on human neuroblastoma cells remain poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of tryptanthrin on the growth and differentiation of human neuroblastoma LA-N-1 cells with N-myc amplification. Our results show that tryptanthrin inhibited the growth of the human neuroblastoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies indicated that tryptanthrin induced cell cycle arrest of the human neuroblastoma LA-N-1 cells at the G0/G1 phase. Tryptanthrin also induced neuronal differentiation of LA-N-1 cells, as assessed by morphological criteria, enhancement of acetylcholine esterase activity and up-regulation of various differentiation markers. Moreover, tryptanthrin treatment led to the significant reduction of N-myc expression in LA-N-1 cells while siRNA directed against N-myc induced morphological differentiation of LA-N-1 cells. These results, when taken together, suggest that tryptanthrin suppressed the growth and induced neuronal differentiation in the human neuroblastoma LA-N-1 cells and might be exploited as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of high-risk neuroblastomas with N-myc-amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liao
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
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15
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Malassezia yeasts produce a collection of exceptionally potent activators of the Ah (dioxin) receptor detected in diseased human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2023-30. [PMID: 23448877 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia yeasts are commensal microorganisms, which under insufficiently understood conditions can become pathogenic. We have previously shown that specific strains isolated from diseased human skin can preferentially produce agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), whose activation has been linked to certain skin diseases. Investigation of skin scale extracts from patients with Malassezia-associated diseases demonstrated 10- to 1,000-fold higher AhR-activating capacity than control skin extracts. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the patients' extracts revealed the presence of indirubin, 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ), malassezin, and pityriacitrin. The same compounds were also identified in 9 out of 12 Malassezia species culture extracts tested, connecting their presence in skin scales with this yeast. Studying the activity of the Malassezia culture extracts and pure metabolites in HaCaT cells by reverse transcriptase real-time PCR revealed significant alterations in mRNA levels of the endogenous AhR-responsive genes Cyp1A1, Cyp1B1, and AhRR. Indirubin- and FICZ-activated AhR in HaCaT and human HepG2 cells with significantly higher, yet transient, potency as compared with the prototypical AhR ligand, dioxin. In loco synthesis of these highly potent AhR inducers by Malassezia yeasts could have a significant impact on skin homeostatic mechanisms and disease development.
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Abstract
In the last 15 years, the genus Malassezia has been a topic of intense basic research on taxonomy, physiology, biochemistry, ecology, immunology, and metabolomics. Currently, the genus encompasses 14 species. The 1996 revision of the genus resulted in seven accepted taxa: M. furfur, M. pachydermatis, M. sympodialis, M. globosa, M. obtusa, M. restricta, and M. slooffiae. In the last decade, seven new taxa isolated from healthy and lesional human and animal skin have been accepted: M. dermatis, M. japonica, M. yamatoensis, M. nana, M. caprae, M. equina, and M. cuniculi. However, forthcoming multidisciplinary research is expected to show the etiopathological relationships between these new species and skin diseases. Hitherto, basic and clinical research has established etiological links between Malassezia yeasts, pityriasis versicolor, and sepsis of neonates and immunocompromised individuals. Their role in aggravating seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, folliculitis, and onychomycosis, though often supported by histopathological evidence and favorable antifungal therapeutic outcomes, remains under investigation. A close association between skin and Malassezia IgE binding allergens in atopic eczema has been shown, while laboratory data support a role in psoriasis exacerbations. Finally, metabolomic research resulted in the proposal of a hypothesis on the contribution of Malassezia-synthesized aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands to basal cell carcinoma through UV radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
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James R. INCINERATION: WHY THIS MAY BE THE MOST ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND METHOD OF RENAL HEALTHCARE WASTE DISPOSAL. J Ren Care 2010; 36:161-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-6686.2010.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cytotoxicity and reversal of multidrug resistance by tryptanthrin-derived indoloquinazolines. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:259-64. [PMID: 20139909 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects and elucidate the mechanisms of a series of indoloquinazolines as novel anticancer agents. METHODS Condensation of the substituted isatoic anhydride with the substituted isatin was performed to prepare compounds 1-4, followed by adding malononitrile to prepare compounds 5-7. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assays. Apoptosis induction was evaluated using DNA fragmentation, cell cycle assay, caspase 3/7 activity and Western blot. RESULTS Compounds 3, 4, and 5 display cytotoxicity against MCF-7, HeLa, SKOV3, and A498 cancer cells. DNA ladders appear in cells treated with compounds 3, 4, and 5. Within those, compound 4 exhibits the greatest activity in regards to sub-G(1) accumulations in the cell cycle and the activation of caspase-3/7. Furthermore, Fas and Fas ligand levels are elevated by compound 4, implying that the apoptosis is in part mediated through the signals. On the other hand, compounds 1 and 7 display chemosensitizing activity since cytotoxicity of doxorubicine and etoposide is enhanced in combination with compound 1 and 7, respectively, in MCF-7/adr (doxorubicin-resistant) and MCF-7/vp (etoposide-resistant). CONCLUSION The cytotoxicity of indoloquinazolines is structure-dependent rather than cell type-dependent due to the similar degree of cytotoxicity induced by the individual compounds in all four cell lines. Further modification of the tryptanthrin skeleton is important to develop novel anticancer agents bearing either cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells or drug resistance reversal in MCF-7/adr and MCF-7/vp.
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19
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Lee SK, Kim GH, Kim DH, Kim DH, Jahng Y, Jeong TC. Identification of a tryptanthrin metabolite in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1991-5. [PMID: 17917280 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tryptanthrin originally isolated from Isatis tinctoria L. has been characterized to have anti-inflammatory activities through the dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase mediated prostaglandin and leukotriene syntheses. To characterize phase I metabolite(s), tryptanthrin was incubated with rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH-generating system. One metabolite was identified by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. M1 could be identified as a metabolite mono-hydroxylated on the aromatic ring of indole moiety from the MS(2) spectra of protonated tryptanthrin and M1. The structure of metabolite was confirmed as 8-hydroxytryptanthrin with a chemically synthesized authentic standard. The formation of M1 was NADPH-dependent and was inhibited by SKF-525A, a general CYP-inhibitor, indicating the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated reaction. In addition, it was proposed that M1 might be formed by CYP 1A in rat liver microsomes from the experiments with enriched rat liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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20
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Chen GS, Bhagwat BV, Liao PY, Chen HT, Lin SB, Chern JW. Specific stabilization of DNA triple helices by indolo[2,1-b]quinazolin-6,12-dione derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1769-72. [PMID: 17239588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of indolo[2,1-b]quinazolinone containing aminoalkylamino side chains were synthesized as specific DNA triplex stabilizing agents. The aminoalkylamino side chains are essential for triplex stabilization. The position-8 fluorine atom or a methyl group to the nitrogen adjacent to the planar core can enhance triplex stability by 6 degrees C and the effect is additive. Conformational analysis reveals that the orientation of the side chain underlies the ability of this compound to stabilize a DNA triplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Shiahuy Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Sha-Lu 43301, Taiwan, ROC
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21
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Mukai M, Tischkau SA. Effects of tryptophan photoproducts in the circadian timing system: searching for a physiological role for aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Toxicol Sci 2006; 95:172-81. [PMID: 17020875 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates adverse effects of dioxins, but its physiological role remains ambiguous. The similarity between AhR and canonical circadian clock genes suggests potential involvement of AhR in regulation of circadian timing. Photoproducts of tryptophan (TRP), including 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), have high affinity for AhR and are postulated as endogenous ligands. Although TRP photoproducts activate AhR signaling in vitro, their effects in vivo have not been investigated in mammals. Because TRP photoproducts may act as transducers of light, we examined their effects on the circadian clock. Intraperitoneal injection of TRP photoproducts or FICZ to C57BL/6J mice dose dependently induced AhR downstream targets, cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and cytochrome P4501B1 mRNA expression, in liver. c-fos mRNA, a commonly used marker for light responses, was also induced with FICZ, and all responses were AhR dependent. A rat-immortalized suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) cell line, SCN 2.2, was used to examine the direct effect of TRP photoproducts on the molecular clock. Both TRP photoproducts and FICZ-increased CYP1A1 expression and prolonged FICZ incubation altered the circadian expression of clock genes (Per1, Cry1, and Cry2) in SCN 2.2 cells. Furthermore, FICZ inhibited glutamate-induced phase shifting of the mouse SCN electrical activity rhythm. Circadian light entrainment is critical for adjustment of the endogenous rhythm to environmental light cycle. Our results reveal a potential for TRP photoproducts to modulate light-dependent regulation of circadian rhythm through triggering of AhR signaling. This may lead to further understanding of toxicity of dioxins and the role of AhR in circadian rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Mukai
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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22
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Bergander L, Wincent E, Rannug A, Foroozesh M, Alworth W, Rannug U. Metabolic fate of the Ah receptor ligand 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole. Chem Biol Interact 2004; 149:151-64. [PMID: 15501436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The physiological role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a member of the basic helix-loop-helix PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) transcription factor family is not known. We have suggested that the AhR is involved in light signaling through binding of photoproducts with high AhR affinity. This suggestion is based on (i) the high AhR affinity of the tryptophan photoproduct formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), (ii) the induction of rapid and transient expression of AhR-regulated genes by FICZ and by extracts of UV-irradiated tryptophan as well as (iii) the fact that light induces the AhR-regulated cytochrome P450s CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and CYP2S1. The transient mRNA expression caused by light and tryptophan photoproducts suggests that the biotransformation enzymes induced by AhR activation take part in a metabolic degradation of the natural AhR ligand. This study aimed at identifying the involvement of phase I and phase II enzymes in the metabolic degradation of FICZ. A cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of FICZ giving rise to preferentially mono- and di-hydroxylated derivatives has earlier been reported. In the present study, rat and human hepatic S9 mixes were employed together with specific enzyme inhibitors and cofactors. Compared to the Aroclor-induced rat liver S9, the non-induced rat liver S9 and the human liver S9 caused a more complex metabolite profile of FICZ. The CYP1A1 enzyme was confirmed to be the most important enzyme for the first step in the metabolism. CYP1A2 was found to have overlapping specificity with CYP1A1 being able to form the same major metabolites although with different kinetics. CYP1B1 turned out to be preferentially involved in the further metabolism of dihydroxylated metabolites. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and as yet not identified forms of sulphotransferases and glucuronosyltransferases were also found to take part in the metabolic degradation of FICZ. Thus, tryptophan photoproducts fit into a model in which the ligand-activated AhR signaling is autoregulated by the induced metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bergander
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Racky J, Schmitz HJ, Kauffmann HM, Schrenk D. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis and functional characterization of the human Ah receptor (AhR) gene promoter. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 421:91-8. [PMID: 14678789 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates biological and toxicological actions of e.g., halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Although much is known about the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of AhR action, little is known about the control of the expression of the AhR gene itself. Therefore, we aimed at the identification and characterization of regions important for constitutive AhR gene expression. First, we screened 2.6 kb of the 5(')-flanking region of the AhR gene in 91 healthy Caucasian volunteers for naturally occurring genetic variants. Seven variants were detected. However, they do not seem to influence AhR gene expression in lymphocytes. Using a 2.7 kb AhR promoter luciferase reporter gene construct and various deletion constructs, a putative regulatory region was identified and characterized further by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and site-directed mutagenesis. These investigations were confirmed by cotransfection experiments in Drosophila SL2 cells. The obtained results prove an involvement of Sp1 in AhR gene regulation.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Flanking Region/genetics
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cohort Studies
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Drosophila melanogaster
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Genotype
- Humans
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Male
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Racky
- Food Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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24
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Micallef MJ, Iwaki K, Ishihara T, Ushio S, Aga M, Kunikata T, Koya-Miyata S, Kimoto T, Ikeda M, Kurimoto M. The natural plant product tryptanthrin ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:565-78. [PMID: 11962735 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of tryptanthrin (TRYP), a natural product from the medicinal plant Polygonum tinctorium, were examined in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Colitis was induced by 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water for 7 days from day 0. TRYP (100 mg/kg) was administered orally suspended in 5% arabia gum everyday from day 3 for 5 days. Histopathological analysis showed reduced colon damage in TRYP-treated mice on day 6; however, colon injury resumed after treatment was stopped. The production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and nitric oxide (NO) by untreated and treated mouse colon tissues cultured in vitro were mostly unchanged by TRYP treatment. However, mitogen-stimulated spleen cells from TRYP-treated colitic mice produced less interleukin 2 (IL-2) and less interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) than untreated colitic mouse spleen cells, early after induction of colitis. When colitis was induced with 5% DSS for 7 days and TRYP was given to the mice for 8 days from day 3, TRYP enhanced the survival of the mice but results were not significant. A significant reduction of weight loss was observed in TRYP-treated mice with colitis induced by 5% DSS for 4 days as compared to control mice. Remarkably, whereas 90% of the vehicle-treated mice died from wasting disease, all the TRYP-treated mice survived, suggesting that TRYP may have a therapeutic effect on colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Micallef
- Fujisaki Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories Inc, Okayama, Japan.
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25
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Komura K, Hayashi S, Makino I, Poellinger L, Tanaka H. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor/dioxin receptor in human monocytes and macrophages. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 226:107-18. [PMID: 11768231 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012762519424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) belongs to the bHLH/PAS transcription factor family and is activated by various polycyclic or halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC). In the present study, we showed that in U937 cells and human macrophages AhR, with its partner cofactor Arnt, is expressed and CYP1A1 mRNA expression is induced in the presence of AhR ligand 3MC. Moreover, we showed that AhR, associating with Arnt, binds to target DNA sequences and activates transcription. Since part of AhR is activated into DNA binding species in the absence of exogenous ligand and competitive AhR antagonist alpha-naphthoflavone inhibits this activation process with reducing CYP1A1 mRNA expression levels, the presence of endogenous ligand is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Komura
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka Higashi, Japan
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26
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Kimoto T, Hino K, Koya-Miyata S, Yamamoto Y, Takeuchi M, Nishizaki Y, Micallef MJ, Ushio S, Iwaki K, Ikeda M, Kurimoto M. Cell differentiation and apoptosis of monocytic and promyelocytic leukemia cells (U-937 and HL-60) by tryptanthrin, an active ingredient of Polygonum tinctorium Lour. Pathol Int 2001; 51:315-25. [PMID: 11422788 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2001.01204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tryptanthrin, a bioactive ingredient of Polygonum tinctorium Lour., is a member of the Indigo plant family and has potent cytocidal effects on various human leukemia cells in vitro. At low concentrations, tryptanthrin enhanced the expression of cell differentiation (CD) markers in human monocytic (U-937) and promyelocytic (HL-60) leukemia cells indicative of differentiation to monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reductive and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (NBE) activities were markedly increased after treatment. Tryptanthrin was more potent than dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at inducing U-937 cell differentiation into monocytes/macrophages. After treatment with higher concentrations of tryptanthrin for 24 h, cytoplasmic vacuolation and destruction of mitochondria were observed. The leukemia cells died via apoptosis 48 h after treatment. Cytoplasmic vacuolation and apoptotic changes correlated with the dysfunction of mitochondria. Electron microscopic observations revealed marked swelling and destruction of mitochondria after exposure of the leukemia cells to tryptanthrin. Exposure to tryptanthrin enhanced Fas-induced apoptosis and increased caspase-3 activity before induction of apoptosis. These results show that low concentrations of tryptanthrin can induce differentiation of leukemia cells but higher concentrations will kill leukemia cells through apoptosis, possibly through a caspase-3/Fas antigen pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kimoto
- Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories Inc., Fujisaki Institute, Okayama, Japan
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27
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Wille G, Mayser P, Thoma W, Monsees T, Baumgart A, Schmitz HJ, Schrenk D, Polborn K, Steglich W. Malassezin—a novel agonist of the Arylhydrocarbon receptor from the yeast Malassezia furfur. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:955-60. [PMID: 11354679 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Malassezia furfur converts tryptophan into several indole compounds. One of these, malassezin, was identified as 2-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (1). It was synthesized from N-Boc-indole-3-carbaldehyde in five steps with 12% overall yield. The compound easily cyclizes to indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (7) which is known to interact with the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Similarly, malassezin was found to induce cytochrome P450 as an agonist of AHR (EC50 = 1.57 microM) in rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wille
- Department Chemie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
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28
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Schrenk D, Riebniger D, Till M, Vetter S, Fiedler HP. Tryptanthrins and other tryptophan-derived agonists of the dioxin receptor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 467:403-8. [PMID: 10721082 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4709-9_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related environmental pollutants exert most of their adverse effects via the aryl hydrocarbon or dioxin receptor (AhR). While most potent agonists of the AhR are of synthetic origin, an increasing number of natural compounds is now recognized as receptor agonists. Our findings demonstrate that some tryptanthrin derivatives biosynthesized in incubations of Candida lipolytica with tryptophan and anthranilic acid or its derivatives activate the AhR measured as induction of cytochrome P4501A1 mRNA and protein in rat hepatocytes in primary culture. The specificity of the inducing effect of tryptanthrins was demonstrated in gel retardation experiments in Hepa-1 mouse hepatoma cells using an oliogonucleotide comprising the sequence of the dioxin-responsive element. Furthermore, unidentified AhR agonists were formed in incubations of rat feces with a minimal medium supplemented with tryptophan. It is suggested that the receptor may be part of a defense system protecting higher organisms from secondary tryptophan-derived metabolites formed by the microflora of the host or its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schrenk
- Food Chemistry & Environmental Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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